牙鲆、鲈鱼和真鲷的四个永生性细胞系建立

牙鲆、鲈鱼和真鲷的四个永生性细胞系建立童裳亮李宏＊＊苗宏志（青岛海洋大学生命学院,青岛２６６００３）牙鲆（Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ）、鲈鱼（Ｌａｔｅ－ｏｌａｂｒａｘｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）和真鲷（Ｐａｇｒｏｓｏｍｕｓｍａｊｏｒ）是我国沿海广为养殖的优良鱼种。近几年来,由于养殖面积扩大和养殖密度提高,病害不断发生。为了给这些鱼的病毒性传染病和立克次氏体病的检疫和研究提供宿主细胞...     

中国叶猴类的分类、现状与保护

中国的叶猴据记载朋５种;长尾叶猴、戴帽叶猴、灰叶猴、黑叶猴（含２亚种）和（？）金叶猴。对这叶猴的属、种分类颇有争议;在属级水平上, 使用过Ｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ、Ｓｅｍｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ、Ｐｒｅｓｂｙｔｉｓ和Ｔｒａｃｈｙｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ作为属名,我国绝大多数学者迄今一直用Ｐｒｅｓｂｙｔｉｓ作为属名。本文采用Ｓｅｍｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｒｃｕｓ（长尾叶猴）和Ｔｒｒａｃｈｙｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ（其他叶猴）作为属名,在     

广东沿海几种赤潮生物的分类学研究

对１９９７年秋￣１９９８年春广东沿海多次赤潮发生期间的几种优势赤潮藻类进行了形态学和分类学研究。１种为我国首次报道引发赤潮的定革命金藻类（Ｐｒｙｍｎｅｓｉｏｐｈｙｔｅｓ）－球状棕囊藻（Ｐｈａｅｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ ｃｆ．ｇｌｉｏｂｏｓａ）。另有甲藻类７种,其中裸甲藻目（Ｇｙｍｎｏｄｉｎｉａｌｅｓ）３种：米氏裸甲藻（Ｇｙｍｎｏｄｉｎｉｕｍ ｃｆ．ｍｉｋｉｍｏｔｏｉ）、环节环沟藻（Ｇｙｒｏｄｉｎｉｕｍ ｉｎ     

两种能引起人类严重疾病的食物传染病原菌

出血性大肠杆菌（Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｌａｃｏｌｉ０１５７：Ｈ７）和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌（Ｌｉｓｔｅｒｉａｍｏｎｏｃｙｔｏｇｅｎｅｓ）是由食物传染的病原菌，能够引起人类严重疾病并往往误诊，本文综述了这两种病原菌的传染途径、致病性、生物学特性和主要的鉴定方法。     

稻田生态系统中3种蜘蛛对白背飞虱的捕食效应研究

应用 二次正交旋转组合设计方法,对稻田生态系统中３种捕食性天敌（三突花蛛Ｍｉｓｕｍｅｎｏｐｓ ｔｒｉｃｕｓｐｉｄａｔａ（Ｔａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）、草间钻头蛛Ｈｙｌｙｐｈａｎｔｅｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｉｃｏｒａ（Ｓｕｎｄｅｖａｌｌ）、真水狼蛛Ｐｉｒａｔａ ｐｉｒａｔｉｃｕｓ（Ｃｌｅｒｋ）和１种害虫（白背飞虱Ｓｏｇａｔｅｌｌａ ｆｕｒｃｉｆｅｒａ（Ｈｏｒｖａｔｈ）的共存系统进行研究,获得了天敌对害虫控制作用的数     

