谷跗线螨交叉反应性变应原的定位

为明确谷跗线螨Tarsonemus granarius交叉反应性变应原在体内的定位, 制作谷跗线螨石蜡切片, HE染色后光镜观察其内部形态结构; 选用对尘螨过敏患者的阳性血清特异性IgE抗体作探针, 免疫组织化学染色分析其交叉反应性抗原存在位置。HE染色显示谷跗线螨的消化系统占据其体腔的大部分, 包括口咽部、 中肠、 后肠、 肛门和唾液腺等结构。免疫组织化学染色显示谷跗线螨的口咽部、 中肠、 肠内容物、 肠壁及生殖腺等均有阳性反应。谷跗线螨体内存在可诱发人体IgE抗体的变应原, 变应原在其体内的分布格局与屋尘螨Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus基本一致。     

热带无爪螨体内特异性变应原定位

【目的】探讨热带无爪螨Blomia tropicalis特异性变应原在体内的定位。【方法】制作热带无爪螨石蜡切片, HE染色后光镜观察其内部形态结构。选用对尘螨过敏患者的阳性血清特异性IgE 抗体作探针,免疫组织化学染色分析其特异性抗原存在位置。【结果与结论】免疫组织化学染色可见热带无爪螨中肠、盲囊、结肠的肠壁和内容物及生殖腺等均有阳性反应。其中肠壁组织和肠腔内容物呈强阳性反应,提示肠为特异性抗原的主要存在部位。     

尘螨变应原Der f1全序列的原核表达及生物信息学分析

目的 构建尘螨变应原Der f1原核表达体系,并了解其分子特征.方法 提取粉尘螨总RNA,用RT-PCR合成Der f1编码基因,将其克隆至pMD19-T载体,亚克隆至表达载体pET-28a( ),转化至大肠杆菌并用IPTG诱导表达.用生物信息学软件对测序结果进行分析并预测其空间结构.结果 从粉尘螨总RNA中扩增获得Der f1 cDNA片段,成功构建了表达质粒pET-28a( )-Der f1,Western blotting显示原核表达获得成功.测序结果提交GenBank,登陆号为EU095368,该基因长966 bp,与参考序列同源性达99.9%,推测其编码氨基酸321个,属疏水蛋白,位于细胞外,信号肽位于1～18氨基酸处.同源性分析提示Der f1和Eur m1相似率为88%,而Der f1和Der p1的相似率为77%,分子进化树中粉尘螨和梅氏嗜霉螨聚成一簇.Der f1的二级结构由α-螺旋(109 aa,33.96%)、延伸链(55 aa,17.13%)、β-转角(18 aa,5.61%) 和随机卷曲(139 aa,43.30%)组成.结论 尘螨变应原Der f1原核表达获得成功,为进一步生产重组变应原奠定了基础.生物信息学分析表明粉尘螨和梅氏嗜霉螨的亲缘关系可能更近,而与屋尘螨关系稍远,此与现行的形态学分类系统并不符合.     

尘螨变应原Derf1真核表达载体的构建及转染CHO细胞

目的：构建尘螨变应原Der f1真核表达载体,转染真核细胞并进行蛋白表达。方法：根据Genebank中Der f1基因的核酸序列（AB034946）,设计引物,采用PCR法,从保存的JM109工程菌中扩增Der f1编码基因,克隆到真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1/myc-his A上,以脂质体法转染CHO细胞,经G418筛选,进行稳定表达细胞株的筛选和鉴定。结果：将目的基因Der f1成功连接到pcDNA3.1/myc-hisA-Derf1并转染CHO细胞,获得稳定表达的CHO细胞株。结论：成功构建了尘螨变应原Der f1真核表达载体,并转染CHO细胞表达蛋白质。     

