微藻生物柴油研发态势分析

微藻是光合效率最高的原始植物之一,与农作物相比,单位面积的产率可高出数十倍。微藻生物柴油技术首先包括微藻的筛选和培育,获得性状优良的高含油量藻种,然后在光生物反应器中吸收阳光、CO2等,生成微藻生物质,最后经过采收、加工,转化为微藻生物柴油。完整的微藻生物柴油成套技术链涵盖多个技术环节,是一个复杂的系统工程,包括微藻生物工程技术、微藻高效规模化养殖技术,以及微藻生物质采收、加工与转化技术等。其中,降低生产成本是当前微藻生物柴油研究面临的主要挑战,各国的研究机构为此开展了多方面的研究。     

微藻采收技术的研究进展

微藻作为一种有巨大应用前景的生物质资源,在环境保护、废水处理和清洁能源等领域广泛应用。但是微藻采收成本过高严重限制了微藻产业的发展,因此,寻找一种经济、环保、高效的采收技术对促进微藻产业的发展具有十分重要的意义。本文分析了常用微藻采收技术的优缺点,包括离心分离、沉降、过滤、浮选和絮凝技术,重点论述絮凝技术在微藻采收方面的研究进展,以期为微藻高效、低成本采收方案的选择及其研究方向提供参考。     

微藻生物柴油技术的研究现状及展望

微藻生物柴油是一种优良的可再生新能源,对于解决人类面临的能源短缺和全球变暖两大危机具有潜在的重大战略意义。综述了微藻生物柴油的技术流程、油脂含量较高的微藻藻种、微藻生物柴油的最大技术瓶颈、提高微藻油脂总产量的方法、微藻的大规模培养、微藻的采收和微藻生物柴油的制取等方面的研究现状,并对微藻生物柴油未来的核心研究方向提出了初步见解。     

微藻在废水处理和生物质回收再利用方面的研究进展

随着经济的发展和人口的增加,环境污染和水资源短缺已经成为不可避免的全球性问题。基于微藻的废水处理技术不仅可以净化废水、解决环境污染问题,还可以利用废水中的营养元素合成生物质,现如今这种技术已经受到越来越多的关注。为了进一步提高废水处理效果、降低废水处理成本,有必要了解微藻去除废水中营养物质和污染物的机理,开发下游低成本收获技术,提升微藻高价值副产物的生产。本文综述了微藻去除碳、氮、磷、重金属、抗生素和有机物的机理和影响因素,总结了微藻的不同收获方式和微藻生物质在各个领域的应用。最后,分析了不同微藻共培养体系和微藻固定化技术的优缺点,并展望了微藻废水处理技术未来的发展方向。     

微藻两阶段培养技术研究进展

微藻细胞富含油脂、淀粉及其他高值代谢物,可用于食品、饲料、化学品和能源的生产。但在规模化培养中,微藻的高生长速率和高产物含量难以兼得,制约了其商业化应用。通过微藻的两阶段培养技术可以将生长和产物积累的时期分离,从而同时获得较高的微藻生物量和产物含量。该技术具有产品得率高、节能减排、适用范围广的优点,是推进微藻商业化的关键之一。本综述总结了现有微藻两阶段培养技术的优势和产品类型,解析了目前微藻两阶段培养技术的限制因素及发展前景,并提出微藻两阶段培养中存在阶段转换时间尚不明确、中间采收步骤成本高这两个限制该技术应用的关键瓶颈,从而为未来微藻两阶段培养技术规模化生产方案的科学决策与实施提供参考。     

能源微藻及其生物炼制的现状与趋势

微藻能源是最有发展潜力的生物能源之一。围绕微藻生物能源的产业化技术开发,全世界众多研究机构与公司进行了大量的研究工作,在藻种技术、规模培养技术、生物炼制技术方面取得了很多重要进展。文章对近些年国内外对能源微藻及其生物炼制技术研发的进展进行了综述,提出加强高产油、耐污染、易采收等工程应用性状的藻种选育,重点发展高光效、低水耗和少占地的创新微藻培养方法与装备技术,并通过微藻高值产品产业化,逐步推动以平衡系统经济性为原则的微藻能源和高值品联产的生物炼制体系的建立,对于解决目前微藻能源产业化的经济竞争性问题具有重要意义。     

微藻生物柴油的发展

微藻生物柴油是一种具有较大发展潜力的可再生能源,与动、植物为原料制备的生物柴油相比,它有不占用耕地、产油效率高等优点。目前,微藻生物柴油在国内外都有很大发展,产业化的进程也在逐步推进。介绍了高油脂含量微藻的种类、微藻合成油脂的机理研究、微藻的培养技术及微藻生物柴油的产业化现状,并对微藻生物柴油发展中的一些问题进行了分析。     

