水稻QTL图位克隆的特征分析

图位克隆作为基因克隆的最有效手段, 在水稻QTL克隆方面取得了很大的进展。文章通过分析近年来关于水稻QTL图位克隆的15个成功案例, 总结了水稻QTL图位克隆的几个重要特征: (1) 亲本杂交类型为种间或亚种间杂交, 双亲的目标性状差异显著; (2) 目标QTL为主效, 一般能解释大部分的表型变异; (3) 物理图距一般小于40 kb; (4)初级定位结果准确, 精细定位群体大于6 000(隐性群体不小于1 500)单株。文章还对QTL图位克隆的难点及解决方法进行了有益的探讨。     

小麦苗期水分利用效率及其相关性状的QTL分析

以小麦DH群体(旱选10号×鲁麦14)为研究材料,采用复合区间作图法,对小麦幼苗在水分胁迫及非胁迫条件下的水分利用效率(WUE)及其相关性状的QTL进行定位,并对比分析QTL的加性效应.两种水分条件下共检测到14个具显著加性效应的QTL,分布在2A、3A、4A、5A、6A、7A、1B、3B、3D染色体上,可解释表型变异的范围在6.36%～19.73%.其中,非胁迫(对照)条件下检测到10个QTL,包括2个单株WUE的QTL,5个地上部WUE的QTL,1个根系WUE的QTL及2个总耗水量的QTL;水分胁迫条件下上述性状各检测到1个QTL.对于同一性状没有检测到在两种水分条件下均位于同一标记区间的QTL,表明不同水分环境条件下同一性状的QTL表达模式是不同的.论文也讨论了可能用于标记辅助选择的QTL及其分子标记.     

利用CSSLs群体研究稻米粒型QTL的表达稳定性

利用Asominori×IR2 4的染色体片段置换系 (CSSLs)群体 ,对稻米粒长、粒宽和长宽比进行连续两年及 4个地点的QTL表达稳定性分析。结果表明 :3个性状“两年四点”的表现型都为连续分布 ,均存在超亲遗传类型 ;共检测到 13个粒型相关QTL ,其中在 8个环境中都能被重复检测到的QTL有 6个 ,即影响粒长的 qGL 3、控制粒宽的qGW 5a和 qGW 5b以及共同作用于长宽比的qLWR 3、qLWR 5a和 qLWR 5b。这 6个QTL对应置换系的相应性状与背景亲本Asominori的表现型差异在 8个环境中都达到极显著水平 (P <0 0 0 1) ,且同一QTL对应置换系相应性状的表现型在不同环境间呈显著正相关 (r≥ 0 75 ,r0 0 5=0 6 6 6 ) ,说明这 6个QTL表达稳定性较高。由于 qGL 3和 qLWR 3均位于R19 C16 77标记区间 ,qGW 5a和 qLWR 5a位于C2 6 3标记附近 ,qGW 5b和 qLWR 5b被定位在R5 6 9标记附近 ,因此R19、C16 77、C2 6 3和R5 6 9这 4个RFLP标记对优良水稻外观品质的标记辅助选择 (MAS)育种有着重要作用     

