模拟大气氮沉降对中国森林生态系统影响的研究进展

人类活动加剧了活性氮的生产和排放,并导致氮沉降日益增加并全球化。目前,人类活动对全球氮循环的干扰已经超出了地球系统安全运行的界限。中国已成为全球氮沉降的高发区域,高氮沉降已经威胁到生态系统的健康和安全,并成为生态文明建设过程中亟待理清和解决的热点问题。对国际上和中国森林生态系统模拟氮沉降研究的概况进行了综述,并从生物学和非生物学两大过程重点阐述模拟氮沉降增加对中国主要森林生态系统影响的研究进展。中国自2000年以后才开始重视大气氮沉降产生的生态环境问题,中国科学院华南植物园在国内森林生态系统模拟氮沉降试验研究上做出了开创性的贡献。模拟氮沉降研究表明,持续高氮输入将会显著改变森林生态系统的结构和功能,并威胁生态系统的健康发展,特别是处于氮沉降热点区域的中国中南部。森林生态系统的氮沉降效应依赖于系统的氮状态、土地利用历史、气候特征、林型和林龄等。最后,对未来的研究提出了一些建议,包括加强长期跟踪研究和不同气候带站点之间的联网研究,特别是在森林生态系统对长期氮沉降响应与适应的过程机制、地下碳氮吸存潜力研究、以及与其他全球变化因子的耦合研究等方面,以期为森林生态系统的可持续发展提供理论基础和管理依据。     

氮沉降对森林植物的影响

综述了氮沉降对森林植物的影响。氮沉降对森林植物的影响主要表现在以下6个方面：(1)在一定量范围内的氮沉降有利于植物的光合作用,但过量后则会引起植物的光合速率下降;(2)当植物生长受氮限制时,在一定程度上的氮沉降增加植物生产力,但当氮过量后,氮沉降则使植物的生产力下降;(3)过量的氮沉降导致植物体各种营养元素含量的比例失衡;(4)氮沉降会改变植物的形态结构,集中表现为根／冠比减小;(5)氮沉降会增加植物对天然胁迫如干旱、病虫害和风的敏感性,减少其抵御能力;(6)氮沉降会改变植物组成和降低森林植物的多样性。     

鄂西北丹江口库区大气氮沉降

利用雨量器在鄂西北丹江口库区连续3a采集降雨样品,研究了大气氮沉降的变化动态。结果表明:2009—2011年月均总氮(TN)浓度为3.70—10.36 mg/L,与当月降雨量呈极显著线性负相关(R=-0.592**,n=32),季均TN浓度为冬季(8.21 mg/L)春季(3.94 mg/L)秋季(3.23 mg/L)夏季(2.70 mg/L),年均TN浓度为3.70 mg/L。大气氮素年均干湿总沉降量为26.53 kg/hm2,其中干沉降为7.80 kg/hm2,占总沉降量的29.4%;湿沉降为18.73 kg/hm2,占总沉降量的70.6%。干沉降中铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、可溶性有机氮(DON)和颗粒态氮(PN)分别占TN的22.1%、16.8%、37.2%和23.9%,湿沉降中它们分别为TN的36.6%、34.4%、12.9%和16.1%。     

氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存的影响

工业化带来的大气氮沉降增加是影响森林生态系统碳吸存的重要因素。将森林碳库分为地上和地下两部分,从3个方面综述了国内外氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存影响的研究现状。(1)地上部分:氮限制的温带森林,氮沉降增加了地上部分碳吸存。氮丰富的热带森林,氮沉降对地上部分碳吸存没有影响。过量的氮输入会造成森林死亡率的上升,从而降低地上部分碳吸存。(2)地下部分:相比地上部分研究得少,表现为增加、降低和没有影响3种效果。(3)目前的结论趋向于认为氮沉降促进森林生态系统碳吸存,然而氮沉降所带来的森林生态系统碳吸存能力到底有多大依然无法确定,这也将成为未来氮碳循环研究的重点问题。分析了氮沉降影响森林生态系统碳吸存的机理,介绍了氮沉降对森林生态系统碳吸存影响的4种研究方法。探讨了该领域研究的不足及未来的研究方向。     

