化肥种类对不同品种菜心吸收累积Cd的影响

用盆栽试验研究了不同形态Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ肥对菜心（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）吸收Ｃｄ的影响以及华南地区多个菜心品种对Ｃｄ的吸收累积的差异．结果表明,化肥形态主要影响土壤ｐＨ、水溶性和交换性Ｃｄ含量．５个品种菜心茎叶Ｃｄ浓度高低顺序为：迟菜心２号≥四九菜心１９号＞迟菜心２９号≥特青菜心８０天＞特青菜心６０天．水培试验表明,特青６０天单位根表面积吸Ｃｄ速率和向地上部的迁移率比迟菜心２号低．     

镉在土壤-香根草系统中的迁移及转化特征

以无植物组处理为对照,采用盆栽试验方式探讨不同Cd浓度胁迫条件下香根草根际土壤中重金属Cd的积累、迁移及转化特征。土壤Cd处理设4个浓度梯度,分别为0、2、20、80 mg/kg土壤干重。结果表明:(1)香根草可以显著降低土壤中生物有效态Cd和总Cd含量。(2)香根草各部分Cd积累量随处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而增加,90 d时80 mg/kg处理组地上部分和根的Cd积累量分别高达180.42 mg/kg和241.54 mg/kg。(3)各浓度Cd处理下,富集系数随着Cd处理浓度的增加而显著降低,随处理时间的延长而升高。(4)香根草地上部分Cd含量小于根部,各处理转移系数均小于1。随着处理时间的延长,中低浓度处理组的转移系数稍有降低,高浓度处理组的转移系数则显著上升。(5)种植香根草使其根际土中残渣态的Cd转化为生物有效态Cd,提高Cd清除效率。研究结果表明,香根草能够有效地吸收土壤中的Cd,降低土壤中总Cd含量,提高土壤安全性,可作为Cd污染地区植物修复的备选物种。     

水稻根系在根袋处理条件下对氮养分的反应

通过大田试验对 1 0个水稻品种根系与产量的关系研究表明 ,抽穗期和成熟期根冠比与产量呈极显著的负相关关系 ,相关系数分别为 - 0 .861 6和 - 0 .8889。随之在大田试验基础上选择根冠比大的品种粳籼89,设计水分和养分能自由通过 ,而根系不能穿过的根袋 ,根袋从小到大不同 ,以便产生不同大小的水稻植株根冠比。通过水培实验研究在根袋处理后对不同养分条件的反应。水培液设 3种氮素养分水平 ,即2 0 mg/kg,40 mg/kg,60 mg/kg。结果表明 ,在不同氮素养分条件下 ,经过根袋处理后在抽穗期根系干重都有下降趋势 ,根冠比显著降低 ,而根系活性吸收面积在抽穗期有不同程度的增加 ,茎鞘贮存性碳水化合物含量明显增加 ,叶绿素含量则无明显影响。在抽穗期较大的根袋处理根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积及所占比例与对照相比增加效果较为明显 ,而较小的根袋处理根系吸收的能力降低 ,根系吸收能力大小顺序为 :大袋 >中袋 >对照 >小袋。随养分浓度的增加 ,不同根袋处理在抽穗期的根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积有下降的趋势。较大的根袋处理在 2 0 mg/kg和 60 mg/kg氮素养分条件下能适当减少根系直径 ,增强根系的活性吸收比例 ,从而提高根系的活力 ;但在成熟期根袋处理对根系的活性吸收无明显影响     

黑麦草生长过程中有机酸对镉毒性的影响

研究了低分子量有机酸草酸、柠檬酸、乙酸及高分子量有机酸胡敏酸对黑麦草(Lolium Loinn)生长过程中Cd毒性的影响.结果表明,随着低分子量有机酸浓度增加,Cd毒性有所增强,致使黑麦草中的叶绿素含量降低及黑麦草的生物量降低,递降顺序是草酸＜乙酸＜柠檬酸.而施入胡敏酸后,Cd毒性逐渐减弱,黑麦草中的叶绿素含量及黑麦草生物量逐渐增加.对低分子量有机酸而言,无论迁移到黑麦草茎叶中,还是迁移到黑麦草根系中的Cd,随着施入的有机酸浓度增加,增加顺序为柠檬酸＞乙酸＞草酸.对胡敏酸而言,迁移到黑麦草茎叶和根系中的Cd,随着施入的胡敏酸浓度增加,Cd含量减少,说明其具有降低Cd毒性的作用.另外,根系中Cd含量明显高于茎叶中Cd含量,由此得知,黑麦草根系对Cd有较强的富集作用,并阻止Cd向茎叶中迁移.     