大白×梅山杂交组合肉质性状的数量性状位点定位分析

为寻找影响猪肉质数量性状基因位点的染色体区域 ,以 3头英系大白公猪和 7头梅山母猪建立F2 资源家系。随机选留 14 7头F2 代个体 (1998年 81头 ,2 0 0 0年 66头 ) ,经检测均获得肉质性状表型数据。对资源家系内的所有个体位于染色体 1、2、3、4、6和 7上的 48个微卫星位点进行扩增。利用线性模型最小二乘法分别对各年度及两年综合后的肉质性状进行数量性状位点 (QTL)区间定位 ,利用置换法确定显著性阈值。研究结果表明 :在 2 0 0 0年群体中 ,猪 4号染色体 (SSC4)上定位了肌内脂肪QTL ,达到染色体极显著水平 (P <0 0 1)和基因组显著水平 (P <0 0 5) ,解释表型变异为 5 2 4% ,梅山猪具有增加肌内脂肪QTL ;两年度群体综合后 ,在上述 4号染色体同一区间 ,肌内脂肪QTL接近染色体显著水平 ;股二头肌pH值和半棘肌pH值QTL分别定位在SSC1和 3上 ;在 1998年和 2 0 0 0年群体中分别发现 1个和 3个达染色体显著水平 (P <0 0 5)的系水力QTL ;在 1998年群体中 ,肌肉含水量QTL位于SSC6;两年综合群体中 ,SSC2、6和 7上定位了肌肉含水量QTL ,达到染色体显著水平 ,含水量QTL均有印迹效应 ,梅山和大白猪各有增效基因     

玉米子粒中锌及铁铜锰含量的遗传及QTL分析

分别利用三交组合DH8×登海40和DH86×沈137创建F1代DH群体A和群体B,比较2个不同遗传背景下DH群体子粒中锌及铁铜锰含量的变化,并对2个供试群体2年间的试验结果进行了QTL分析。发现玉米子粒中锌及铁铜锰的含量在不同个体间、不同年份间受环境影响比较大,且表现不稳定;群体内呈现连续性数量性状变化,服从于正态分布。对群体A2年子粒中锌及铁铜锰含量进行QTL定位,结果2007年检测到了5个与这些性状有关的QTL,可解释的遗传变异范围为9.41%~43.67%;2008年检测到9个QTL,可解释的遗传变异范围为11.21%~42.96%。2年间末检测到相同的QTL位点。对群体B进行QTL定位,2年间检测到18个QTL位点,分布于除第5染色体以外的其余9条染色体上。其中,2007年检测到12个QTL,2008年获得6个QTL,相同的QTL为2个,控制锌含量的1个位点位于第3染色体的p-umc1399-p-bnlg1605区段,控制铜含量的1个位点位于第2染色体的bnlg1746区段。     

玉米子粒中锌及铁铜锰含量的遗传及QLT分析

分别利用三交组合DH8×登海40和DH86×沈137创建F1代DH群体A和群体B,比较2个不同遗传背景下DH群体子粒中锌及铁铜锰含量的变化,并对2个供试群体2年间的试验结果进行了QTL分析。发现玉米子粒中锌及铁铜锰的含量在不同个体间、不同年份间受环境影响比较大,且表现不稳定;群体内呈现连续性数量性状变化,服从于正态分布。对群体A2年子粒中锌及铁铜锰含量进行QTL定位,结果2007年检测到了5个与这些性状有关的QTL,可解释的遗传变异范围为9.41%~43.67%;2008年检测到9个QTL,可解释的遗传变异范围为11.21%~42.96%。2年间末检测到相同的QTL位点。对群体B进行QTL定位,2年间检测到18个QTL位点,分布于除第5染色体以外的其余9条染色体上。其中,2007年检测到12个QTL,2008年获得6个QTL,相同的QTL为2个,控制锌含量的1个位点位于第3染色体的p-umc1399-p-bnlg1605区段,控制铜含量的1个位点位于第2染色体的bnlg1746区段。     

基于染色体置换系的野生稻抽穗期及紫色性状QTL的鉴定

利用一套以9311为背景的普通野生稻染色体片段置换系群体为研究材料,进行野生稻相关QTL的定位与基因的鉴定。在多年多点的抽穗期调查数据基础上,结合200多个分子标记引物的基因型鉴定结果,定位到11个与抽穗期相关的QTL;选取携带相关QTL导入片段的两个置换系进一步研究,发现2个抽穗期主效QTL均为已克隆基因的等位基因。利用叶鞘、稃尖、柱头颜色与9311差异显著的一个单片段置换系定位到来自野生稻的紫色性状基因Or C,初步鉴定与栽培稻的等位基因功能不同。这些结果再次表明染色体片段置换系是行之有效的QTL定位以及基因发掘的遗传群体。通过对抽穗期、紫色性状相关QTL的定位与基因的鉴定,为进一步的功能研究提供了基因资源。     

