无患子光合生理日变化及其与生理生态因子的关系

以8年生无患子植株为试验材料,采用便携式Li-6400光合测定仪,分别于花期和果期测定了其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、空气温度(Ta)、叶片光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气相对湿度(RH)和空气CO2浓度(Ca)等参数的日变化,以揭示无患子光合特征及其与主要环境因子的关系。结果显示:(1)无患子Pn和Tr在花期和果期日变化均呈"M"型双峰曲线,并存在"光合午休"现象,第1和第2峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00左右。(2)无患子花期Pn、Tr、Gs、水分利用效率(WUE)日均值高于果期,而果期的Ci日均值高于花期。(3)在8:00~14:00,无患子花期光能利用效率(LUE)大于果期,并在10:00左右出现峰值,而在14:00~18:00其果期LUE大于花期。(4)无患子叶片Pn与Tr、Gs、PAR具有极显著正相关关系,且与Gs关系最为密切,与Ci呈极显著负相关关系,与Ca则表现为显著负相关关系。(5)影响无患子叶片Pn变化的决定生理因子是Gs和Tr,主要限制生理因子是Ci;主要决定生态因子是RH,主要限制生态因子是Ta,且Gs是影响无患子Pn的最重要的生理生态因子。研究表明,无患子对光强有较强的适应能力,是喜光植物,这为其人工林定向培育,以及花期和果期的管理提供了一定理论依据。     

当归叶片光合参数日变化及其与环境因子的关系

在当归根茎膨大期,利用CI-310便携式光合仪,田间活体测定了当归的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等光合生理生态因子,以及光合有效辐射(PAR)、田间CO2浓度(Ca)、相对湿度(RH)、大气温度(Ta)、叶温(TL)等环境因子的日变化。结果表明,当归Pn日变化曲线为"双峰"型,最高峰出现在10:00左右,次高峰出现在16:00左右,午间有明显的"午休"现象,气孔因素是导致其"午休"的主要原因。Tr、Gs和Ci的日变化曲线均为"双峰"型,最高峰出现在10:00,次高峰出现在17:00。当归叶片净光合速率随环境因子日变化最优逐步多元回归方程为yPn=14.3108 0.0076xPAR-0.5271xTL(R2=0.6601,P<0.05),TL和PAR是对光合速率直接影响最大的生态因子,而Ca、RH和Ta主要是通过TL而间接影响光合速率的变化。     

青杨雌雄扦插苗光合作用日变化与叶绿素荧光参数特征

以青杨雌雄扦插苗为对象,探究其叶绿素荧光参数和光合作用日变化特征。结果表明:青杨扦插苗的Pn、Tr和Gs日变化均呈"双峰"型曲线,有明显的"午休"现象,但是不同性别Pn、Tr和Gs的高峰和低谷出现的时间和大小不同。青杨雌雄植株的WUEi从8:00开始降低到一个最小值后升高,且雌株在16:00出现1个峰值;雄株叶片的Pn、Gs、Tr、WUEi、Fm、Fo、Fm'、Fo'、Fv'/Fm'、ETR显著大于雌株(P0.05),而NPQ则是雌株显著大于(P0.05)雄株,Ci、Ls、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、qP性别间差异则不显著(P0.05);相关性分析结果表明,对Pn影响最大的因子是Gs,其次是Ca、PAR、RH、Ta和VPD。对Tr影响最大的因子是Gs,其次是Ca、RH、PAR、Ta和VPD。可见,与雌株相比,青杨雄株的捕获光能效率、电子传递速率、光合效率以及水分利用效率较高,雄株对逆境适应能力更强。     