武陵山地区鱼类寄生杆咽属线虫两新种

本文报道在武陵山地区的白甲鱼［（Ｖａｒｉｃｏｒｋｉｎｕｓ（Ｏｎｙｃｈｏｓｔｏｍａ）ｓｉｍｕｓ（ＳａｕｖａｇｅｅｔＤａｂｒｙ）］和沪溪直口峻（ＲｅｃｔｏｒｉｓｌｕｘｉｅｎｓｉｓＷｕｅｔＹａｏ）中发现的两种杆咽属（Ｒｈａｂｄｏｃｈｏｎａ）线虫新种,定名为白甲鱼杆咽线虫,新种（ＲｈａｂｄＯｃｈｏｎａｏｎｙｒｋｏｓｔｏｍｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）和短咽杆咽线虫,新种（ＲｈａｂｄＯｃｈｏｎａｂｒｅｖｉｃｈｏｎａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）,并对两新种进行了测量和详细的描述。     

我国熊类资源现状

熊科（Ｕｒｓｉｄｅａ）动物世界上共有６个属,我国的熊科动物仅包括３个属,即棕熊属（Ｕｒｓｕｓ）,黑熊属（Ｓｅｌｅｎａｒｃｔｏｓ）和马来熊属（Ｈｅｌａｒｃｔｏｓ）。其中,棕熊Ｕｒｓｕｓａｒｃｔｏｓ全球共分９个亚种,我国有４个亚种：普通棕熊Ｕ．ａ．ａｒｃ...     

霜霉属一新种

本文报道了采自我国新疆天山的唇形科（Ｌａｂｉａｔａｅ）青蓝（ＤｒａｃｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｍｒｕｙｓｃｈｉａｎｕｍＬ．）上的霜霉菌新种－青蓝霜霉（ＰｅｒｏｎｏｓｐｏｒａｄｒａｃｏｃｅｐｈａｉｌＣ．Ｊ．ＬｉｅＺ．Ｙ．Ｚｈａｏｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）对该种的形态做了拉丁文和汉文描述,并附有特征图,模式标本保存于新疆农业大学真菌株本室。     

我国新担子菌类补遗

在研究甘肃、四川、云南的担子菌类时发现如下４新种：云南地红菇（ＭａｃｏｗａｎｉｔｅｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＺａｎｇ）,属红菇科（Ｒｕｓｕｌａｃｅａｅ）,地红菇属（ＭａｃｏｗａｎｉｔｅｓＫａｌｃｈｂｒ．）系我国新记录;松针锈耳（ＣｒｅｐｉｄｏｔｕｓｐｉｎｉｃｏｌａＺａｎｇ）绣耳科（Ｃｒｅｐｉｄｏｔａｃｅａｅ）;蛇盖条孢牛肝菌（ＢｏｌｅｔｅｌｕｓｓｅｒｐｅｎｔｉｐｉｌｅｕｓＺａｎｇｅｔＹｕａｎ）,属松塔牛肝菌［疣孢牛肝菌科］（Ｓｔｒｏｂｉｌｏｍｙｃｏｔａｃｅａｅ）;喜杉绒盖牛肝菌（ＸｅｒｏｃｏｍｕｓｐｉｃｅｉｃｏｌａＺａｎｇｅｔＹｕａｎ）,属牛肝菌科（Ｂｏｌｅｔａｃｅａｅ）;长柄灰包（ＬｙｃｏｐｅｒｄｏｎｌｏｎｇｉｓｔｉｐｕｍＺａｎｇｅｔＹｕａｎ）,属灰包科（Ｌｙｃｏｐｅｒｄａｃｅａｅ）。     

白豆杉的化学成分分析

白豆杉（ｐｓｅｕｄｏｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｅｎｉ）为我国特有植物,属于红豆杉科（Ｔａｘａｃｅａｅ）白豆杉属（ｐｓｅｕ－ｄｏｔａｘｕｓ）．本文对白豆杉树皮的化学成分以及就该种植物中是否含有紫杉醇（Ｔａｘｏｌ）进行分析研究．并从石油醚提取物中已鉴定出２个化合物,为铁杉树脂醇（Ｔｓｕｇａｌａｃｔｏｎｅ）和１．１．３－三苯基丙烷（１．１．３－ｔｒｉｐｈｅｎｙｌｐｒｏｐａｎｅ）     