微藻规模培养技术研究进展

产油微藻是最具潜力的生物能源油脂资源之一,有关微藻生物能源的技术研究开发近年来受到国内外持续重视。微藻能源生产是一个涉及到从藻种、规模培养技术与装备,到能量转化加工全产业链的复杂过程,其中以解决微藻生物量资源的规模培养是整个产业过程的核心。从微藻的产能潜力分析出发,对微藻的光自养与异养模式以及微藻的开放池和光反应器培养研究进展进行了总结,特别分析了近些年发展起来的微藻序贯式异养—稀释—光诱导和贴壁培养技术等。并对涉及微藻培养的相关技术包括光能利用、水源和二氧化碳源解决,以及污染及其控制研究进展进行了分析。在此基础上,提出微藻规模培养必须以高效抗逆工业性状和高值化学品联产特色藻种的选育,与装备创新为重点和突破口,并将废气/废水等利用与规模培养相结合,从而构建起与环境处理相耦联的微藻能源—高值化学品多联产产业技术体系。     

基于文献计量的微藻收获技术研究分析

微藻是能以自养模式固定二氧化碳,生成生物能源的原料,对可持续发展具有重要意义。微藻也能以异养模式生长,用于废水处理和积累高附加值物质。目前,微藻收获的成本占总成本的20%~30%。微藻收获技术已经成为研究热点。本文从文献计量的角度分析了各国微藻收获的研究进展以及我国的研究现状,并展望了微藻收获技术发展趋势,为进一步研究提供参考。     

利用微藻固定CO2实现碳减排的研究进展

CO2减排是目前社会经济发展所面临的重大环境问题之一,如何高效、绿色地进行减排已成为各国科研工作者关注与研究的热点。利用微藻技术进行减排符合碳循环规律,显示出很好的应用前景。本文结合笔者近年在利用微藻技术进行碳减排方面的研究工作,从固定CO2的微藻选育、微藻的培养、微藻减排在光生物反应器方面的开发以及CO2减排与污水深度处理及高价值生物质生产的耦合等4个方面对近些年来国内外在利用微藻技术实现CO2减排方面的研究情况进行了归纳与评述,并对前景进行了展望。     

微藻对常用抗生素敏感性的研究进展

在微藻培养过程中,需在藻液中加入抗生素以达到除菌、抑菌的目的。对近年来微藻的抗生素纯化技术进行了综述,对选择抗生素的方法、抗生素抑菌机理及常用抗生素对微藻培养的影响等方面进行了归纳和分析,并对无菌化培养的研究前景做了展望。     

微藻叶绿素荧光值与传统生长指标的关联性研究

利用TD-700型叶绿素荧光仪测定了6种不同海洋和淡水微藻,即锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)、四列藻(Tetraselmis tetrethele)和雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)的叶绿素荧光值,同时采用经典方法同步测定其细胞密度和叶绿素a含量。统计分析结果显示,微藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素荧光值三者之间具有显著或极显著的正相关关系。因此,利用叶绿素荧光仪测定微藻生物量的方法是切实可行的,具有快捷方便、灵敏度高的优点。     

Evaluation of water entry into the coelom and different levels of aseptic technique during surgical implantation of electronic tags in freshwater fish

We reviewed the literature in an attempt to determine the importance of aseptic technique when implanting electronic tags in fish. Given that there was negligible information on this topic we embarked on a study where bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were used as a model to investigate the effects of different aseptic surgical techniques for the intracoelomic implantation of electronic tags in fish. First we tested the effects of water entry into the incision using five treatments: lake, distilled and saline water introduced into the incision, water-free controls, and non-surgery controls. For fish in the water treatments, 1 mL of the sample was introduced into their coelom prior to incision closure. Fish were held for 10 days to monitor survival and at the end of the study, the survivors were blood sampled and euthanized to evaluate condition and health using the health assessment index. In a second experiment, four aseptic treatments were used: non-sterile, field-based, high-grade sterility, and non-surgery controls and fish were monitored as in the first experiment. For both experiments, no differences in physiological status, health or mortality were noted among treatment groups. However, in the aseptic techniques experiment, surgical times were approximately twice as long for fish in the sterile treatment as compared to other groups and the costs of surgical supplies was greater than that of the less-sterile treatments. Although we failed to document any benefit of keeping water out of the incision or using aseptic technique for bluegill, in other situations and for other species, such approaches may be important. As such, we encourage fish surgeons practicing intracoelomic implants to attempt to prevent water entry into the coelom. We also encourage, at least some level of infection control (e.g., non-sterile gloves, clean tags and surgical tools) consistent with good veterinary practices to maintain the welfare status of tagged fish and ensure that the data from tagged fish representative of untagged conspecifics. However, the most prudent and ethical approach would be to work with veterinarians to incorporate formal sterilization procedures, equipment (e.g., sterile gloves) and aseptic technique into field surgical techniques.     

Automated,in vitro harvest of somatic embryos

This work has demonstrated the aseptic, automated harvest of somatic embryos from a bioreactor suspension culture. Machine vision, emulating the selection criteria of an experienced biologist, classified embryos as harvestable or non-harvestable as they flowed through a 3 mm glass conduit. Embryos classified as harvestable were separated in a sealed harvest chamber. The system harvested 60% of the embryos at a rate of 2.4 embryos/h and incorrectly harvested less than 1% of the non-harvest objects. The low harvest rate precludes the applicability of this technique to research and commercial tissue culture laboratories. The suspension feed-rate, culture population density and culture homogeneity were identified as the most important factors influencing embryo harvest rate. The performance of this technique on more densely populated cultures was projected using anticipated improvements in suspension feedrate. It was concluded that, under the conditions of this analysis, the harvester would be of limited value in a commercial propagation environment but could be beneficial to many research labs working with plant somatic embryos.     

