微生物展示技术在重金属污染生物修复中的研究进展

自然界对环境金属污染物的迁移和转化具有微秒而复杂的选择控制机理,生物修复技术以其投资少,效率高,可以原位处理低浓度有害污染物的特性而在环境治理中具有极大潜力。考虑传统的生物修复技术常常不能满足重金属治理的要求,基于重金属离子高效结合肽的微生物展示技术,有望在重金属生物修复中发挥重要作用。     

土壤污染的生物修复技术研究进展

土壤污染是当今面临的一个重要环境问题。常规的土壤污染治理技术,如物理及化学治理技术,由于其技术要求高或经济成本昂贵,对土壤结构的扰动破坏严重,因而对其大规模的推广应用存在较大问题。而生物修复技术已被证明是一项非常有应用前景的新技术,成为土壤污染治理研究领域的一个热点,本文综述了近年来有机物及重金属土壤污染的生物修复机理和研究进展,并对其治理技术的最新研究动态、存在问题及发展趋势做了初步的讨论。     

微生物修复返溶铬污染场地的研究进展

目前,我国历史遗留铬渣堆场多数采用湿法解毒工艺进行处理,但大量化学药剂的添加不仅增加了成本,引入了污染物,而且随时间的延长铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ) 源源不断的返溶,场地出现返黄现象,形成二次污染。为了持久稳定的修复铬渣,研究人员提出用微生物修复技术处理湿法解毒后铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ) 的返溶。文中综述了国内外微生物修复铬渣污染场地的研究进展,首先简述了铬渣的危害、处理现状及传统的铬污染修复技术,并以湿法解毒铬污染为例,重点揭示了处理后铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ) 的返溶机理,由此可知湿法解毒后的二次污染不可避免。随后详述了微生物修复Cr(Ⅵ) 过程中生物还原、生物吸附和生物矿化三大作用机理,并阐述了铬污染场地修复过程中微生物物种的响应及群落结构的演替,最后,总结了微生物修复铬渣的研究进展并展望了未来的研究方向。     

有机污染土壤生物修复的生物反应器技术研究进展

人类广泛的工农业生产活动常常导致土壤污染。常见的土壤污染有重金属污染和有机污染。近年来 ,世界各国开始重视污染土壤的治理。处理方式主要包括热处理 (焚烧法 )、物理及物理化学处理(洗涤 )和生物处理 (生物修复技术 )。其中生物修复技术被认为最有生命力[1,7] 。目前 ,国外采用的土壤生物修复技术有原位处理、场上处理和生物反应器。生物反应器技术能够有效地发挥生物法的特长 ,是污染土壤生物修复技术中最有效的处理工艺 ,但该技术尚处于实验室研究阶段 ,未广泛应用于现场处理。本文就国外使用生物反应器治理有机污染土壤的研究进展…     

生物基因技术修复石油污染土壤研究进展

植物修复油污土壤是控制环境污染的有效途径,但在实际应用中存在着植物生物量较小、生长缓慢等不足。将具有修复功能的外源基因引入植物中,使转基因植物的生物修复功能大大增强,为解决土壤石油污染问题提供了有效手段。文章系统论述了转基因植物对石油污染土壤中有机污染物,尤其是对持久性有机污染物（POPs）的吸收、转化和降解作用以及近年来所取得的突破性进展,并指出了利用生物基因修复技术进行土壤石油污染研究的发展趋势。     

土壤与水体有机污染的生物修复及其应用研究进展

系统论述了土壤、水有机污染物的主要来源、特点、有机污染生物修复的概念、应用范围、成功实例与研究进展等,特别是对于泄漏石油污染的生物成功降解方法、效果,土壤中易爆炸物如ＴＮＴ、废水中有机污染的有效降解等,评价了生物修复所具有突出优势,对有机、无机污染物降解过程中植物、微生物筛选、基因修饰、分子克隆与转基因植物方面近年来所取得的惊人成果与突破性进展,无疑正激励着人们开拓更大的应用范围。预计不久的将来,更多具有环境净化与生物修复功能的商业性综合技术与高效性工程生物将投入应用。     

铬还原菌的分离筛选及其在微生物燃料电池生物阴极中的应用

【目的】水溶性的Cr(Ⅵ)对环境及人类造成的危害是社会亟待解决的问题。Cr(Ⅵ)还原菌株的分离筛选、还原特性的分析和在微生物燃料电池中的应用为六价铬污染水体的微生物修复提供科学依据和新的方法。【方法】从黄河兰州段排污口采集样本,用平板法分离筛选获得具有Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力的菌株,并将Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力最强的LZU-26菌株应用到微生物燃料电池中,检测其产电能力和Cr(Ⅵ)还原特性。【结果】共分离得到21株具有Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力的菌株,其中LZU-26菌株Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力最强,属于Cellulosimicrobium cellilans。0.4 mmol/L初始Cr(Ⅵ)在LZU-26的作用下24 h铬还原率可达到95.89%,在48 h后达99.97%。将LZU-26运用在微生物燃料电池生物阴极,所获得的最大电压和最大功率密度分别为68 mV和6.8 W/cm~2。生物阴极Cr(Ⅵ)还原率(68.9%)也远高于化学阴极(14.7%)和对照组(2.7%)。【结论】利用Cr(Ⅵ)还原菌作为微生物燃料电池生物阴极处理含铬废水,将会是一种高效、节能和环境友好的方法。     