九龙江流域大气氮干沉降

对九龙江流域10个站位的大气氮干沉降量进行为期1a的连续观测。利用专用降尘缸湿法收集大气沉降氮,在获取各月氮组分浓度和相应水样体积后,求得各月氮沉降速率,再将各月数值相加得到全年的大气氮干沉降量。结果表明,九龙江流域大气氮干沉降表现出一定的时空差异性,总氮沉降量为3·41~7·63kgN/(hm2·a),铵氮为1·02~3·00kgN/(hm2·a),硝氮为0·76~1·76kgN/(hm2·a)。干沉降中氮的3种主要形态铵氮、硝氮与有机氮分别占总沉降量的31%、24%和45%。中游漳州地区的大气氮干沉降总量较大。上游龙岩地区与中游漳州地区具有较高的铵氮沉降量,硝态氮在上下游间无明显变化,而有机氮沉降量在中下游地区较高。在时间尺度上,大气氮干沉降呈现出夏秋两季比春冬两季略高的总体趋势,季节性差异显著(p<0·05)。大气氮干沉降时空差异主要与氮排放量和气象条件有关。     

森林生态系统碳循环对全球氮沉降的响应

森林土壤和植被储存着全球陆地生态系统大约46%的碳,在全球碳平衡中起着非常重要的作用。过去几十年来,森林生态系统的碳循环和碳吸存受到了全球氮沉降的深刻影响,因为氮沉降改变了陆地生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。以欧洲和北美温带森林区域开展的研究为基础,综述了氮沉降对植物光合作用、土壤呼吸、土壤DOM及林木生长的影响特征和机理,探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性因素。热带森林C、N循环与大部分温带森林不同,人为输入的氮对热带生态系统过程的影响也可能不同,因此指出了在热带地区开展碳氮循环耦合研究的必要性和紧迫性。     

模拟大气沉降氮在陆地生态系统中的留存及其影响因素

大气氮沉降对陆地生态系统的影响取决于氮在生态系统中的留存量。探明生态系统的氮留存作用对预测全球变化背景下生态系统氮循环具有重要意义,但植物、土壤和生态系统氮留存的影响因素仍不清楚。通过文献搜集对58个野外¹⁵N同位素示踪研究的305组观测结果进行综合分析。结果表明:生态系统氮回收率(¹⁵N_rec)为(56.3±1.39)%,且土壤¹⁵N_rec (40.1±1.17)%显著高于植物¹⁵N_rec (16.2±0.89)% (P < 0.001)。年均温度、年降水量、土壤有机碳、总氮和碳氮比的增加显著增加植物、土壤和生态系统¹⁵N_rec,但土壤pH、施氮量和施氮持续时间的增加却显著降低植物和生态系统¹⁵N_rec (P < 0.05)。上述因素解释了生态系统、植物和土壤¹⁵N_rec变化的65.0%,61.0%和64.0%。年降水量是影响生态系统、植物和土壤¹⁵N_rec的最主要因素(P < 0.001),年降水量和年均温度构成的气候因素显著影响生态系统、植物和土壤¹⁵N_rec。研究结果对阐明陆地生态系统氮循环过程,以及维持生态系统的稳定性具有重要意义。     

大气氮沉降的基本特征与监测方法

大气氮沉降主要以干湿沉降两种形式将有机和无机形态的氮带入生态系统,是氮素生物地球化学循环的重要环节之一.近年来人类活动的加强,使得大量活性氮素进入大气,高排放量导致氮沉降通量急剧上升,引起一系列的环境风险,因此,对大气氮沉降的研究也越来越受到关注.本文总结了大气氮沉降的组分、过程、时空变异及生态效应,归纳了目前采用的干湿沉降的监测手段、临界负荷计算方法及污染物来源解析方法等,展望了氮沉降研究的发展趋势.     

大气有机氮沉降研究进展

大气氮素沉降是全球氮素生物地球化学循环的一个重要部分,包括干?湿沉降两种,以无机态和有机态形式发生沉降。长期以来由于受研究方法的限制,国际上对大气氮素沉降的研究多集中在无机态氮的沉降上,忽视了对有机态氮形式发生的沉降,因而造成了人们对大气氮素沉降总量的低估。在全面总结国内外文献的基础上,综述了大气有机态氮沉降的研究进展,具体包括大气有机氮的来源、种类?雨水有机氮的测定方法?有机氮沉降对大气氮沉降总量(氮沉降总量=无机氮沉降 有机氮沉降)的贡献,以及有机氮沉降可能的生态效应等。最后,指出了今后我国大气有机氮沉降研究需要加强的主要方面。     