5种常见水土保持树种的气体交换特性研究

为了了解水土保持树种的气体交换特性,对无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)和毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)等常见树种的光合蒸腾特性进行研究。结果表明,香樟、无患子、南酸枣和毛竹的净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,有明显的"光合午休"现象;秃瓣杜英的Pn日变化曲线则呈单峰型,未出现"光合午休"现象。5种树种的Pn以香樟毛竹无患子南酸枣秃瓣杜英;蒸腾速率(Tr)以香樟无患子毛竹南酸枣秃瓣杜英;水分利用效率(WUE)以秃瓣杜英毛竹南酸枣无患子香樟。单因素方差分析表明:不同树种间的Tr、气孔导度(Gs)和WUE存在显著差异,而Pn和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的差异不显著。相关性分析表明,Pn与Tr、Gs和光合有效辐射(PAR)呈正相关关系;Tr与Gs呈正相关关系,与WUE呈负相关关系;Gs与WUE呈负相关关系;Ci与PAR和空气CO2浓度(Ta)呈负相关关系。香樟和无患子的Tr相对较大,而WUE较低,在养护过程应加强浇水及遮阴以降低其水分蒸腾的速率;秃瓣杜英、南酸枣和毛竹的Tr相对较低,而WUE相对较高,能够科学地利用土壤水分,可适应较干燥的外界环境。     

青海祁连棱果沙棘自然杂交带三种沙棘 光合特性日变化分析

杂交带是研究物种形成及进化的天然实验室。为探究棱果沙棘自然杂交带三种沙棘的生理生态适应性,该研究在光照充足的7月中旬分别测定了该区域三种沙棘雌、雄株的光合特性及相关环境因子的日变化。结果表明:(1)同种沙棘雌、雄株间光合日变化规律基本一致,不同沙棘光合特性的日变化规律存在较大差异。中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis)净光合速率(Pn)日变化呈明显的双峰曲线,峰值出现在光合有效辐射(PAR)和空气温度(Ta)相对较高的10:00和14:00,最高达到(19.53±5.35)μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);棱果沙棘(Hippophae goniocarpa)和肋果沙棘(H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa) Pn日变化均呈近双峰曲线,在PAR和Ta相对较低的8:00和16:00有较高的值,最高值分别为(13.43±3.43)和(15.27±2.43)μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。(2)三种沙棘水分利用效率(WUE)与Pn的日变化规律一致,但中国沙棘具有最高的WUE,达到(6.72±0.95)μmol·mmol~(-1),棱果沙棘和肋果沙棘的WUE日变化最高分别为(4.03±1.08)和(4.93±0.86)μmol·mmol~(-1)。(3)三种沙棘蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)的日变化规律相似,其中Gs均在10:00后一致下降,在12:00左右均出现不同程度的气孔关闭现象,这是其发生光合午休的主要原因之一。杂交带三种沙棘光合特性日变化差异主要表现在中国沙棘和其他两种沙棘之间,而杂交种棱果沙棘与亲本种肋果沙棘的变化规律基本一致,其Pn与WUE可能受到了Ta、PAR和空气相对湿度(RH)等环境因子的影响。     

黄淮海平原冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）旗叶的生理生态特性

分别于2005年和2006年4、5月份,在中国科学院封丘农业生态试验站用Li-6400光合测定仪对田间冬小麦(Triticumaestivum)进行了净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化的测定,并同步测定了有效辐射(PAR)、气温(Ta)、叶温(Tl)、空气相对湿度(Rh)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等因子,研究了冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr与环境和生理因子之间的关系。结果表明,冬小麦旗叶的Pn随PAR的增加而升高,其光补偿点和光饱和点分别在50~60μmo.lm-.2s-1和1050~1100μmol.m-.2s-1左右;Tr随PAR呈线性升高。Ta与Tl的相关系数r=0.886**,达显著水平,冬小麦旗叶Pn随Ta、Tl的增加而升高,当Ta、Tl分别超过30℃、32℃左右时,Pn随两因素的增加反而下降;Tr随Ta、Tl的增加呈直线升高。冬小麦旗叶Pn、Tr与Gs的相关系数分别为r=0.407**和r=0.322**,二者均随Gs的增加而升高,当Gs超过0.2mo.lm-.2s-1左右时,Pn的速度就会减缓。冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr均随Ci的增加而下降。通过对生态、生理因子的多元回归分析表明,影响黄淮海平原冬小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr的主要因子是PAR、Gs,除此以外,Ci也是影响Pn的重要因子。     

