大眼长蝽的外部形态观察（半翅目：长蝽科）

本文扼要记述了半翅目长蝽科的大眼长蝽成虫期的外部形态,希图据此获得对大眼长蝽亚科形态学的进一步认识,为长蝽总科的系统发育研究提供资料。文章还兼对该亚科的泡眼长蝽的部分构造作了记载。     

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究Ⅲ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究　Ⅲ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）李新正（中国科学院海洋研究所青岛２６６０７１）１５棒缘蝽亚科（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｐｈｌｏｅｉｎａｅ）（图６８—８３）棒缘蝽类包括２８个属,除ＶｉｌｇａＳｔａｌ为新世界分布,ＣｅｒａｌｅｐｔｕｓＣｏｓｔａ和颗缘...     

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究Ⅰ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）

本研究叙述了缘蝽科的基本特征以及缘蝽科中２２个族或亚科级单元的比较形态学特征,特别是外生殖器的特征描述及其图解多为首次报道。认为瘤缘蝽族、喙缘蝽族、竹缘蝽族、沟缘蝽亚科、达缘蝽族、同缘蝽族、特缘蝽族及美洲各族（或亚科）为单系群;梭缘蝽族（包括唯一属梭缘蝽属）的族级地位成立;缘蝽族各属关系复杂;黛缘蝽族是一个复系类群,各属关系复杂,在头部、阳茎和雄虫生殖腔等方面的构造已呈明显差异,此族似不成立;岗缘蝽族应是一单系群,但Ｐｌｉｎａｃｈｔｕｓｂａｓａｌｉｓ似应独立成属并移出岗缘蝽族;曼缘蝽族、昧缘蝽族及鼻缘蝽族［仅１属１种,该属另外１种ＳｉｎｏｔｎｇｕｓｒｕｂｒｏｍａｃｕｌｕｓＨｓｉａｏ被移到类缘蝽属中,即Ａｎａｃａｎｔｈｏｃｏｒｉｓｒｕｂｒｏｍａｃｕｌｕｓ（Ｈｓｉａｏ）（ｎ．ｃｏｍｂ,新组合）为单属族,它们的系统学地位有待进一步研究;希缘蝽族（或亚科）身体构造很特异,是较原始的缘蝽类群;棒缘蝽亚科亦为较原始的类群,其中棒缘蝽属群各属组成一单系群,证明Ｓｔａｌ（１８７３）将它们成立棒缘蝽族合理;其余棒缘蝽亚科各属虽在某些外部形态上表现出一定的亲缘关系,但属间特征交叉,且与棒缘蝽族有许多共同特征,若归为一族,则造成     

内蒙古长蝽科昆虫新种新记录记述(半翅目:长蝽科)

作者在研究内蒙古长蝽科标本时,发现长蝽科2个新种：阿拉善叶缘长蝽Emblethis alashanensissp.nov.,巴氏直缘长蝽Ortholomus batui sp.nov.,1个中国新记录属：弯齿长蝽属Raglius Stal,1872,3个中国新记录种：弯齿长蝽Raglius aboacuminatus(Goeze),蒙毛角长蝽Hyalocoris mongolicus Kerzhner,东方林长蝽Drymus orientalis Kerzhner。模式标本保存于内蒙古师范大学昆虫研究所标本馆。     

中国直腹长蝽族三种若虫记述(半翅目:长蝽科:地长蝽亚科)

本文对直腹长蝽族(半翅目：长蝽科：地长蝽亚科)的3个种的若虫进行了首次描述,即东方完缝长蝽Bryanellocoris orientalis Hidaka,长刺棘胸长蝽Primierus longispinus Zheng和短头细颈长蝽Vertomannus brevicollum Zheng,其中前二者为该属若虫的首次记述;本文还通过扫描电镜观察对东方完缝长蝽Bryanellocoris orientalis Hidaka身体背面分布的浅色圆点的细微结构进行了揭示。     

中国缘蝽属一新种(半翅目：缘蝽科)

中国缘蝽属一新种（半翅目：缘蝽科）刘强,郑乐怡（内蒙古师大生物系,呼和浩特０１００２２）（南开大学生物系,天津３０００７１）本文记载了缘蝽科（Ｃｏｒｅｉｄａｅ）的缘蝽属（ＣｏｒｅｕｓＦａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ,１７９４）一新种。模式标本存内蒙古师范大学生物系...     