基于整合图谱的鲤生长相关性状QTL的分布及变异规律

单个群体数量性状位点(QTL)的检测和识别效率通常是有限的,而多个群体能提高QTL的检测效率并能更好地了解其等位基因的变异和分布.本研究利用4个群体构建了鲤鱼的整合图谱,在此基础上比较分析了不同群体QTL的分布及变异.整合图谱长度为2371.6cM,包含257个微卫星(SSR)和421个SNP标记分布于42个连锁群,平均标记间隔为3.7cM.将4个群体的体重、体长、体高和体厚共67个QTL定位到整合图谱上进行比较分析,发现仅有1个QTL为3个群体共享,9个QTL为2群体共享,未发现4个群体均共享的QTL.QTL的比较分析结果表明,共享QTL可能在控制不同鲤鱼种质间生长性状中起主要作用.此外,探讨了QTL在不同群体间变化的原因和规律,同时揭示了主效和微效基因在不同群体中的遗传表现,为QTL定位策略和分子育种改良鲤生长性状提供理论基础.     

水、旱条件下水稻茎秆主要抗倒伏性状的QTL分析

以粳型旱稻IRAT109和粳型水稻越富杂交的116个DH株系的群体为材料,利用已构建的分子标记连锁图(包括94个RFLP标记和71个SSR标记),定位了水稻茎秆主要抗倒伏性状的QTL。在水田、旱田栽培条件下,考查了乳熟期DH系及其亲本的茎基粗、茎秆长及茎秆强度等性状。相关分析表明,茎基粗与茎秆长、茎基粗与茎秆强度及茎秆长与茎秆强度间均呈极显著正相关。利用QTLMAPPER进行水、旱田单环境定位分析及水、旱田联合定位分析定位了控制这些性状的QTL。水、旱田单环境定位分析结果表明：3个性状共检测到9个加性QTL和5对上位性QTL;联合定位分析表明：茎基粗、茎秆长共检测到6个加性QTL和6对上位性QTL,其中6个加性QTL和1对上位性QTL在两种方法下都检测到。旱田条件下检测到2个加性及2对上位性QTL(bctla、ct9、c16a-c16c和cs5-cs12)对表型变异的贡献率(简称贡献率)大于30％。这些高贡献率QTL可能对旱田条件下旱稻抗倒伏分子育种有重要意义。     

小麦-冰草衍生后代 3558-2 穗部相关性状的遗传分析和QTL定位

从普通小麦Fukuho与冰草(Agropyron cristatum,2n=4x=28,PPPP)Z559的衍生系中发现3558-2具有小穗数、小穗粒数和穗粒数多的优异性状.为了揭示衍生系3558-2优异性状的遗传特征,本研究对其与小麦品种京4841间的282个F2单株的穗长、小穗数、小穗粒数、穗粒数等穗部相关性状进行了遗传分析和QTL定位.主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析结果显示小麦穗部相关性状都符合数量性状特征.利用单标记分析将穗部相关性状的QTL主要定位于小麦1 A染色体上,同时发现在小麦的2A、5B和5D染色体上也有QTL分布.通过加密标记重点构建了1 A染色体短臂的遗传连锁图,利用复合区间作图法解析了小麦1AS染色体上的穗部相关性状的QTL效应,发现在1A染色体上存在与穗长、小穗数、小穗粒数和穗粒数相关的重要QTL各1个,解释变异度分别为14.41%、5.15%、14.84%和10.87%.本研究发现在3558-2的1 AS染色体上成簇分布着涉及穗长、小穗教、小穗粒数和穗粒数重要性状的QTL,这一结果对指导进一步研究与利用3558-2具有重要意义.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.