水肥耦合对汉源花椒幼苗叶片光合作用的影响

以汉源花椒幼苗为试验材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水肥耦合处理对汉源花椒叶片气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)日变化的影响,并探讨了汉源花椒光合特性与土壤田间持水量(FWC)、施肥量(包括施全量NPK、1/2NPK和不施肥,其中全量NPK含尿素150 kg N/hm~2、过磷酸钙60kg P_2O_5/hm~2和硫酸钾150 kg K_2O/hm~2)和环境因子间的关系。结果表明:各处理汉源花椒叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和Vpdl日变化均呈"单峰"型曲线,其峰值分别出现在10:00—12:00、10:00—12:00、14:00和14:00左右,没有出现光合"午休"现象;Ci最低值出现在10:00—12:00左右;WUE日变化呈"双峰"型曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和16:00左右,但第2个峰值明显低于第1个峰值。NPK+50%FWC和1/2NPK+50%FWC两处理叶片Pn日变化峰值出现在12:00左右,而其他处理均出现在10:00左右。叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和WUE平均值均随施肥量的增加而增加,而Ci和V_(pdl)平均值随施肥量的增加而降低。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr平均值随土壤水分含量的增加总体上呈先增加后降低的趋势变化;Ci平均值总体上随土壤水分含量的增加而增加;WUE平均值随土壤水分含量的增加而降低;V_(pdl)平均值随土壤水分含量的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势变化。叶片Pn与地径(D)、苗高(H)、D~2H、叶绿素含量和chla/chlb比值呈显著正相关。为了促进植株生长和获得较高的叶片Pn和WUE,土壤水分应控制在35.9%—46.7%FWC。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr与光合有效辐射强度(PAR)呈显著正相关,Tr与气温的相关系数高于它与其他环境因子的相关系数,提高叶片Pn的最佳PAR为1263.6μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。说明适宜的土壤水分含量和肥料施用量能延长汉源花椒叶片Pn达到峰值的时间,对提高叶片Pn和WUE及促进植株生长具有重要作用;PAR是影响叶片Gs和Pn的主要环境因子,气温是影响叶片Tr的首要环境因子。     

苹果叶片气体交换日变化动态模拟

根据苹果叶片气体交换模型可模拟不同小气候条件下光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化。Pn和Gs在晴天呈现出不对称双峰曲线:上午增加,约8:00前后达到最大值,然后下降,到16:00左右时再升高到第2个峰值,最后再下降。Tr晴天的日变化与Pn和Gs相似,在晴天呈"n"字形曲线,但是Tr的午休现象较Pn和Gs轻,并且最大值出现在午后。晴天时WUE在太阳出来不久就达到了最大值,并迅速下降到一个比较稳定的水平,傍晚前后降到0。模型模拟表明气体交换的日变化主要是由太阳辐射驱动的,而午休现象主要是由叶水势和湿度的减少引起。根据在富士苹果园观测数据(Maluspumila Mill.Fuji;北纬40°13′,东经116°13′,海拔79m)对模型进行了验证。结果表明在不同的有效光合辐射、温度、湿度和CO2浓度下Pn的观测值和模拟值非常吻合,树冠上层叶片Pn和Gs日变化的实测值和模拟值也基本一致。Tr的模拟值略有高估,可能是由叶片的相互遮荫及Pn和有效光合辐射之间的非线性关系引起。     

Diurnal photosynthetic changes of Hydrocotyle vulgaris in the ecological ditch

以生态沟渠铜钱草为材料,采用便携式CID-340光合仪对铜钱草成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)、气温(Gs)、叶温(Ti))和蒸腾速率(Tr)等影响因子进行测定,以探讨其光合生理生态特性,旨在为修复沟渠湿地提供一定的理论依据.结果表明:(1)铜钱草叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰(19.32 μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在15:00左右,次峰(16.21 μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在11:00,中午出现光合“午休”现象.(2)用逐步多元回归方法得到净光合速率日变化与主要生理生态因子的回归方程为:Pn=-5.45613+0.006797PAR+0.050099Gs(复相关系数0.868).逐步回归结果表明Pn受PAR和Gs的影响较大.偏相关分析和通径分析的结果表明PAR、Gs对铜钱草Pn日变化有重要影响,是影响铜钱草Pn的主要因子,影响大小的顺序为:Gs＞PAR.     

