质膜转运蛋白及其与植物耐盐性关系研究进展

植物细胞质膜有两种主要功能：(1)溶质运输(进出细胞),溶质运输主要由转运蛋白完成;(2)信号传导,即接收信号并引发细胞生理生化响应。盐分过多对植物的伤害主要是离子毒害。质膜转运蛋白活性对环境变化能做出迅速响应。本文简要叙述了植物细胞质膜转运蛋白类型、分子特性、生理功能及其活性调节。介绍了植物细胞质膜H+_ATPase、质膜氧化还原系统、质膜离子载体和离子通道对盐胁迫的响应及其这些响应与植物耐盐性之间的关系。     

质膜转运蛋白及其与植物耐盐性关系研究进展

植物细胞质膜有两种主要功能：⑴溶质运输（进出细胞）,溶质运输主要由转运蛋白完成;⑵信号传导,即接收信号并引发细胞生理生化响应。盐分过多对植物的伤害主要是离子毒害。质膜转运蛋白活性环境变化能做现迅速响应。本文简要叙述了植物细胞质膜转运蛋白类型、分子特性、生理功能及其活性调节。介绍了植物细胞质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ、质膜氧化还原系统、质膜离子载体和离子通道对盐胁迫的响应及其这些响应与植物耐盐性之间的关     

硫化氢调节植物氧化应激响应的作用机制

氧化应激是一种氧化还原失衡的状态，易引起生物体组织细胞发生氧化损伤。通过激活抗氧化系统调节氧化还原平衡是生物体内普遍存在的氧化应激响应机制。硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide, H₂S)是生物体内重要的信号分子，它能通过多种途径调节机体生理反应和胁迫响应。本文综述了植物中H₂S的产生途径，H₂S常见供体的特性，H₂S、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)和活性氮(reactive nitrogen species, RNS)在调节植物氧化应激响应中的研究进展；重点讨论了H₂S调节植物氧化应激响应的方式，及其与ROS和RNS在植物氧化还原平衡调节中的相互作用调控，为理解植物氧化应激响应过程中信号分子的作用机制提供参考。     

植物的硫同化及其相关酶活性在镉胁迫下的调节

植物对土壤中硫的利用包括根系对硫酸盐的吸收、转运、同化、分配等过程,也是由一系列酶和蛋白质参与和调节的代谢过程。近年来的研究表明,在植物体内,硫同化与植物对镉等重金属元素的胁迫反应机制有着密切关系。镉胁迫能调节植物对硫酸盐的吸收、转运、同化,以及半胱氨酸、谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）和植物螯合肽（Dhytochelatins,pc）的合成。植物在镉胁迫下通过多种调节机制,增强对硫酸盐的吸收和还原,迅速合成半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽等代谢物,从而合成足够的PC,以满足植物生理的需要。     

植物亚硝基谷胱甘肽还原酶在胁迫反应中的作用研究

信号分子一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)参与植物的许多生理反应过程,例如:萌发、气孔的关闭、侧根的发育以及生物与非生物的胁迫反应过程等,主要的调控形式是与半胱氨酸上的硫基发生可逆的S-亚硝基化作用。NO的半衰期很短,这限制了它在细胞中的生理功能,与胞内含硫基的分子形成的S-亚硝基硫醇(S-nitrosothiols,SNOs)的化学性质稳定,在植物的生长发育及抗逆过程中SNOs参与NO的运输、扩散、储存以及蛋白的翻译后修饰过程。谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)与NO发生S-亚硝基化作用形成S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽(S-nitrosoglutathione,GSNO),GSNO作为NO的储存与转运形式,可以把NO转到靶蛋白上,使靶蛋白发生亚硝基化。亚硝基谷胱甘肽还原酶(S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase,GSNOR)是生物体中的一类保守蛋白,通过还原亚硝基谷胱甘肽从而调节细胞内NO及亚硝基硫醇(S-nitrosothiols,SNOs)水平,保护机体免受亚硝化的胁迫,间接的调控的细胞的氧化状态。GSNO是一个天然的NO储存库,GSNOR是调节机体亚硝基化水平的关键基因。主要对GSNOR参与的植物生长发育、生物与非生物胁迫等过程进行了概述,探讨GSNOR在植物生长发育及胁迫反应中的作用机制,将有助于我们对NO生理功能的了解,旨在为将来GSNOR的研究提供理论参考和思路。     