浒苔干粉末提取物对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻的克生作用

研究不同溶剂的浒苔干粉末组织提取液对两种赤潮藻—东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻生长的克生效应。结果表明, 浒苔提取物中确实含有可以影响赤潮藻类生长的克生物质,克生作用具有较明显的浓度效应,添加浓度低时可能会表现为一定的促进生长的作用,添加浓度较高时表现为抑制作用,添加浓度越大,抑制作用越强,即“低促高抑”的特点,这与浒苔提取物对其他微藻的作用相似。其中,蒸馏水提取物对这两种赤潮藻的克生作用小于有机溶剂提取物,有机溶剂中,甲醇和乙酸乙酯提取物对这两种赤潮藻的克生效果最好,正己烷相对较差。根据相似相溶原理,可以初步推断最有效的克生物质应为具有相对较高的极性的有机物。两种赤潮藻对克生物质的敏感程度不同。东海原甲藻对克生物质的敏感性高于中肋骨条藻。蒸馏水、甲醇、乙酸乙酯、正己烷的浒苔干粉末提取物影响东海原甲藻生长的致死作用阈值浓度分别为5.00 g/L、0.50 g/L、0.50 g/L、0.63 g/L（相当于浒苔新鲜藻体浓度为22.00 g-wet/L、2.20 g-wet/L、2.20 g-wet/L、2.75 g-wet/L）;影响中肋骨条藻生长的致死作用阈值浓度则分别为20.00 g/L、1.25 g/L、1.25 g/L、2.50 g/L（相当于新鲜藻体浓度为88.00 g-wet/L、5.50 g-wet/L、5.50 g-wet/L、11.00 g-wet/L）。     

Oxidative Stress in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Aseptic and Bacterial Meningitis

This study aimed to determine whether patients with aseptic and bacterial meningitis presented alterations in oxidative stress parameters of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A total of 30 patients were used in the research. The CSF oxidative stress status has been evaluated through many parameters, such as lipid peroxidation through thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidant defense systems such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid. TBARS levels, SOD and GST activity increase in aseptic meningitis and in bacterial meningitis. The ascorbic acid concentration increased significantly in patients with both meningitis types. The reduced glutathione levels were reduced in CSF of patients with aseptic and bacterial meningitis. In present study we may conclude that oxidative stress contributes at least in part to the severe neurological dysfunction found in meningitis.     

SPECIAL PAPER: HAPLOIDS FROM POLLEN GRAINS—RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

The production of large numbers of haploid plants from pollen grains in aseptic culture of anthers or isolated pollen grains has now been demonstrated in many angiosperms. It is a technique which holds much promise for creating desired variability by mutations for biochemical and applied genetics and for producing pure lines for crop improvement. This paper reviews the research on the production of haploids from pollen grains. The response is dependent on a variety of factors such as media formulation (especially the hormone component), genotype and physiological status of the donor plant, developmental stage of the pollen grain, anther culture environment and anther wall itself—all of which influence greatly the successful production of haploid plants. Although still in its infancy, the culture of isolated pollen is seen as a promising line of further research as it has the potential of offering several advantages over the culture of whole anthers.     

流感裂解疫苗生产中沙门菌和微生物限度的监控研究

通过对2008年流感裂解疫苗生产中的监控,结果显示,流感病毒接种鸡胚尿囊液中未检出沙门菌,除菌过滤前微生物限度均小于10CFU/ml、细菌内毒素均小于25EU/ml,纯化过程去除了99%的杂蛋白。表明生产中使用的健康鸡胚尿囊液是符合生物制品规程的要求,现行生产工艺对微生物限度和细菌内毒素的控制是有效的,现行纯化过程对病毒液的纯化是有效的。     

Identification of flow properties in biosuspensions

Summary The experimental technique with piezoelectric mechanico-electrical transducer and stirring intensity meter (SIM) makes possible to measure the distribution of the local kinetic energy of turbulence in aseptic conditions of heterogeneous nontransparent fermentation broth. This information plays an important role in bioprocess development and in the bioreactor performance.     

Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon

For both scientific and animal welfare reasons, training in basic surgical concepts and techniques should be undertaken before ever seeking to perform surgery on a rodent. Students, post-doctoral scholars, and others interested in performing surgery on rodents as part of a research protocol may not have had formal surgical training as part of their required coursework. Surgery itself is a technical skill, and one that will improve with practice. The principles of aseptic technique, however, often remain unexplained or untaught. For most new surgeons, this vital information is presented in piecemeal fashion or learned on the job, neither of which is ideal. It may also make learning how to perform a particular surgery difficult, as the new surgeon is learning both a surgical technique and the principles of asepsis at the same time. This article summarizes and makes recommendations for basic surgical skills and techniques necessary for successful rodent surgery. This article is designed to supplement hands-on training by the user''s institution.