生境异质度对稻田捕食性天敌及水稻害虫的生态调节有效性

【目的】探索生境高异质度对稻田捕食性天敌及水稻害虫的生态调节有效性,了解这种策略是否会引起其他植食性昆虫成为水稻重要害虫的风险。【方法】2017-2018年连续2年种植单季稻,在稻田边缘种植花生与大豆,构建高异质性边缘生境稻田(rice paddy with high heterogeneous marginal habitats, HHR),调查HHR稻田与简单低异质性边缘生境稻田(rice paddy with low heterogeneous marginal habitats, LHR)中捕食性天敌与水稻害虫功能团的发生规律与相关性,计算益害比。【结果】2017年在HHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌40种,1 667头;在LHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌30种,991头。2018年在HHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌33种,1 384头;在LHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌34种,1 031头。HHR与LHR两类稻田中获得的捕食性天敌群落重要值P_i≥0.01的物种相似度很高,优势种相似。2017年HHR稻田的捕食性天敌物种丰富度明显高于LHR稻田,这种差异主要由群落重要值P_i<0.01的种类引起。2018年两类稻田的捕食性天敌物种丰富度没有差异。单位样方面积内的捕食性天敌个体数量,HHR中明显高于LHR,这种差异在2017年的分蘖期与成熟期达显著水平(P<0.05),在2018年的开花期极显著(P<0.01)。2017年在HHR中采集到水稻害虫22种,637头;在LHR中采集到水稻害虫19种,743头;物种相似性系数0.88。2018年在HHR中采集到水稻害虫16种,1 011头;在LHR中采集到水稻害虫16种,2 014头;物种相似性系数0.75;主要害虫物种组成结构相同。水稻害虫数量发生的时间动态分析表明,在分蘖期,虽然HHR稻田中的水稻害虫数量明显高于LHR(P<0.05),但此期害虫的数量不多,发生较轻。在孕穗期、开花期与成熟期,HHR稻田中的水稻害虫数量明显低于LHR稻田,这种差异在2017年的成熟期与2018年的孕穗期极显著(P<0.01),在2018年的成熟期差异显著(P<0.05)。2017年HHR和LHR中个体数量益害比N_pi值分别为2.62和1.33;2018年分别为1.37和0.51。【结论】具有高异质性边缘生境的稻田,能提高系统对捕食性天敌物种的涵养潜力,显著提高稻田捕食性天敌个体数量,提高益害比,具有更好的控制害虫的物质基础,促进捕食性天敌对水稻害虫的生态控制效能,不会引起其他植食性昆虫演变为水稻重要害虫风险,可为保护稻田生态系统天敌发挥生态效能提供可借鉴的策略与方法。     

缅甸稻飞虱的发生和防控情况(英文)

稻飞虱是缅甸水稻种植区常见且分布广泛的一类害虫,可造成农作物不同程度的减产.稻飞虱的爆发与高产品种的大规模推广种植具有一致性,同时其种群变化也与天气条件有关.近年来,缅甸中部部分省份稻飞虱大量孳生,在一定程度上,这与氮肥施用水平有关.雨季稻飞虱种群增加,7月和8月为高峰期.在缅甸,主要通过培育抗虫、抗旱、抗逆等水稻品种来防控稻飞虱.同时用诱虫灯进行早期入侵的虫源的监测,必要时,采用化学杀虫剂防治.缅甸部分农场还采用了病虫害综合管理系统(IPM),以建立健康、安全、可调节的水稻生态系统及可持续的病虫害管理.     