红足点胸长蝽Acompus rufipes (Wolff) 新异名（异翅亚目：长蝽总科：地长蝽科）

研究欧洲和中国的标本后发现,室翅长蝽科Heterogastridae的小异腹长蝽Heterogaster minimusZou&Zheng,1981是地长蝽科Rhyparochromidae的红足点胸长蝽Acompus rufipes(Wolff,1804)的新异名。文中还提供了红足点胸长蝽Acompus rufipes的整体图和雄性生殖器特征图。     

狭盲蝽族二新种记述：半翅目：盲蝽科

狭盲蝽族二新种记述（半翅目：盲蝽科）唐周怀（陕西省动物研究所,陕西省西安市７１００３２）关键词盲蝽科,狭盲蝽族,新种,分类学,中国狭盲蝽族（ＳｔｅｎｏｄｅｍｉｎｉＣｈｉｎａ）隶属盲蝽科（Ｍｉｒｉｄａｅ）盲蝽亚科（Ｍｉｒｉｎａｅ）,该族成员适应在禾本科...     

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究I（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）

本研究叙述了缘蝽科的基本特征以及缘蝽科中２２个族或亚和及单元的比较形态学特征，特别是外生殖器的特征描述其图解多为首次报道。认为瘤缘蝽族、喙缘蝽族、竹缘蝽族、沟缘蝽亚科、达缘蝽族、同缘蝽族、特缘蝽族及美洲各族（或亚科）为单系群；梭缘蝽族（包括唯一属梭缘蝽属）的族级地位成立；缘蝽族各属关系复杂；黛缘蝽族是一个复系类群，各属关系复杂，在头部、阳茎和雄虫生殖腔等方面的构造已呈明显差异，此族似不成立；岗缘蝽     

中国狄猎蝽族一新属──杨猎蝽属（半翅目：猎蝽科）

中国狄猎蝽族一新属──杨猎蝽属（半翅目：猎蝽科）彩万志（北京农业大学昆虫学系,北京市海淀区１０００９４）狄猎蝽族是真猎蝽亚科的１个小族;连同本文中的新属,目前该族共知１０属,均分布于东洋区;Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ（１９５４）曾对此族进行过比较详细的厘订。这里所...     

Zinc response in pigeon pea as influenced by genotypic variability

Seven improved cultivars of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.) were evaluated at 0 (original Zn deficient soil), 5 and 50 ppm Zn levels under greenhouse conditions. Plants were harvested at 6 weeks after sowing and at maturity. Responses to 5 ppm Zn in shoot at 6 weeks of growth, and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain at maturity ranged from 63 to 387, 37 to 116, 15 to 73,9 to 145 and 51 to 200%, respectively. Application of 50 ppm Zn in most of the cultivars did not markedly affect the yield of different plant parts. Zinc concentration at 0 Zn level in shoot at 6 weeks of growth and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain of different genotypes varied from 9.8 to 14.5, 13.7 to 21.2, 10.8 to 16.7, 4.17 to 5.83 and 9.2 to 16.7 ppm, respectively, and the increase in concentration with 5 ppm applied Zn ranged from 28 to 248, 28 to 89, 27 to 85, 20 to 142, and 105 to 254 per cent, respectively. The concentration further increased with an increase in Zn level to 50 ppm. There was less variation in the yield and tissue Zn concentration of different genotypes after Zn application. Phosphorus concentration at 0 Zn level in shoot at 6 weeks of growth, and in leaf, stem, pod-hull and grain of different genotypes varied from 0.50 to 0.71, 0.18 to 0.31, 0.11 to 0.24, 0.15 to 0.20 and 0.43 to 0.58% respectively. Zinc decreased P in all plant parts but relative decrease was more in vegetative parts than in grain. The variability in Zn response among pigeon pea genotypes could partly be attributed to the maintenance of proper P/Zn balance in metabolically active plant parts, such as, leaf, and partly to their capacity to exploit soil Zn and to translocate it to the above-ground parts.Contribution from the Department of Soils, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (India).     

Dynamic role of single-celled fungi in ruminal microbial ecology and activities

In ruminants, high fermentation capacity is necessary to develop more efficient ruminant production systems. Greater level of production depends on the ability of the microbial ecosystem to convert organic matter into precursors of milk and meat. This has led to increased interest by animal nutritionists, biochemists and microbiologists in evaluating different strategies to manipulate the rumen biota to improve animal performance, production efficiency and animal health. One of such strategies is the use of natural feed additives such as single-celled fungi yeast. The main objectives of using yeasts as natural additives in ruminant diets include; (i) to prevent rumen microflora disorders, (ii) to improve and sustain higher production of milk and meat, (iii) to reduce rumen acidosis and bloat which adversely affect animal health and performance, (iv) to decrease the risk of ruminant-associated human pathogens and (v) to reduce the excretion of nitrogenous-based compounds, carbon dioxide and methane. Yeast, a natural feed additive, has the potential to enhance feed degradation by increasing the concentration of volatile fatty acids during fermentation processes. In addition, microbial growth in the rumen is enhanced in the presence of yeast leading to the delivery of a greater amount of microbial protein to the duodenum and high nitrogen retention. Single-celled fungi yeast has demonstrated its ability to increase fibre digestibility and lower faecal output of organic matter due to improved digestion of organic matter, which subsequently improves animal productivity. Yeast also has the ability to alter the fermentation process in the rumen in a way that reduces methane formation. Furthermore, yeast inclusion in ruminant diets has been reported to decrease toxins absorption such as mycotoxins and promote epithelial cell integrity. This review article provides information on the impact of single-celled fungi yeast as a feed supplement on ruminal microbiota and its function to improve the health and productive longevity of ruminants.     