铅镉抗性菌株JB11强化植物对污染土壤中铅镉的吸收

研究了铅、镉抗性菌株(JB11)和生物降解螯合剂乙二胺二琥珀酸(S,S)-EDDS)提高高羊茅和红三叶草吸收土壤中铅、镉的能力。从土壤样品中筛选出1株对Cd、Pb具有较强抗性的菌株JB11,经鉴定为成团泛菌属(Pantoea agglomerans)。JB11对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+等多种重金属和卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素、链霉素、四环素等抗生素具有抗性,在温度15—35℃和pH为5.0—9.0范围内生长良好,最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH值为7.0左右,在低于3%的NaCl浓度下生长良好。盆栽试验研究了菌株JB11、EDDS及1/2EDDS+JB11 3种处理下对生长在Cd 100 mg/kg、Cd 200 mg/kg、Pb 500 mg/kg和Pb 1000mg/kg的土壤中的高羊茅和红三叶生长及从土壤富集Cd、Pb能力的影响。结果表明,外加JB11能使高羊茅和红三叶的干重分别比对照都有增加。除外加JB11后在经Pb 1000 mg/kg处理的土壤中高羊茅地上部的Pb浓度、经Cd 200 mg/kg处理的土壤中红三叶地上部的Cd浓度以及经Cd 100 mg/kg处理的土壤中高羊茅和红三叶根部的Cd浓度以外,外加JB11后对其他重金属处理植物中Pb和Cd的含量都显著增加。外加EDDS后除在经Pb 500 mg/kg的土壤中高羊茅根部的Pb浓度增加差异不显著,对其余重金属处理都可产生显著的影响(P0.05)。1/2EDDS+JB11的复合处理下植物重金属吸收量多数高于JB11和EDDS单独处理,JB11用于植物修复土壤Pb和Cd污染具有很大的潜力。     

土壤水分变化对玉米苗期吸收积累镉的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分含量对玉米苗期吸收积累 Cd的影响。试验结果表明 ,玉米生物量及其吸收 Cd量在玉米不同的生长时期差异较大。2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部和地下部生物量均随着田间持水量 (35 %～ 85 % )的增加而提高 ;而 16 d收获时 ,玉米生物量在田间持水量为 35 %和 85 %时比在其它水分时低许多。 16 d和 2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部 Cd含量在田间持水量 5 5 %时分别达到最大值 ,5 5 .4 1mg/ kg和 39.33mg/ kg;而在田间持水量 85 %时分别达最小值 ,2 7.97mg/ kg和 2 3.5 2 m g/kg。在玉米根系的影响下 ,土壤溶液 Cd含量基本上随着玉米的不断生长而降低。田间持水量为 6 5 %时的土壤溶液 Cd含量比田间持水量为 75 %和 85 %时大。玉米总吸 Cd量与水分蒸腾量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系     

外源脱落酸对小麦幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试材,采用水培法研究了100mg/L镉(Cd2+)胁迫条件下施用外源脱落酸(ABA)对小麦幼苗生长及某些生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:(1)100mg/L Cd2+胁迫下,小麦叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高,植株生长受到抑制;(2)外源ABA能够明显提高Cd2+胁迫小麦幼苗的根系活力,增加其叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性,促进其脯氨酸积累,降低MDA的含量,并以5.0μmol/L ABA的效果最明显;(3)1.0～5.0μmol/L外源ABA不同程度地缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,且5.0μmol/L时效果最明显,其株高、根长、总干重分别比单一Cd2+胁迫处理显著提高6.73%、149%和10.52%,而10.0μmol/LABA反而加重了Cd2+对小麦幼苗生长的伤害。因此,适宜浓度的外源ABA能够通过增加体内保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来缓解Cd2+胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强小麦幼苗的抗Cd2+胁迫能力,并以5.0μmol/L ABA处理效果最好。     

鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)对镉污染农田的修复潜力

为探究富集植物鬼针草对镉(Cd)污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过野外调查,原土盆栽试验和田间试验,测定鬼针草及其根系土壤Cd含量,计算鬼针草的富集系数和去除率。结果表明,野外调查中不同铅锌矿区生长的鬼针草叶片中Cd含量最大值为53.3 mg/kg。盆栽试验中,低浓度Cd土壤处理(T1),鬼针草地上部Cd的富集系数为4.70,转运系数1.59,大于1。高浓度Cd土壤处理(T2 13.4 mg/kg),其地上部Cd积累量达到43.1 mg/kg,其地上部Cd富集系数为3.51。鬼针草对Cd表现出稳定的积累特性。田间试验小区中,土壤Cd含量均值为2.66 mg/kg,鬼针草中地上部Cd含量均值为10.9 mg/kg,富集系数为4.16,使用鬼针草修复Cd污染土壤每公顷地种植一茬鬼针草的去除率为4.3%—6.2%。使用富集植物鬼针草修复农田Cd污染具有较好的工程应用前景。     

东南景天对锌、镉复合污染的反应及其对锌、镉的吸收和积累特性

东南景天(Sedum alfredii Hance)已被鉴定为一种中国原生的新的锌超积累植物.本文主要研究了锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)复合处理水平对东南景天的生长及其对锌、镉的吸收积累特性的影响.结果表明,在Zn/Cd复合水平为500/100μmol/L时,植物生长最佳.Zn/Cd在东南景天叶片、茎部和根系中含量随着Zn/Cd处理水平的提高而增高.在Zn/Cd复合水平为50/400μmol/L时茎叶中Cd含量达最高,其中叶片Cd含量达12.1 g/kg;在Zn/Cd复合水平为1 000/50 μmol/L时茎叶中Zn含量达最高,其中茎中Zn含量达23.2 g/kg.植株各部位Cd含量的分布为:叶片＞茎>根系,而Zn在体内的分布为:茎＞叶片>根系.Zn、Cd在地上部和根部的积累量也随着处理水平的提高而增加,分别在Zn/Cd复合水平为250/400和500/100μmol/L下达高峰值.东南景天地上部积累最高Zn和Cd的量分别达11和5 g/plant,其比根系的积累量分别大10和25余倍.Zn、Cd对东南景天的生长、吸收积累的相互作用依赖于Zn/Cd复合水平和植物部位.在适宜Zn/Cd处理水平范围内,Zn和Cd的吸收和积累具有相互促进作用.高Zn或高Cd处理均抑制了植物对Zn和Cd的吸收和积累.本研究结果表明,东南景天不仅具有忍耐高Zn/Cd复合污染,而且具有超量积累Zn和Cd的特异能力.它为进一步研究植物Zn、Cd超积累的机理和Zn/Cd复合污染土壤的植物修复提供了一种新的材料.     

东南景天对锌、镉复合污染的反应及其对锌、镉的吸收和积累特性

东南景天(Sedum alfredii Hance)已被鉴定为一种中国原生的新的锌超积累植物。 本文主要研究了锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)复合处理水平对东南景天的生长及其对锌、镉的吸收积累特性的影响。 结果表明,在Zn/Cd复合水平为500/100 祄ol/L时,植物生长最佳。Zn/Cd在东南景天叶片、茎部和根系中含量随着Zn/Cd处理水平的提高而增高。在Zn/Cd 复合水平为50/400 祄ol/L时茎叶中Cd含量达最高,其中叶片Cd含量达12.1 g/kg;在Zn/Cd 复合水平为1 000/50 祄ol/L时茎叶中Zn含量达最高, 其中茎中Zn含量达 23.2 g/kg。 植株各部位Cd含量的分布为:叶片>茎>>根系,而Zn在体内的分布为: 茎>叶片>>根系。 Zn、Cd在地上部和根部的积累量也随着处理水平的提高而增加,分别在Zn/Cd复合水平为250/400和500/100 祄ol/L下达高峰值。 东南景天地上部积累最高Zn和Cd的量分别达11和5 g/plant, 其比根系的积累量分别大10和25余倍。 Zn、Cd对东南景天的生长、吸收积累的相互作用依赖于Zn/Cd复合水平和植物部位。 在适宜Zn/Cd 处理水平范围内,Zn和Cd的吸收和积累具有相互促进作用。 高Zn或高Cd处理均抑制了植物对Zn和Cd的吸收和积累。 本研究结果表明,东南景天不仅具有忍耐高Zn/Cd复合污染,而且具有超量积累Zn和Cd的特异能力。 它为进一步研究植物Zn、Cd     