生态沟渠铜钱草光合日变化的研究

以生态沟渠铜钱草为材料,采用便携式CID-340光合仪对铜钱草成熟叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、气孔导度(Gs)、气温(Gs)、叶温(Tl))和蒸腾速率(Tr)等影响因子进行测定,以探讨其光合生理生态特性,旨在为修复沟渠湿地提供一定的理论依据。结果表明:(1)铜钱草叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰(19.32μmol.m-2.s-1)出现在15:00左右,次峰(16.21μmol.m-2.s-1)出现在11:00,中午出现光合"午休"现象。(2)用逐步多元回归方法得到净光合速率日变化与主要生理生态因子的回归方程为:Pn=-5.45613+0.006797PAR+0.050099Gs(复相关系数0.868)。逐步回归结果表明Pn受PAR和Gs的影响较大。偏相关分析和通径分析的结果表明PAR、Gs对铜钱草Pn日变化有重要影响,是影响铜钱草Pn的主要因子,影响大小的顺序为:Gs>PAR。     

On-station comparative analysis of reproductive and survival performance between Red Maasai,Dorper, and Merino sheep breeds

The reproductive performance of ewes and the survivability of lambs to weaning have a critical economic impact on sheep farming worldwide. Further, knowledge of major mortality causes allows an opportunity for improved flock management to evade financial losses. The maximum likelihood estimates for generalised linear mixed models and chi-square test methods were used to examine 971 mating records, 839 and 763 lambs born and weaned (singles or twins) from the Naivasha Sheep and Goats station in Kenya for the years 2011 to 2020 consisting of Dorper, Red Maasai (RedM), and Merino breeds. The RedM (P < 0.05) outperformed Dorper and Merino in weaning rate, whereas reproductive performance between the three breeds was not significantly different (P > 0.05) in litter size and multiple lambings per ewe lambing. On the one hand, Dorper significantly (P < 0.05) outperformed the other two breeds only in weaning weight per lamb born. In addition, among all the major causes of death, pneumonia appeared to be the one to which Dorper breeds were most susceptible (chi-square test, P < 0.05). According to the findings of this study, neither the Dorper nor the Merino sheep breeds were reproductively superior to the RedM in an extensive semi-arid production environment. In addition, Dorper's susceptibility to the leading causes of mortality, particularly pneumonia and sheep pox, were relatively high compared to other breeds and could be a precursor to massive economic losses for Dorper sheep producers. In contrast to the indigenous RedM breed, imported sheep breeds appeared to be more susceptible to major mortality-related under an extensive production system. Therefore, regardless of weaning weight, RedM breed production appears to be a more viable investment for small-scale farmers, particularly in semi-arid regions.     

Predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza feeding on different densities of Aphis craccivora

Predation rate and numerical response are basic to any investigation of predator–prey relationships and key components in the selection of predators for biological control. The density-dependent predation rate and numerical response of Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to varying densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) of third-instar Aphis craccivora (Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were studied in laboratory conditions [23±1°C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 h L:D. Predation rate data were analysed using the age-stage, two-sex consumption rate software. Net consumption rate (C₀) increased by increasing prey density. The lowest and highest net consumption rates were 20.75 and 190.8 prey nymphs at densities of 5 and 80 A. craccivora. The transformation rate from prey population to predator offspring (Q_p) increased by increasing prey density. The reproductive numerical response, in terms of eggs laid, increased curvilinearly with increasing prey density. Females laid 121.375 ± 4.301 eggs when exposed to the highest prey density (80) and 52.5 ± 1.544 eggs at lowest prey density (5). It can be concluded that different densities of A. craccivora influenced the reproductive performance of A. aphidimyza in terms of predation rate and numerical response.     

Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times

Studies of molecular evolutionary rates have yielded a wide range of rate estimates for various genes and taxa. Recent studies based on population-level and pedigree data have produced remarkably high estimates of mutation rate, which strongly contrast with substitution rates inferred in phylogenetic (species-level) studies. Using Bayesian analysis with a relaxed-clock model, we estimated rates for three groups of mitochondrial data: avian protein-coding genes, primate protein-coding genes, and primate d-loop sequences. In all three cases, we found a measurable transition between the high, short-term (< 1-2 Myr) mutation rate and the low, long-term substitution rate. The relationship between the age of the calibration and the rate of change can be described by a vertically translated exponential decay curve, which may be used for correcting molecular date estimates. The phylogenetic substitution rates in mitochondria are approximately 0.5% per million years for avian protein-coding sequences and 1.5% per million years for primate protein-coding and d-loop sequences. Further analyses showed that purifying selection offers the most convincing explanation for the observed relationship between the estimated rate and the depth of the calibration. We rule out the possibility that it is a spurious result arising from sequence errors, and find it unlikely that the apparent decline in rates over time is caused by mutational saturation. Using a rate curve estimated from the d-loop data, several dates for last common ancestors were calculated: modern humans and Neandertals (354 ka; 222-705 ka), Neandertals (108 ka; 70-156 ka), and modern humans (76 ka; 47-110 ka). If the rate curve for a particular taxonomic group can be accurately estimated, it can be a useful tool for correcting divergence date estimates by taking the rate decay into account. Our results show that it is invalid to extrapolate molecular rates of change across different evolutionary timescales, which has important consequences for studies of populations, domestication, conservation genetics, and human evolution.     

Optimising a clearance index based on neutral red as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves

Neutral red is a weakly cationic dye that is soluble in water, has a low toxicity for almost all classes of organisms, and has been used as a histological and vital stain since the early twentieth century. Estimating the volume of water cleared of indicator material by suspension feeding bivalves (clearance or filtration rate) was one of the earliest applications of neutral red; however, less than thirty studies have applied this methodology since it was first described in 1954. The feeding/clearance rate is used as a sensitive indicator of physiological stress and is therefore an early-warning tool that is suitable for monitoring the ecological status of water bodies. The aim of our study was to optimise a clearance index based on neutral red solution by addressing the effect of i) the acidifying pH; ii) the holding temperature before spectrophotometric reading; and the time iii) before and iv) after the acidification of solutions of neutral red used to carry out clearance assays. Furthermore, as a case study we fine-tuned the clearance assay for the edible estuarine bivalve, Cerastoderma edule. The results showed that there were no statistical differences as regards the absorbance of neutral red solutions holding at 4 or 20 °C or a solution acidified between the ranges of pH 4–5. However, the absorbance significantly decreased as the pH increased to pH 6. The time before acidification had no significant effect on absorbance. Once the neutral red solution is acidified, the absorbance decreases over time, signifying that the absorbance should be read in the first 24 h. The concentration of neutral red used in the experiences should be sufficient to allow final concentrations of over 0.5 mg/L after the clearance period, since we observed that the sensitivity of this protocol decreased at low concentrations. In the case of C. edule, the optimum clearance conditions per individual were found to be 100 ml of 4 mg/L of neutral red dye during a 30 min period in dark conditions. A bioassay using a clearance index of C. edule based on this simple colorimetric technique would appear to be a potential tool for implementation in environmental monitoring programmes for water quality assessment in accordance with European directives. We trust that the new harmonised protocol will become a widely used and cost-effective means to monitor the clearance index as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves.     