我国稻螟灾害的现状及损失估计

我国稻螟为害的确切记载始于 1 0 2 2年。 2 0世纪 5 0年代中期以前 ,以二化螟Chilosuppressalis(Walker)为害为主。此后十几年中 ,三化螟Tryporyzaincertulas(Walker)普遍大发生。 70年代 ,我国螟害轻微。 1 993年 ,二化螟急剧回升 ,三化螟也随之回升。 1 996年 2种稻螟大发生 ,此后连年暴发成灾。目前我国螟灾的主要特点是虫口密度高、受害范围广、受害程度重、持续时间长、经济损失大。首要螟灾区是沿江稻区 ,二化螟和三化螟分别约占 2 3和 1 3。全国年发面积约 1 5 0 0万hm2 ,防治约 3 80 0万hm2 次。该文首次估计年防治代价约 45 7～ 60亿元 ,残虫造成作物损失近 65亿元 ,总经济损失约 1 1 5亿元。由此可见 ,当前稻螟已取代稻飞虱、棉铃虫成为影响我国国计民生的头号害虫。     

Effect of Stocked Fish on Rice Leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Rice Caseworm Nymphula depunctalis Populations in Intensive Rice Culture

It is often claimed that fish stocked in rice fields have a significant impact on the rice pest population. However, there is little experimental evidence for this. We used the data of six experiments to find out whether a polyculture of silver barb Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker), common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) has any effect on the population of rice leaffolders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) and rice caseworms Nymphula depunctalis (Guenée), two common pests in intensively cultured rice fields. Fish had no effect on the rice leaffolder population, but significantly lowered the number of rice caseworm adults and larvae. We concluded that fish have some effect on the arthropod pest population in rice fields, although, most probably, only on sluggish pests living in the water or on the water surface.     

Bt水稻对田间非靶标害虫种群动态的影响

以转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻汕优63(以下简称汕优63/Bt)为材料,亲本汕优63(以下简称汕优63/CK)为对照,在田间自然感虫条件下研究汕优63/Bt对稻田几种非靶标害虫种群消长动态的影响。结果表明,汕优63/Bt上稻苞虫Pelopidas mathias(Fabricius)和稻眉眼蝶Mycalesis gotamaMoore幼虫数量都显著低于对照品种,但汕优63/Bt对稻苞虫的毒性强于稻眉眼蝶。汕优63/Bt上稻飞虱(白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera(Horvath)和褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens(Stal))混合种群数量通常与对照品种基本一致,在少数调查时间显著高于对照品种。相反,除少数调查时间与对照品种没有显著差异外,稻叶蝉(黑尾叶蝉Nephotettixcincticeps(Uhler)和二点黑尾叶蝉N.viriscens(Distant))混合种群数量通常显著高于对照品种。稻飞虱和叶蝉成为汕优63/Bt上的主要害虫。     

水稻三种主要害虫复合为害损失的研究

三化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱类是南方水稻的主要害虫,常在水稻生长中后期同时造成为害。网室接虫试验表明：水稻产量损失率与三种害虫的密度呈线性关系,回归方程式为：y＝0．0870＋032431x1＋0．5075x2＋0．1583x3。文中对多种病虫复合为害损失预测模型的一般形式及复合防治指标的应用进行了讨论。     

Impact of insect-resistant transgenic rice on target insect pests and non-target arthropods in China

Progress on the research and development of insect-resistant transgenic rice, especially expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt）, in China has been rapid in recent years. A number of insect-resistant transgenic rice lines/varieties have passed restricted and enlarged field testing, and several have been approved for productive testing since 2002 in China, although none was approved for commercial use until 2006. Extensive laboratory and field trials have been conducted for evaluation of the efficiency of transgenic rice on target lepidoteran pests and potential ecological risks on non-target arthropods. The efficacy of a number of transgenic rice lines currently tested in China was excellent for control of the major target insect pests, the rice stem borers （Chilo suppressalis, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens） and leaffolder （ Cnaphalocrocis medinalis）, and was better than most insecticides extensively used by millions of farmers at present in China. No significantly negative or unintended effects of transgenic rice on non-target arthropods were found compared with non-transgenic rice. In contrast, most of the current insecticides used for the control of rice stem borers and leaffolders proved harmful to natural enemies, and some insecticides may directly induce resurgence of rice planthoppers. Studies for developing a proactive insect resistance management of transgenic rice in the future are discussed to ensure the sustainable use of transgenic rice.     