Cadmium uptake and xylem loading are active processes in the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii

Sedum alfredii is a well known cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator native to China; however, the mechanism behind its hyperaccumulation of Cd is not fully understood. Through several hydroponic experiments, characteristics of Cd uptake and translocation were investigated in the hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) of S. alfredii in comparison with its non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE). The results showed that at Cd level of 10 microM measured Cd uptake in HE was 3-4 times higher than the implied Cd uptake calculated from transpiration rate. Furthermore, inhibition of transpiration rate in the HE has no essential effect on Cd accumulation in shoots of the plants. Low temperature treatment (4 degrees C) significantly inhibited Cd uptake and reduced upward translocation of Cd to shoots for 9 times in HE plants, whereas no such effect was observed in NHE. Cadmium concentration was 3-4-fold higher in xylem sap of HE, as compared with that in external uptake solution, whereas opposite results were obtained for NHE. Cadmium concentration in xylem sap of HE was significantly reduced by the addition of metabolic inhibitors, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), in the uptake solutions, whereas no such effect was noted in NHE. These results suggest that Cd uptake and translocation is an active process in plants of HE S. alfredii, symplastic pathway rather than apoplastic bypass contributes greatly to root uptake, xylem loading and translocation of Cd to the shoots of HE, in comparison with the NHE plants.     

氯离子和乙二胺四乙酸对镉的植物有效性的影响

通过水培试验,向营养液中添加不同浓度的Cl^-或乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）,研究了离子的配合作用对水稻及油菜吸收镉的影响.结果表明,随着营养液中Cl^-或EDTA浓度的增加,水稻和油菜地上部与根中镉的浓度降低.Cl^-浓度的增加抑制了水稻对镉的吸收,地上部与根部的镉含量分别从212.2和345.1 mg·kg^-1降低到34.1和209.1 mg·kg^-1.EDTA的添加抑制了水稻及油菜对镉的吸收,水稻地上部与根部的镉含量分别从212.2和345.2 mg·kg^-1降低到50.0和4.2 mg·kg^-1;油菜地上部与根部的镉含量分别从86.7和149.2 mg·kg^-1降低到22.2和12.3 mg·kg^-1.在营养液培养条件下,Cl^-或EDTA与镉的配合作用降低了植物对镉的吸收,与Cl^-相比,EDTA的抑制作用更明显.     

Screen of Chinese Weed Species for Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation Characteristics

The cadmium (Cd) tolerance and metal-accumulation characteristics of 29 species (18 families) of weed were studied by using outdoor pot-culture experiments. The results of this screening showed that Bidens pilosa and Kalimeris integrifolia (both Asteraceae) expressed some properties that are characteristic of Cd hyperaccumulators. In 10 mg/kg Cd-spiked soil, they accumulated a good deal of Cd in shoots (28 and 25 mg/kg DW, respectively) with high Cd enrichment factors (EFs; concentration in plant/soil). Cd accumulations in shoots were greater than those in roots (translocation factor (TF) >1, concentration in shoot/root) and the shoot biomasses did not decreased significantly compared to the unspiked control. The other weed species showed little accumulation of Cd, Pb, Cu, or Zn. In a concentration-gradient experiment, the Cd accumulation potentials of B. pilosa and K. integrifolia were examined further. Cd concentrations in leaves of B. pilosa growing in soils spiked with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg Cd were up to 145, 160, and 192 mg/kg, respectively, and the Cd content in stems in the 100 mg/kg Cd-spiked soil was 115 mg/kg, all greater than the 100 mg/kg notional criterion for Cd hyperaccumulation. The Cd EFs and TFs were all greater than 1. The shoot biomasses did not decrease significantly compared to the controls. B. pilosa was thus shown to have some characteristics of a true Cd hyperaccumulator plant.     