奇异变形杆菌Proteus mirabilis A57对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的生物修复研究

自铬污染工业废水中分离得到若干株Cr(Ⅵ)耐受菌株,并通过对比各耐受菌株MIC(最小抑菌浓度)以及去除效率,确定实验菌株A57。通过形态学、生理生化鉴定结合16SrDNA序列比对分析,鉴定为奇异变形杆菌Proteus mirabilis A57。生物修复试验结果表明, P. mirabilis在100 mg·L^–1的Cr(Ⅵ)浓度下即有较高的Cr(Ⅵ)去除能力, 28℃下培养24 h总去除率为44.79%。进一步的条件优化实验表明, P. mirabilis在最佳培养条件下(30℃,初始pH7.0),42 h可将150mg·L^–1的Cr(Ⅵ)完全去除。不同组分试验结果显示,菌株A57的菌体可以更有效地去除Cr(Ⅵ)(相对于上清液和细胞裂解物)。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)试验观察到细胞表面形成不规则非晶态物质,表明Cr(Ⅵ)的生物修复反应主要发生在细菌细胞表面,XPS结果证实了生物还原反应的发生,菌体表面Cr元素存在形式主要为Cr(OH)₃及CrCl₃。     

水体环境治理问题和巧用生物修复技术

近年来,我国水体环境不断恶化,大部分城市河道都受到了不同程度的污染,不仅影响了城市形象,破坏了城市景观,还对城市居民的日常生活产生了严重的影响。目前常用的水体环境治理和修复技术包括三类:物理修复技术、化学修复技术和生物修复技术。生物修复技术包括微生物修复法、人工浮岛、人工湿地等,具有工程量小、成本低、环境友好等特点,是近年来水体环境修复技术发展的主要方向。     

合成生物学改造微生物及生物被膜用于重金属污染检测与修复

随着工业化进程不断加快,重金属污染日益加剧,尤其是水体的重金属污染,已严重威胁人类健康,迫切需要进行有效的污染修复.相比传统物理和化学修复,生物修复具有绿色环保和可持续性的特点.因为微生物生长繁殖迅速、生物被膜具有动态可调节和环境适应性好等特点,使其能更好耐受胁迫环境,在环境修复中有重要作用.合成生物学改造微生物及生物...     

Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants

Chromium is a highly toxic non-essential metal for microorganisms and plants. Due to its widespread industrial use, chromium (Cr) has become a serious pollutant in diverse environmental settings. The hexavalent form of the metal, Cr(VI), is considered a more toxic species than the relatively innocuous and less mobile Cr(III) form. The presence of Cr in the environment has selected microbial and plant variants able to tolerate high levels of Cr compounds. The diverse Cr-resistance mechanisms displayed by microorganisms, and probably by plants, include biosorption, diminished accumulation, precipitation, reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and chromate efflux. Some of these systems have been proposed as potential biotechnological tools for the bioremediation of Cr pollution. In this review we summarize the interactions of bacteria, algae, fungi and plants with Cr and its compounds.     

Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Immobilized Cells and the Cell-Free Extract of Bacillus sp. ES 29

Bacillus sp. ES 29 (ATCC: BAA-696) is an efficient chromate reducing bacterium. We evaluated hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) reduction by immobilized intact cells and the cell-free enzyme extracts of Bacillus sp. ES 29 in a bioreactor system. Influences of different flow rates (3 to 14 mL h?1), Cr(VI) concentration (2 to 8 mg L?1), and immobilization support materials (Celite, amberlite, and Ca-alginate) on Cr(VI) reduction were examined. Both immobilized intact cells and the cell-free extract of Bacillus sp. ES 29 displayed substantial Cr(VI) reduction. Increasing flow rates from 3 to 6 mL h?1 did not affect the rate of Cr(VI) reduction, but above 6 mL h?1, the Cr(VI) reducing capacity of the immobilized intact cells and cell-free extract of Bacillus sp. ES 29 decreased. With both intact cells and the cell-free extracts, the rate of Cr(VI) reduction was inversely related to the concentration. Intact cells immobilized to Celite displayed the highest rate (k = 0.443 at 3 mL h?1) of Cr(VI) reduction. For the immobilized cell-free extract, maximal reduction (k = 0.689 at 3 mL h?1) was observed with Ca-alginate. Using initial Cr(VI) concentrations of 2 to 8 mg L?1 at flow rates of 3 to 6 mL h?1 both immobilized intact cells and the cell-free extracts reduced 84 to 98% of the influent Cr(VI). Results indicate that immobilized cells and the cell-free extracts of Bacillus sp. ES 29 could be used for large-scale removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated water and waste streams in containment systems.     

Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Immobilized Cells and the Cell-Free Extract of Bacillus sp. ES 29

Bacillus sp. ES 29 (ATCC: BAA-696) is an efficient chromate reducing bacterium. We evaluated hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) reduction by immobilized intact cells and the cell-free enzyme extracts of Bacillus sp. ES 29 in a bioreactor system. Influences of different flow rates (3 to 14 mL h-1), Cr(VI) concentration (2 to 8 mg L-1), and immobilization support materials (Celite, amberlite, and Ca-alginate) on Cr(VI) reduction were examined. Both immobilized intact cells and the cell-free extract of Bacillus sp. ES 29 displayed substantial Cr(VI) reduction. Increasing flow rates from 3 to 6 mL h-1 did not affect the rate of Cr(VI) reduction, but above 6 mL h-1, the Cr(VI) reducing capacity of the immobilized intact cells and cell-free extract of Bacillus sp. ES 29 decreased. With both intact cells and the cell-free extracts, the rate of Cr(VI) reduction was inversely related to the concentration. Intact cells immobilized to Celite displayed the highest rate (k = 0.443 at 3 mL h-1) of Cr(VI) reduction. For the immobilized cell-free extract, maximal reduction (k = 0.689 at 3 mL h-1) was observed with Ca-alginate. Using initial Cr(VI) concentrations of 2 to 8 mg L-1 at flow rates of 3 to 6 mL h-1 both immobilized intact cells and the cell-free extracts reduced 84 to 98% of the influent Cr(VI). Results indicate that immobilized cells and the cell-free extracts of Bacillus sp. ES 29 could be used for large-scale removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated water and waste streams in containment systems.     

Chromate-resistance in a chromate-reducing strain of Enterobacter cloacae

Resistance to toxic hexavalent chromium (chromate: CrO4(2)) in Enterobacter cloacae strain HO1, isolated from an activated sludge sample, was investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Decreased uptake of 51CrO4(2-) in E. cloacae strain HO1 was observed under aerobic conditions, when compared with a standard laboratory E. cloacae strain (IAM 1624). Under anaerobic conditions E. cloacae strain HO1 was able to reduce hexavalent chromium to the less toxic trivalent form. When E. clocacae strain HO1 was grown with nitrate anaerobically, the cells were observed to lose simultaneously their chromate-reducing ability and chromate-resistance under anaerobic conditions.     

Aerobic chromate reduction by chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from serpentine soil

A group of 34 chromium-resistant bacteria were isolated from naturally occurring chromium percolated serpentine soil of Andaman (India). These isolates displayed different degrees of chromate reduction under aerobic conditions. One of the 34 isolates identified as Bacillus sphaericus was tolerant to 800 mg l⁻¹ Cr(VI) and reduced >80% Cr(VI) during growth. In Vogel Bonner broth, B. sphaericus cells (10¹⁰ cells ml⁻¹) reduced 62% of 20 mg l⁻¹ of Cr(VI) in 48 h with concomitant discoloring of yellow medium to white one. Reduction of chromate was pronounced by the addition of glucose and yeast extract as electron donors. In the presence of 4.0 g l⁻¹ of glucose, 20 mg l⁻¹ of Cr(VI) was reduced to 2.45 mg l⁻¹ after 96 h of incubation. Optimum pH and temperature for reduction were 6.0 and 25 °C, respectively. Increase in cell density and initial Cr(VI) concentration increased chromate reduction but was inhibited by metal ions like, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. Experiments with cell-free extracts indicated that the soluble fraction of the cell was responsible for aerobic reduction of Cr(VI) by this organism.     

Dynamics of microbial community during bioremediation of phenanthrene and chromium(VI)-contaminated soil microcosms

The combined effect of phenanthrene and Cr(VI) on soil microbial activity, community composition and on the efficiency of bioremediation processes has been studied. Biometer flask systems and soil microcosm systems contaminated with 2,000 mg of phenanthrene per kg of dry soil and different Cr(VI) concentrations were investigated. Temperature, soil moisture and oxygen availability were controlled to support bioremediation. Cr(VI) inhibited the phenanthrene mineralization (CO₂ production) and cultivable PAH degrading bacteria at levels of 500–2,600 mg kg⁻¹. In the bioremediation experiments in soil microcosms the degradation of phenanthrene, the dehydrogenase activity and the increase in PAH degrading bacteria counts were retarded by the presence of Cr(VI) at all studied concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹). These negative effects did not show a correlation with Cr(VI) concentration. Whereas the presence of Cr(VI) had a negative effect on the phenanthrene elimination rate, co-contamination with phenanthrene reduced the residual Cr(VI) concentration in the water exchangeable Cr(VI) fraction (WEF) in comparison with the soil microcosm contaminated only with Cr(VI). Clear differences were found between the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns of each soil microcosm, showing that the presence of different Cr(VI) concentrations did modulate the community response to phenanthrene and caused perdurable changes in the structure of the microbial soil community.