A combination of rice cultivar mixed-cropping and duck co-culture suppressed weeds and pests in paddy fields

Industrial agriculture with intensive use of herbicides and pesticides has resulted in a great reduction of biodiversity and negative environmental impacts on rice paddy fields. Biodiversity-based farming systems can improve production efficiency and sustainability, with fewer negative environmental impacts and lower use of external inputs. Previous studies have reported that both the rice-duck co-culture systems and mixed-cropping systems with different rice cultivars can suppress weed communities and control harmful pests. However, little is known about the effects of an integration of mixed-cropping with different rice cultivars and rice-duck co-culture on weed communities and pests in paddy fields. Four combinations with three replications of each treatment were employed, half with and half without ducks in paddy fields, which were compared with mono-cropping systems of the five rice cultivars. After two-season experiments, we found that species richness and diversity of weed communities in the mixed-cropping with rice-duck co-culture (MCDC) systems were significantly lower than those in the mono-cropping systems. The abundance of rice leaf roller in the MCDC systems was also significantly lower than that in the mono-cropping systems. Our findings indicated that the biodiversity-based farming would be an environmentally friendly approach to control weeds and rice leaf roller without using herbicides or pesticides in paddy fields, and hence to produce more safe, healthy, and high-quality rice and duck meat.     

Effective control of yellow stem borer and rice leaf folder in transgenic rice indica varieties Basmati 370 and M 7 using the novel δ-endotoxin cry2A Bacillus thuringiensis gene

Transgenic rice indica varieties Basmati 370 and M 7 expressing the novel cry2A (Bt) insecticidal gene were generated by particle bombardment. Molecular and biochemical analyses in R0 and R1 populations confirmed stable integration and expression of this novel Bt transgene. We estimated that the gene product was expressed up to 5% of total leaf protein. Insect feeding bioassays demonstrated that the Cry2A protein was effective against the yellow stem borer and the rice leaf folder, two major rice pests in the Indian Subcontinent. This is the first report of the control of major rice pests using this specific Bt gene. The cry2A gene can now be used in combination with other insecticidal genes for pyramiding resistance against insect pests. This will delay, or perhaps in combination with integrated pest management practices, prevent evolution of insect populations resistant to single insecticidal genes.     

中国主要农作物种植农药施用温室气体排放估算

过去30年来我国农作物的播种面积并未产生太大变化,但病虫害的发生和防治次数却不断增加。根据6种中国主要农作物的病虫害发生情况,收集了相应的农药用量及其制造的温室气体排放量数据,估算了中国主要农作物在种植过程中,因对病虫害使用杀虫剂和杀菌剂而产生的温室气体排放量现状。结果表明,我国主要农作物小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的每公顷病虫害防治时使用农药所产生的温室气体排放量分别是9.19(1.86—23.24)、20.54(2.03—50.95)、10.38(3.45—19.32)、5.91(2.15—18.34)、10.84(8.10—13.62)、19.51(5.11—49.01)kg CE hm~(-2)a~(-1),即水稻和棉花最高;但论单产农药温室气体排放量,则油菜和棉花远高于其余4种粮食作物。每年小麦、水稻、玉米、马铃薯、油菜和棉花的病虫害防治使用农药所产生的总温室气体排放量分别是220.8(44.7—558.4)、606.7(60.0—1505.1)、336.4(112.0—606.3)、30.9(11.2—96.0)、79.5(59.4—99.8)、96.4(25.2—242.2)Gg CE,总计1.37(0.31—3.13)Tg CE。将以上6种作物的病虫害防治情况外推到全国农作物,则我国一年因为农作物病虫害防治而产生的温室气体排放量为2.13(0.48—4.85)Tg CE。另外由于缺乏草害面次数据而没有包括除草剂本分,所以以上数字仍是低估。病虫害防治由于作物本身、防治对象、防治方法以及药剂用量的固有差异,导致农作物病虫害防治的温室气体排放量计算结果存在着较大的不确定性,目前基于自下而上农户调查的估算方法无法克服这些问题,更精确的估算需要自上而下的企业级调查数据。