长白山森林生态系统大气氮素湿沉降通量和组成的季节变化特征

2009—2010年期间,利用雨量计收集法在长白山森林生态系统定位站开展定位观测,分析降水中氮素浓度,研究了该区域大气氮素湿沉降通量和组成的季节变化特征。结果表明,各形态氮素月均浓度之间差别较大,具有明显的季节性;其降水中浓度主要受降水量和降水频次的影响。全年氮素湿沉降中TN、TIN和TON的沉降量分别为27.64 kg N hm-2a-1、11.05 kg N hm-2a-1和16.59 kg N hm-2a-1,TON为沉降主体,占60.02%;其大气氮沉降量主要由降水量和降水中氮素浓度共同决定。该地区氮湿沉降量已处于我国中等水平,考虑到氮素的干湿沉降比例,本区域的年氮沉降量已接近或超过本区域的营养氮沉降临界负荷,存在一定的环境风险。该地区生长季(5—10月)的氮沉降量(16.59 kg N hm-2a-1)占全年氮沉降量的比例达到73.20%。生长季的氮沉降对于促进植物生长直接生态意义重大,而非生长季的氮沉降对于大量补充次年植物生长初期所需养分的间接生态意义明显。     

Transformation and retention of nitrogen in a coastal forest ecosystem

Transformations and fluxes of N were examined in three forested sites located along a gradient of soil texture in the coastal forests of the Waquoit Bay watershed on Cape Cod. Total N leaching losses to ground water were 0.5 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 in the loamy sand site and 1.5 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 in the fine sand site. Leaching loss to groundwater was not measured in the coarse sand site due to the prohibitive depth of the water table but total N leaching loss to 1m depth in the mineral soil was 3.9 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. DON accounted for most of the leaching losses below the rooting zone (77–89%) and through the soil profile to ground water (60%–80%). Differences in DON retention capacity of the mineral soil in the sites along the soil texture gradient were most likely related to changes in mineral soil particle surface area and percolation rates associated with soil texture. Forests of the watershed functioned as a sink for inorganic N deposited on the surface of the watershed in wet and dry deposition but a source of dissolved organic N to ground water and adjoining coastal ecosystems.     

Calcium cycling in an oak-birch woodland on soils of varying CaCO3 content

Six years of hydrogeochemical monitoring in a small, mixed-hardwood forest in the eastern part of the Netherlands provided a large number of analytical data on precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, soil solution at different depths, groundwater and of soil and leaf litter samples. Nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystem was studied with emphasis on Ca cycling in four soils differing in the amount and depth of occurrence of calcium carbonate. Ca cycling was significantly higher in one soil that was calcareous throughout (soil D) than in three soils with calcium carbonate at increasing depth (A, B and C resp.). There were no obvious differences in Ca cycling between the three soils A, B and C, however. There was no evidence that trees were able to transfer significant amounts of easily available Ca from the deeper parts of the rootzone to the soil surface by biocycling.     

大气氮沉降对阔叶林红壤淋溶水化学模拟研究

在氮饱和的森林生态系统中,氮沉降的增加将导致NO3-淋溶的增加及土壤酸度的提高,从而影响土壤质量及林业的可持续发展。然而,大气氮沉降对我国南方红壤地区森林生态系统中土壤的影响研究还很少,尤其是氮沉降引起的土壤淋溶液化学组成方面。研究中,以中国科学院红壤生态实验站林草生态试验区阔叶林红壤为对象,在恒温(20℃)条件下,通过土壤淋洗柱(直径10cm、高60cm)进行了8个月间隙性淋溶试验,来模拟研究不同氮输入量(0、7.8、26mg月-1.柱-1和52mg月-1柱-1)对阔叶林红壤NO3-、NH4 、SO42-、H 和土壤盐基离子(Ca2 、Mg2 、K 和Na )的淋溶和土壤酸度的影响。结果表明,随氮输入量增加,淋溶液中NO3-、EC、H 和总盐基离子逐渐增加,但淋溶液中无NH4 。不同氮处理时,土壤有机氮总表观矿化量分别为189.6、263.9、372.8mg月-1.柱-1与554.2mg柱-1,氮输入明显促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,且土壤有机氮的表观矿化量与氮输入量间呈正线性相关(R2=0.997**)。无氮(0mg月-1柱-1)、低氮(7.8mg月-1柱-1)、中氮(26mg月-1柱-1)和高氮(52mg月-1柱-1)输入处理下,土壤交换态盐基淋溶总量分别占土壤交换性盐基总量的13.6、18.4、27.7%和48.1%。不同的盐基离子对氮输入的反应不同,Ca2 和Mg2 淋溶量随氮输入量的增加而增加,对Na 和K 则无明显影响。土壤交换态离子中随淋洗液输出最多的为Ca2 (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为22.6、31.4、46.7%和82.5%),其次为Na (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为16.0、10.7、17.6%和26.3%),最少的为Mg2 (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为5.0、6.9、11.1%和16.9%),几乎没有土壤交换性K 输出。与对照相比,有氮处理后土壤中硫酸根离子的淋失量明显减少(p<0.05)。表层土壤pH值随氮输入量的增加而显著下降,各处理间差异极显著(p<0.01)。可见,大气氮沉降的增加将加速阔叶林红壤的养分淋失和土壤酸化的程度。     