Picture perception in monkeys and pigeons: Transfer of rightside-up versus upside-down discrimination of photographic objects across conceptual categories

Monkeys and pigeons were trained to discriminate between normally oriented full frontal pictures of humans and upside-down reversals of the same pictures as stimuli. Monkeys displayed a high level of transfer to the new pictures of full frontal and rear views of humans and silhouettes, but failed to transfer to the close-up and far human faces. Pigeons showed poorer transfer to the silhouettes and higher transfer to the far human faces than did monkeys. Further transfer tests were performed with non-human pictures, including monkeys, birds, mammals, and man-made objects. Pigeons failed to transfer to the non-human pictures. This indicates that the pigeons had learned to classify the pictures based on some concrete features specific to the humans and that the transfer to the new versions of human pictures could be explained by simple stimulus generalization based on perceptual similarity. Two out of four monkeys did transfer fairly well to the non-human pictures, except for the man-made objects. High levels of transfer to the non-human natural pictures suggested that the monkeys classified the pictures on the basis of the orientation of objects represented by the pictorial displays. A preliminary report was presented by the first author (M. J.) at the 13th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Nagoya, Japan, 1990. The present research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research, the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, No. 02301017 (principal researcher:Tadasu Oyama, Nihon University) to M. J. The monkey experiments were conducted at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, and the pigeon experiments at the Department of Psychology, Chiba University.     

Taking due care: moral obligations in dual use research

In the past decade, the perception of a bioterrorist threat has increased and created a demand on life scientists to consider the potential security implications of dual use research. This article examines a selection of proposed moral obligations for life scientists that have emerged to meet these concerns and the extent to which they can be considered reasonable. It also describes the underlying reasons for the concerns, how they are managed, and their implications for scientific values. Five criteria for what constitutes preventable harm are suggested and a number of proposed obligations for life scientists are considered against these criteria, namely, the obligations to prevent bioterrorism; to engage in response activities; to consider negative implications of research; not to publish or share sensitive information; to oversee and limit access to dangerous material; and to report activities of concern. Although bioterrorism might be perceived as an imminent threat, the analysis illustrates that this is beyond the responsibility of life scientists either to prevent or to respond to. Among the more reasonable obligations are duties to consider potential negative implications of one's research, protect access to sensitive material, technology and knowledge, and report activities of concern. Responsibility, therefore, includes obligations concerned with preventing foreseeable and highly probable harm. A central conclusion is that several of the proposed obligations are reasonable, although not unconditionally.     

西双版纳热带雨林蚁科昆虫区系分析

在西双版纳热带雨林已鉴定蚊科昆虫９亚科７６属２６７种。西双版纳地区的蚂蚁区系以热带至亚热带分布的东洋界成分最为丰富。在属级水平上,与马来西亚界关系最为密切。与澳洲界关系较密切;与非洲界和马拉加西界的关系知中。与新北界,新热带界和古北界的关系最为疏远。可见西双版纳的蚂蚁区系具有典型的热带亚洲起源特征,同时与澳洲和非洲的热带区系有一定的渊源关系。     

Assessing the persistence capacity of communities facing natural disturbances on the basis of species response traits

Adequately assessing the ecosystem resilience and resistance is a challenging and essential question in the current context of widespread environmental change. Here we suggest the use of a quantitative measure we call Persistence Index (PI) to assess the capacity of communities to maintain their functions and services after disturbances. First, we present the formulation of PI that is based on the diversity, abundance, and redundancy of disturbance- and taxon-specific response traits. Then, we use simulated data sets to study the effects of species richness and the number and frequency of traits on PI values. Finally, we illustrate our approach by assessing the persistence capacity of forest communities in Peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands in response to fire, drought and windstorm events.The Persistence Index was found to be relatively independent on the number of considered traits, but variable according to the frequency of traits in the community. In the evaluation made with national forest inventory data, PI was found to vary within and among different forest types, being particularly high in stands dominated by non-native species (e.g. Eucalyptus sp.) or in mixed-stands composed by evergreen and deciduous broadleaf species. We also found PI values to increase with the number of species present in the stand, although this relationship saturated due to overlap in species response traits.The presented index is complementary to other approaches developed to study the functional structure of communities through the distribution of species in a functional space. It can be applied to a broad spectrum of communities subjected to different types of stressors, making it a useful tool to guide ecosystem management decisions in a context of changing climate and uncertain disturbance regimes.     