脱落酸与植物细胞的抗氧化防护

水分胁迫是一种影响植物生长发育、限制植物产量的重要胁迫因子。植物能够通过感知刺激、产生和传导信号、启动各种防护机制来响应与适应水分胁迫。植物激素脱落酸(ABA)作为一种胁迫信号,在调节植物对水分胁迫的反应中起着重要的作用。ABA不仅能诱导气孔关闭,而且能诱导编码耐脱水蛋白的基因表达。正在增加的证据显示,ABA增强水分胁迫的耐性与其诱导抗氧化防护系统有关。本文综述了ABA在诱导活性氧(ROS)产生、调节抗氧化酶基因表达以及增强抗氧化防护系统方面的作用,着重讨论了在ABA诱导的抗氧化防护过程中Ca2 、NADPH氧化酶与ROS之间的交谈机制。     

植物氧化胁迫信号应答的研究进展

干旱、盐害以及极端温度等非生物胁迫是影响植物生长发育的重要因子。植物在遭受胁迫时，活性氧的快速积累导致胞内氧化还原稳态被打破，进一步诱导产生次级氧化胁迫损伤。除了初级非生物胁迫胁迫信号外,植物细胞也需要产生一系列的次级氧化胁迫信号。氧化还原信号的感知与传递在植物氧化胁迫应答过程中发挥重要的作用，其生物化学基础是功能蛋白质发生的氧化还原翻译后修饰，分别又由多种具有氧化还原活性的小分子介导。本文综述了近年来植物氧化还原信号的研究进展，展望了未来的研究方向，以期为研究植物氧化胁迫应答及氧化还原信号转导提供参考。     

植物抗坏血酸的生物合成、转运及其生物学功能

抗坏血酸是高等植物中普遍存在的小分子物质,在植物细胞对氧化胁迫的抵抗、细胞分裂和伸长中发挥着重要作用。它在线粒体中合成,然后被转运到其他细胞区间以发挥生理作用。在不同生物膜上可能存在不同的ASC转运体,这些转运体的存在可使ASC及其不同氧化还原态形式根据细胞生理状况的需要而在不同细胞区间转运。ASC的重要生理功能是与其氧化还原状态以及生物合成、代谢、再生和转运的相关酶类活性的变化密切相关的。本文简要综述了近年来人们在植物抗坏血酸生物合成、代谢、转运、逆境响应与植物生长发育中的研究进展。     

脱落酸与植物细胞的抗氧化防护

水分胁迫是一种影响植物生长发育、限制植物产量的重要胁迫因子.植物能够通过感知刺激、产生和传导信号、启动各种防护机制来响应与适应水分胁迫.植物激素脱落酸(ABA)作为一种胁迫信号,在调节植物对水分胁迫的反应中起着重要的作用.ABA不仅能诱导气孔关闭,而且能诱导编码耐脱水蛋白的基因表达.正在增加的证据显示,ABA增强水分胁迫的耐性与其诱导抗氧化防护系统有关.本文综述了ABA在诱导活性氧(ROS)产生、调节抗氧化酶基因表达以及增强抗氧化防护系统方面的作用,着重讨论了在ABA诱导的抗氧化防护过程中Ca2 、NADPH氧化酶与ROS之间的交谈机制.     

植物谷胱甘肽的生物合成及其生物学功能

谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)是硫酸根还原同化途径中主要的含硫非蛋白终端产物,在生物中以还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(oxidized glutathione,GSSG)存在。因其在植物体中的广泛存在和独特的还原能力得到广泛关注。本文从谷胱甘肽在植物体内的生物合成,谷胱甘肽的区划、运输和降解以及在非生物胁迫条件下的生物学功能等方面论述了近年来国内外对谷胱甘肽的研究进展。     

Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in plants under abiotic stress

Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is evolutionarily conserved signal transduction module involved in transducing extracellular signals to the nucleus for appropriate cellular adjustment. This cascade consists essentially of three components, a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) and a MAPK connected to each other by the event of phosphorylation. These kinases play various roles in intra- and extra-cellular signaling in plants by transferring the information from sensors to responses. Signaling through MAP kinase cascade can lead to cellular responses including cell division, differentiation as well as responses to various stresses. MAPK signaling has also been associated with hormonal responses. In plants, MAP kinases are represented by multigene families and are involved in efficient transmission of specific stimuli and also involved in the regulation of the antioxidant defense system in response to stress signaling. In the current review we summarize and investigate the participation of MAPKs as possible mediators of various abiotic stresses in plants.Key words: abiotic stress, cross talk, mitogen-activated protein kinases, heat map, MAPK signaling, signal transduction, stress signaling     

Drought and salt stress tolerance of an Arabidopsis glutathione S-transferase U17 knockout mutant are attributed to the combined effect of glutathione and abscisic acid