Characterization of Cd translocation and identification of the Cd form in xylem sap of the Cd-hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri

Arabidopsis halleri is a Cd hyperaccumulator; however, the mechanismsinvolved in the root to shoot translocation of Cd are not wellunderstood. In this study, we characterized Cd transfer fromthe root medium to xylem in this species. Arabidopsis halleriaccumulated 1,500 mg kg^–1 Cd in the shoot without growthinhibition. A time-course experiment showed that the releaseof Cd into the xylem was very rapid; by 2 h exposure to Cd,Cd concentration in the xylem sap was 5-fold higher than thatin the external solution. The concentration of Cd in the xylemsap increased linearly with increasing Cd concentration in theexternal solution. Cd transfer to the xylem was completely inhibitedby the metabolic inhibitor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP). Cd concentration in the xylem sap was decreased by increasingthe concentration of external Zn, but enhanced by Fe deficiencytreatment. Analysis with ¹¹³Cd-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)showed that the chemical shift of ¹¹³Cd in the xylem sap wasthe same as that of Cd(NO₃)₂. Metal speciation with Geochem-PCalso showed that Cd occurred mainly in the free ionic form inthe xylem sap. These results suggest that Cd transfer from theroot medium to the xylem in A. halleri is an energy-dependentprocess that is partly shared with Zn and/or Fe transport. Furthermore,Cd is translocated from roots to shoots in inorganic forms.     

Identification of high levels of phytochelatins, glutathione and cadmium in the phloem sap of Brassica napus. A role for thiol-peptides in the long-distance transport of cadmium and the effect of cadmium on iron translocation

Phytochelatins (PCs) are glutathione-derived peptides that function in heavy metal detoxification in plants and certain fungi. Recent research in Arabidopsis has shown that PCs undergo long-distance transport between roots and shoots. However, it remains unknown which tissues or vascular systems, xylem or phloem, mediate PC translocation and whether PC transport contributes to physiologically relevant long-distance transport of cadmium (Cd) between shoots and roots. To address these questions, xylem and phloem sap were obtained from Brassica napus to quantitatively analyze which thiol species are present in response to Cd exposure. High levels of PCs were identified in the phloem sap within 24 h of Cd exposure using combined mass spectrometry and fluorescence HPLC analyses. Unexpectedly, the concentration of Cd was more than four-fold higher in phloem sap compared to xylem sap. Cadmium exposure dramatically decreased iron levels in xylem and phloem sap whereas other essential heavy metals such as zinc and manganese remained unchanged. Data suggest that Cd inhibits vascular loading of iron but not nicotianamine. The high ratios [PCs]/[Cd] and [glutathione]/[Cd] in the phloem sap suggest that PCs and glutathione (GSH) can function as long-distance carriers of Cd. In contrast, only traces of PCs were detected in xylem sap. Our results suggest that, in addition to directional xylem Cd transport, the phloem is a major vascular system for long-distance source to sink transport of Cd as PC–Cd and glutathione–Cd complexes.     

Effects of extended growth periods on subcellular distribution,chemical forms,and the translocation of cadmium in Impatiens walleriana

Impatiens walleriana plants accumulate sufficiently high concentrations of cadmium (Cd) for this species to be considered a potential Cd hyperaccumulator. Rooted cuttings were grown hydroponically for 25 and 50 days in solutions spiked with various Cd concentrations. The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different organs were analyzed, and its upward translocation was also assessed. The plants accumulated large amounts of Cd; the Cd concentration in the roots and shoots reached 120–1900 and 60–1600 mg/kg, respectively. Regardless of the growth period, the Cd accumulated in the roots was primarily compartmentalized in the soluble fraction or ethanol and deionized water extractable chemical forms with high migration abilities. Translocation to the shoots was followed by an association of Cd mainly in the cell wall or with pectate and protein. The roots’ Cd showed a high migration capacity for predicting the shoots’ Cd concentrations. Different exposure periods significantly affected the subcellular distribution of Cd in the stems, and thus the upward translocation.     

Mechanisms of Cadmium Mobility and Accumulation in Indian Mustard

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.), a high biomass crop plant, accumulated substantial amounts of cadmium, with bioaccumulation coefficients (concentration of Cd in dry plant tissue/concentration in solution) of up to 1100 in shoots and 6700 in roots at nonphytotoxic concentrations of Cd (0.1 [mu]g/mL) in solution. This was associated with a rapid accumulation of phytochelatins in the root, where the majority of the Cd was coordinated with sulfur ligands, probably as a Cd-S4 complex, as demonstrated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. In contrast, Cd moving in the xylem sap was coordinated predominantly with oxygen or nitrogen ligands. Cd concentrations in the xylem sap and the rate of Cd accumulation in the leaves displayed similar saturation kinetics, suggesting that the process of Cd transport from solution through the root and into the xylem is mediated by a saturable transport system(s). However, Cd translocation to the shoot appeared to be driven by transpiration, since ABA dramatically reduced Cd accumulation in leaves. Within leaves, Cd was preferentially accumulated in trichomes on the leaf surface, and this may be a possible detoxification mechanism.     