Effects of global environmental changes on parasitoid–host food webs and biological control

Global environmental changes threaten biodiversity and the interactions between species, and food-web approaches are being used increasingly to measure their community-wide impacts. Here we review how parasitoid–host food webs affect biological control, and how their structure responds to environmental change. We find that land-use intensification tends to produce webs with low complexity and uneven interaction strengths. Dispersal, spatial arrangement of habitats, the species pool and community differences across habitats have all been found to determine how webs respond to landscape structure, though clear effects of landscape complexity on web structure remain elusive. The invasibility of web structures and response of food webs to invasion have been the subject of theoretical and empirical work respectively, and nutrient enrichment has been widely studied in the food-web literature, potentially driving dynamic instability and altering biomass ratios of different trophic levels. Combined with food-web changes observed under climate change, these responses of food webs could signal changes to biological control, though there have been surprisingly few studies linking food-web structure to pest control, and these have produced mixed results. However, there is strong potential for food-web approaches to add value to biological control research, as parasitoid–host webs have been used to predict indirect effects among hosts that share enemies, to study non-target effects of biological control agents and to quantify the use of alternative prey resources by enemies. Future work is needed to link food-web interactions with evolutionary responses to the environment and predator–prey interactions, while incorporating recent advances in predator biodiversity research. This holistic understanding of agroecosystem responses and functioning, made possible by food-web approaches, may hold the key to better management of biological control in changing environments.     

Helping farmers to reduce herbicide environmental impacts

While pesticides help to effectively control crop pests, their collateral effects often harm the environment. On the French island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean, over 75% of the pesticides used are herbicides and they are regularly detected in water. Agri-environmental models and pesticide risk indicators can be used to predict and to help pesticide users to reduce environmental impacts. However, while the complexity of models often limits their use to the field of research, pesticide risk indicators, which are easier to implement, do not explicitly identify the technical levers that farmers can act upon to limit such transfers on their scale of action (the field). The aim of this article is to contribute to developing a decision support tool to guide farmers in implementing relevant practices regarding the reduction of pesticide transfers. In this article, we propose a methodology based on classification and regression trees. We applied our methodology to a pesticide risk indicator (I-PHY indicator) for identifying the importance of the variables, their interactions and relative weight in contributing to the score of the indicator. We applied our methodology to the assessment of transfer risks linked to the use of 20 herbicides applied to all soils in Reunion and according to different climate, plot management and product application scenarios (4096 scenarios tested). We constructed regression trees which identified, for each herbicide on each soil type, the contribution made by each input variable to the construction of the indicator score. The tree is represented graphically, and this aids exploration and understanding. The 20 herbicides were divided into 3 groups that differed through the main contributing variable to the indicator score. These variables were all technical levers available to farmers to limit transfer risks. These trees then become decision support tools specific to each pesticide user, enabling them to take appropriate decisions with a view to reducing pesticide environmental impacts.     

Optimal individual growth and reproduction in perennial species with indeterminate growth

Summary A model predicting optimal timing of growth and reproduction in perennial species with indeterminate growth living in a seasonal environment, is presented. According to the model, the optimal fraction of growing season devoted to growth decreases with increasing individual age and size, which leads to S-shaped growth curves. Winter mortality seems to be a crucial factor affecting the timing of growth and reproduction, under the same function describing the dependence of growth rate and reproductive rate on body size. When winter mortality is heavy, it is often optimal to start reproducing in the first year, and to devote a large proportion of the subsequent years to reproduction, thus leading to small adult body sizes.The model has been applied to two species of mollusc and one species of fish. The model predictions fit well to the field data for these three species.     

Molecular tools for the identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi — taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes for suilloid fungi

Five taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes are described that can be used to help identify the fungal components of ectomycorrhizae. Comparisons among partial sequence from the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA gene (mt-LrRNA) were used to select the probes, which were intended to be specific to several taxa within the suilloid group of the Boletales (Basidiomycota). Probes S1, R1, and G1 were targeted at the genera Suillus, Rhizopogon and Gomphidius ; probe G2 was designed to recognize the family, Gomphidiaceae, and probe US1 was designed to recognize all of these taxa and any other members of the suilloid group. The specificity of each probe was determined empirically by testing their ability to hybridize to PCR amplified fragments derived from 84 species of basidiomycetes. Although none of the probes exhibited their intended specificity, all specifically hybridized to useful subsets of taxa, and collectively they can be used to identify many suilloid taxa to the generic level or below. The probes were also tested for their ability to identify field collected mycorrhizae and were found to perform well.