Although glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are thought to play major roles in oxidative stress metabolism, little is known about the regulatory functions of GSTs. We have reported that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE U17 (AtGSTU17; At1g10370) participates in light signaling and might modulate various aspects of development by affecting glutathione (GSH) pools via a coordinated regulation with phytochrome A. Here, we provide further evidence to support a negative role of AtGSTU17 in drought and salt stress tolerance. When AtGSTU17 was mutated, plants were more tolerant to drought and salt stresses compared with wild-type plants. In addition, atgstu17 accumulated higher levels of GSH and abscisic acid (ABA) and exhibited hyposensitivity to ABA during seed germination, smaller stomatal apertures, a lower transpiration rate, better development of primary and lateral root systems, and longer vegetative growth. To explore how atgstu17 accumulated higher ABA content, we grew wild-type plants in the solution containing GSH and found that they accumulated ABA to a higher extent than plants grown in the absence of GSH, and they also exhibited the atgstu17 phenotypes. Wild-type plants treated with GSH also demonstrated more tolerance to drought and salt stresses. Furthermore, the effect of GSH on root patterning and drought tolerance was confirmed by growing the atgstu17 in solution containing l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis. In conclusion, the atgstu17 phenotype can be explained by the combined effect of GSH and ABA. We propose a role of AtGSTU17 in adaptive responses to drought and salt stresses by functioning as a negative component of stress-mediated signal transduction pathways.     

从水分胁迫的识别到ABA积累的细胞信号转导

由于植物在生长和发育过程中不可避免地要遭受各种环境胁迫的影响 ,植物只有通过对环境胁迫的快速感知和主动反应才得以生存和发展。植物这种对环境胁迫的快速感知和主动反应体现在环境胁迫下植物可以通过一系列基因的表达调控来实现各种抗逆的生理生化反应。虽然得以鉴定的水分胁迫应答基因越来越多 ,但其中只有极少的基因在抗逆中的基本功能已得到初步认识。从细胞对水分胁迫原初信号的感知到基因表达调控包括了一系列复杂的细胞逆境信息传递过程。脱落酸 (abscisicacid ,ABA)作为重要的细胞逆境信号物质介导了一系列基因表达 ,因此从细胞对水分胁迫原初信号的感知到编码ABA生物合成关键酶基因的表达是一条最为关键的细胞逆境信息传递途径。逆境应答基因功能的鉴定以及对整个细胞信号传递过程中详尽的分子机制的了解无疑是今后最有趣的也是最为重要的研究课题。     

Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview

Plants cannot survive without glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) or γ-glutamylcysteine-containing homologues. The reasons why this small molecule is indispensable are not fully understood, but it can be inferred that glutathione has functions in plant development that cannot be performed by other thiols or antioxidants. The known functions of glutathione include roles in biosynthetic pathways, detoxification, antioxidant biochemistry and redox homeostasis. Glutathione can interact in multiple ways with proteins through thiol-disulphide exchange and related processes. Its strategic position between oxidants such as reactive oxygen species and cellular reductants makes the glutathione system perfectly configured for signalling functions. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in understanding glutathione synthesis, degradation and transport, particularly in relation to cellular redox homeostasis and related signalling under optimal and stress conditions. Here we outline the key recent advances and discuss how alterations in glutathione status, such as those observed during stress, may participate in signal transduction cascades. The discussion highlights some of the issues surrounding the regulation of glutathione contents, the control of glutathione redox potential, and how the functions of glutathione and other thiols are integrated to fine-tune photorespiratory and respiratory metabolism and to modulate phytohormone signalling pathways through appropriate modification of sensitive protein cysteine residues.     

Magnificant role of intracellular reactive oxygen species production and its scavenging encompasses downstream processes

Environmental stresses are often associated with production of certain deleterious chemical entities called reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide radical (O₂^?), hydroxyl radical (OH^?). In plants, ROS are formed by the inevitable leakage of electrons onto O₂ from the electron transport activities of chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, vacuole and plasma membranes or as a byproduct of various metabolic pathways. Plants have their own antioxidant defense mechanisms to encounter ROS that is of enzymic and non-enzymic nature. Coordinated activities of these antioxidants regulate ROS detoxification and reduces oxidative load in plants. Though ROS are always regarded to impart negative impact on plants, some reports consider them to be important in regulating key cellular functions; however, such reports in plant are limited. On the other hand, specific ROS function as signaling molecules and activate signal transduction processes in response to various stresses is a matter of investigation.     

Phosphate transport and signaling

The discovery of phosphate (Pi) transporter genes has provided a basis for the molecular study of the complex pattern of Pi transport in plants. Over the past two years, a significant amount of information has been generated on the molecular regulation of phosphate transport in plants. Recent developments in plant genomics will soon allow the complete dissection of the signal transduction pathway(s) associated with plant responses to Pi limitation in the rhizosphere.