Effect of endophytic fungi on cadmium tolerance and bioaccumulation by Festuca arundinacea and Festuca pratensis

Endophytic fungi are a group of fungi that live asymptomatically inside plant tissue. These fungi may increase host plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The effect of Neotyphodium endophytes in two grass species (Festuca arundinacea and Festuca pratensis) on cadmium (Cd) tolerance, accumulation and translocation has been our main objective. The plants were grown in a hydroponic system under different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg L(-1)) for 6 weeks. They were also grown in soil spiked with different concentrations of Cd (0, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg(-1)) for 2 months. The results from all Cd treatments showed higher biomass production (12-24%) and higher potential to accumulate Cd in roots (6-16%) and shoots (6-20%) of endophyte-infected plants than endophyte-free plants. Cadmium accumulation by plants indicated that the grasses were capable of Cd hyperaccumulation, a property that was augmented after endophyte infection. Maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) revealed that Cd stress was significantly reduced in endophyte-infected plants compared to non-infected ones.     

水稻幼苗根对羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合镉胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)复合镉(Cd)胁迫对植物生长生理的影响,采用液体培养方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为受试作物,测定了0~12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH、10μmol·L-1Cd单一和复合处理水稻幼苗21天后根生长、氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性及根中Cd含量的变化。结果表明:(1)MWCNTs-COOH单一处理,根长、根鲜重均低于对照,并表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当其浓度达到12.0 mg·L^-1时,较对照分别下降了9.3%和15.2%,且低于10μmol·L^-1Cd单一处理;而复合处理组水稻幼苗根长、根鲜重、干重皆低于对应的单一处理;(2)MWCNTs-COOH单一胁迫下,水稻根的超氧自由基(O2-·)明显积累,并伴随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,3.0和6.0mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH处理下,SOD、POD活性最高;(3)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd胁迫下,水稻根的SOD、POD活性大均低于单一处理组,而丙二醛(MDA)及羰基化蛋白含量均显著高于单一处理;(4)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd后,水稻幼苗根尖细胞死亡加剧,其中,10μmol·L-1Cd与12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH复合处理的根尖根冠区细胞伊文斯蓝染色最深;(5)1.5~6.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd处理水稻幼苗后,其根中Cd含量呈上升趋势,且在6.0 mg·L^-1浓度处理时达到最大值303.30μg·g-1;高浓度MWCNTs-COOH及其与Cd的复合均对水稻根产生毒性效应。     

Root-selective expression of AtCAX4 and AtCAX2 results in reduced lamina cadmium in field-grown Nicotiana tabacum L.

To assess the impact of enhanced root vacuole cadmium (Cd) sequestration on leaf Cd accumulation under a low Cd dose, as generally occurs in agriculture, leaf Cd accumulation was examined in field-grown tobacco plants expressing genes encoding the high-capacity-Cd, tonoplast-localized, divalent cation/H antiporters AtCAX4 and AtCAX2 (AtCAX, Arabidopsis cation exchanger). It has been shown previously that root tonoplast vesicles isolated from plants expressing these genes, directed by root-selective promoters, show enhanced Cd transport activity, and young plants show enhanced root Cd accumulation when grown in solution culture containing 0.02 µ m Cd, a moderate Cd dose. In this article, we present results which show that the lower leaves of mature plants expressing AtCAX2 or AtCAX4 , under the control of two different root-selective promoters, accumulate 15%–25% less lamina Cd than control plants when grown in the field (3 years, three different collection methods). Reciprocal grafting experiments of AtCAX2 shoots onto control roots (and vice versa), grown in solution culture with 0.005 µ m Cd, indicated that the root controls Cd translocation and accumulation in the shoot in control and AtCAX2 and AtCAX4 tobacco plants exposed to low Cd concentration. The results are consistent with a model in which supplementation of Cd/H antiporter activity in root cell tonoplasts enhances root Cd sequestration, resulting in decreased translocation of Cd to the shoot of field-grown plants. These results suggest that human Cd intake from food and tobacco use could be reduced via the enhancement of root vacuolar sequestration of this pollutant.