Photorespiration Rate in Spinach Leaves Under Moderate NaCl Stress

We analyzed the effect of NaCl stress on photorespiration of spinach leaves by calculating the rate of carboxylation/oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and by measuring the content of amino acids produced through photorespiration. After 20 d of NaCl stress the carboxylation rate was reduced while the oxygenation rate was not affected. The contents of serine, glycine, and alanine increased relevantly. The amount of glutamine also increased after 20 d but the amount of glutamate did not. Hence photorespiration may be stimulated under moderate NaCl stress. A relevant electron transport rate was observed under CO₂-free air, which may indicate refixation of photorespiratory CO₂. When NaCl accumulation proceeded for more than 20 d, photosynthesis was reduced and the content of photo-respiratory amino acids started to decrease, but the oxygenation rate did not change. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

广西地区脑血管病城乡抽样对比分析

本文着重分析了广西城市和农村脑血管病发病情况的差异。我们发现城市CVD发病率、患病率明显高于农村,但是农村CVD的死亡率高于城市,其中我们对其原因作了初步的探讨。     

Comparative vital statistics along the pastoral nomadism-sedentarism continuum

Vital statistics on pastoral nomadic and sedentarizing nomadic societies are by-and-large non-existent. Such information is highly important for both academic and policy-making reasons as pastoral nomadism as a mode of life is disappearing. This paper attempts to gather and present as much information as possible on crude birth and death rates and natural increase rates for various pastoral nomadic societies in different African and Middle Eastern countries. The information is arranged by a subdivision into nomads, seminomads, and sedentarized nomads. A summarization of this information suggests a possible pattern by which birth rates rise, death rates fall (but may rise in certain circumstances), and natural increase rates rise along the nomadism-sedentarism continuum. Such a possible pattern has several policy implications for governments assessing the needs of a nomadic society undergoing a process of change in its socio-ecological relationships.This article was written while the author was a visiting scholar at the Department of Geography at the University of California. The author wishes to thank Nga and Allen Scott and Melanine M. Patton, as well as two anonymous referees, for their assistance and suggestions for this paper.     

吉粳88高效再生体系的建立

以吉粳88为材料,通过对不同培养基和激素的筛选,确定最佳的再生体系。结果表明:NMB培养基为吉粳88最适的愈伤组织诱导培养基。通过L₉(3³)正交实验研究最适激素浓度配比,筛选出吉粳88愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素配比为2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.2 mg/L 6-BA+0.10 mg/L NAA。在添加2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA的NMB基本培养基条件下,吉粳88的分化率最高,成培苗率也最高。     

光周期和温度对虎斑蝶卵、幼虫及蛹存活的影响

通过在人工气候箱内设定不同光周期和温度梯度单虫饲养观察个体发育史,研究了光周期和温度对虎斑蝶Danaus genutia幼期存活的影响,研究结果可为该高观赏价值蝶种的规模化养殖提供依据。结果表明,在长光照(L∶D=15∶9)条件下,17.5、20.0、22.5、25.0、27.5、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为63.72%、71.67%、65.75%、75.00%、67.12%、59.56%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.67%、85.96%、91.19%、89.20%、80.86%、68.78%,蛹的存活率分别为82.76%、100.00%、96.00%、97.06%、100.00%、100.00%;在短光照(L∶D=9∶15)条件下,17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为86.36%、67.06%、75.00%、77.50%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.05%、84.59%、85.74%、80.78%,蛹的存活率分别为93.30%、94.12%、100.00%、100.00%。结果表明,17.5℃和30.0℃均不利于虎斑蝶幼期的存活,20.0～27.5℃是其幼期生长发育适宜的温度范围。长光照利于幼虫的存活,短光照利于卵的孵化和蛹的羽化;在17.5～30.0℃内,较高的温度利于蛹的羽化,而较低的温度利于卵的孵化和幼虫的存活;温度对虎斑蝶卵的孵化、幼虫的存活及蛹的羽化影响大于光周期;在养殖生产上,建议将幼期养殖温度控制在20.0～27.5℃,幼虫期饲养在长光照下为宜,卵和蛹期置于短光照下为宜。     

On the interpretation of some planktonology equations

Summary The concept of the mean value of a function is used to interpret some population-dynamics equations. The well-known formula for the per capita growth rate r gives a precise mean value for any (not only exponentially growing) populations. This result is used to derive the birth and death rate equations of Paloheimo (1974) with minimal initial limitations.Abbreviations t time - N number of animals - E number of eggs - r specific (i.e. per capita) population growth rate - b specific birth rate - d specific death rate - D duration of embryonic development