全球森林土壤N2O排放通量的影响因子

森林生态系统在全球变暖格局下的地位和作用,尤其是土壤氮库对大气氮沉降增加的响应逐渐成为全球变化研究的热点。本文通过对已有文献资料的调研和整理,分析了1984—2009年间全球38个森林土壤N2O排放通量的野外原位观测结果的分布特征,评估了森林土壤N2O年排放累积通量对大气氮素沉降量和水热条件等因子变化的响应。结果表明,全球森林土壤N2O排放通量的平均值为0.47kgN·hm-2·a-1,而且土壤N2O释放通量随着纬度增加逐渐降低。作为一个复杂的生态过程,土壤N2O累积释放量同样受到年均温、年降水量以及土壤属性的显著影响。其中全球森林土壤N2O释放温度敏感性系数(Q10值)约为1.5。另外,森林土壤N2O排放通量也随着氮沉降量的增加而显著增大,大气氮沉降量可解释土壤N2O排放通量在不同区域之间53%的差异;土壤pH、年均温和大气氮沉降量可以解释区域森林土壤N2O排放通量变化的55%。     

Changes in the composition of rainwater upon passage through the canopies of trees and of ground vegetation in a Dutch oak-birch forest

The composition of canopy throughfall water in an oak-birch woodland, heavily affected by atmospheric deposition of N and S, changed markedly upon contact with the above-ground parts of the ground vegetation, which consisted mainly of bracken. The fluxes of nitrate and H⁺ decreased, simultaneously with an increase in the flux of bicarbonate, indicative of above-ground uptake of nitrate by the ground vegetation. This above-ground assimilation takes place in spite of abundant availability of inorganic nitrogen in the root zone of the ground vegetation. Fluxes of phosphate were somewhat lower, and those of ammonium somewhat higher in throughfall of the ground vegetation than in that of the tree layer. Although those differences were not statistically significant, they do suggest assimilation of some P and extra net dry deposition of atmospheric ammonia below the tree canopies.     

Pedoecological effects of a sand-fixing poplar (Populus simonii Carr.) forest in a desertified sandy land of Inner Mongolia, China

To assess the pedoecological effects of a 23-year old poplar ( Populus simonii Carr.) forest on soil amelioration and vegetation restoration via soil erosion reduction and atmospheric dust retention in a desertified sandy land ecosystem, daily dynamics of wind speed, sand transport and dust deposition rates were monitored over an erosive period from April through June in 2001, using fixed observation sites located at different positions within and around the forest. Soil and vegetation characteristics at these sites were also measured. The observation sites were placed at distances of 15H (as control), 6H and 3H (H is mean tree height) from the forest edge of the windward side (abbreviated CK, 6H-W and 3H-W respectively), forest center (FC), and at distances of 0H, 6H and 8H from the forest edge of the leeward side (FE-L, 6H-L and 8H-L respectively). Daily mean wind speed was significantly lower in different observation sites than CK, with FC having the greatest reduction of wind speed and 6H-W the least reduction. Daily transport rate of sand by wind was also significantly lower in different observation sites than CK, with FE-L having the greatest reduction of wind erosion and 6H-W the least reduction. The fact that the poplar forest will lose its functions against wind at a distance of about 12-fold tree height from the forest edge of the leeward side suggests that the effective wind-preventing range of the poplar forest is about 150 m. There was marked spatial and seasonal distribution of dust-fall rate. Over space, the rate of dust-fall was much greater within the forest than outside the forest. Over time, the daily dust deposition rate was greatest in April, followed in decreasing order by May, June, July, September and August, closely linked to the seasonal distribution pattern of dust storm. Significant positive changes in soil and vegetation parameters of the different observation sites during the 23 years that the poplar forest was established suggest the perceptible pedoecological effects of the poplar forest on soil development and restorative succession of plant community within its immediate vicinity through windbreak, soil erosion reduction and atmospheric dust retention. Understanding these pedoecological effects may aid in the design of protective forest systems in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Biotic and abiotic immobilization of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate in soils developed under different tree species in the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA

Nitrogen retention in soil organic matter (SOM) is a key process influencing the accumulation and loss of N in forest ecosystems, but the rates and mechanisms of inorganic N retention in soils are not well understood. The primary objectives of this study were to compare ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrite (NO₂^?), and nitrate (NO₃^?) immobilization among soils developed under different tree species in the Catskill Mountains of New York State, and to determine the relative roles of biotic or abiotic processes in soil N retention. A laboratory experiment was performed, where ¹⁵N was added as NH₄⁺, NO₂^?, or NO₃^? to live and mercury‐treated O horizon soils from three tree species (American beech, northern red oak, sugar maple), and ¹⁵N recoveries were determined in the SOM pool. Mercuric chloride was used to treat soils as this chemical inhibits microbial metabolism without significantly altering the chemistry of SOM. The recovery of ¹⁵N in SOM was almost always greater for NH₄⁺ (mean 20%) and NO₂^? (47%) than for NO₃^? (10%). Ammonium immobilization occurred primarily by biotic processes, with mean recoveries in live soils increasing from 9% at 15 min to 53% after 28 days of incubation. The incorporation of NO₂^? into SOM occurred rapidly (<15 min) via abiotic processes. Abiotic immobilization of NO₂^? (mean recovery 58%) was significantly greater than abiotic immobilization of NH₄⁺ (7%) or NO₃^? (7%). The incorporation of NO₂^? into SOM did not vary significantly among tree species, so this mechanism likely does not contribute to differences in soil NO₃^? dynamics among species. As over 30% of the ¹⁵NO₂^? label was recovered in SOM within 15 min in live soils, and the products of NO₂^? incorporation into SOM remained relatively stable throughout the 28‐day incubation, our results suggest that NO₂^? incorporation into SOM may be an important mechanism of N retention in forest soils. The importance of NO₂^? immobilization for N retention in field soils, however, will depend on the competition between incorporation into SOM and nitrification for transiently available NO₂^?. Further research is required to determine the importance of this process in field environments.     

四种温带森林土壤氮矿化与硝化时空格局

利用PVC管原位培养连续取样法测定了东北地区4种具有代表性的森林生态系统(硬阔叶林、蒙古栎林、红松林、落叶松林)土壤氮素矿化、硝化的时间动态及氮矿化的空间分布格局.结果表明:4种森林土壤氮素矿化存在明显的时空变异.蒙古栎和红松林土壤在6月份表现出强烈的氮矿化和硝化作用,而硬阔叶林及落叶松林7月份氮素矿化强烈.4种森林生态系统上层土壤的氮净矿(硝)化率显著高于下层土壤.4种林型土壤的硝化过程在氮矿化过程中占有重要地位,其NO-3-N在无机氮中的比例分别为:79.9%～91.1%(硬阔叶林)、50.7%～80.5%(蒙古栎林)、54.1%～92.0%(红松林)、63.7%～86.5%(落叶松林).生态系统构成决定了土壤氮素的矿化能力.阔叶林和针阔混交林生态系统矿化率大于纯针叶林生态系统.硬阔叶林、红松林、蒙古栎林、落叶松林的平均净矿化率分别为:(0.58±0.01) mg · kg-1 · d-1、(0.47±0.19) mg · kg-1 · d-1、(0.39±0.11) mg · kg-1 · d-1和(0.23±0.06) mg · kg-1 · d-1.4种林型氮素矿化作用与地下5 cm温度呈正相关,并受土壤表层 (0～10 cm)水分显著影响.土壤微生物量氮与土壤氮矿化呈显著正相关.