尘螨变应原Der f1植物表达产物诱导哮喘小鼠免疫耐受的研究

目的:采用尘螨变应原组分Der f1植物表达产物免疫治疗哮喘小鼠,了解其诱导哮喘小鼠免疫耐受的效果及机制.方法:将BALB/c小鼠分为正常组、哮喘组和治疗组,治疗组在致敏后分别给予尘螨变应原Der f1原核表达产物(rDE)和烟草叶片中的表达产物(rDP)免疫治疗,处死小鼠,取支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)、血清和肺组织,分别进行细胞学、螨特异性抗体、细胞因子和组织病理学检查,观察这些指标的变化.结果:哮喘组和治疗组BALF中细胞总数明显增多,中性和嗜酸性粒细胞超过50%;rDE和rDP治疗后,小鼠BALF中细胞总数和嗜酸性粒细胞减少;哮喘组和治疗组小鼠螨特异性IgE、IgG和IL-4水平升高,IFN-γ水平下降(P<0.01);rDE和rDP治疗后,IgE、IgG和IL-4水平下降,IFN-γ水平上升(P<0.01-0.05),以rDP疗效更好;哮喘组小鼠支气管、细支气管和小血管周围可见明显炎性细胞浸润,rDE和rDP治疗后,炎症减轻,以rDP改变更为明显.结论:尘螨变应原Der f1植物表述产物较原核表达产物能更有效地减轻螨性哮喘小鼠的气道炎症,诱导免疫耐受形成.     

尘螨变应原Der fl全序列的原核表达及生物信息学分析

目的 构建尘螨变应原Der fl原核表达体系,并了解其分子特征。方法 提取粉尘螨总RNA,用RT—PCR合成Der fl编码基因,将其克隆至pMD19-T载体,亚克隆至表达载体pET-28a（＋）,转化至大肠杆菌并刚IPTG诱导表达。用生物信息学软件对测序结果进行分析并预测其空间结构。结果从粉尘螨总RNA中扩增获得Der fl cDNA片段,成功构建了表达质粒pET-28a（＋）-Der fl,Western blotting显示原核表达获得成功。测序结果提交GenBank,臀陆号为EU095368,该基因长966bp,与参考序列同源性达99．9％,推测其编码氩基酸321个,属疏水蛋白,位于细胞外,信号肽位于1～18氨基酸处。同源性分析提示Der fl和Eur ml相似率为88％,而Der fl和Derpl的相似率为77％,分子进化树中粉尘螨和梅氏嗜霉螨聚成一簇。Derfl的二级结构由α-螺旋（109aa,33．96％）、延伸链（55aa,17．13％）、β-转角（18aa,5．61％）和随机卷曲（139aa,43．30％）组成：结论 尘螨变麻原Der fl原核表达获得成功,为进一步生产重组变麻原奠定了基础。生物信息学分析表明粉尘螨和梅氏嗜霉螨的亲缘关系可能更近,而与屋尘螨关系稍远,此与现行的形态学分类系统并不符合。     

尘螨变应原Der f 1核酸序列测定及其分子进化分析

目的：对尘螨主要变应原Der f 1进行核酸序列测定,探讨其系统进化信息。方法：根据Genbank公布的Der f 1基因序列设计引物,巢式PCR扩增Der f 1的cDNA,纯化、回收、克隆至pMD19-T simple后进行序列测定,序列比对后用Clustal W1.83构建分子进化树。结果：成功扩增出Der f 1的cDNA片段,测序表明该基因含ORF1个,长度966bp,与参考序列同源性达99．9％。该变应原具半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性,与果蝇进化关系最远,与梅氏嗜霉螨进化关系最近。结论：成功获得了尘螨变应原Der f 1基因片段．根据其编码的氨基酸序列构建出的系统进化树与形态学分类不一致。     

尘螨变应原Derf1核酸序列测定及其分子进化分析

目的:对尘螨主要变应原Der f1进行核酸序列测定,探讨其系统进化信息。方法:根据Genbank公布的Der f1基因序列设计引物,巢式PCR扩增Der f1的cDNA,纯化、回收、克隆至pMD19-T simple后进行序列测定,序列比对后用Clustal W 1.83构建分子进化树。结果:成功扩增出Der f1的cDNA片段,测序表明该基因含ORF1个,长度966bp,与参考序列同源性达99.9%。该变应原具半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性,与果蝇进化关系最远,与梅氏嗜霉螨进化关系最近。结论:成功获得了尘螨变应原Der f1基因片段,根据其编码的氨基酸序列构建出的系统进化树与形态学分类不一致。     

尘螨变应原Der f 9、Der p 9和Blo t 9结构与功能的比较研究

使用多种生物信息学工具来预测、比较尘螨变应原Der f 9、Der p 9和Blo t 9的一级、二级、三级结构及抗原表位,找出3种蛋白结构及功能的异同。Der f 9、Der p 9和Blo t 9氨基酸序列一致性为82.07%,都含有3个胰蛋白酶活性位点氨基酸及2个功能结构区特异性序列;二级和三级结构中都由α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规卷曲组成;活性位点氨基酸在三级结构中完全重合,并相互靠近构成蛋白酶的活性中心;主要潜在抗原表位区域都为5个,并在第47-49aa和200-203aa区域出现了重合,但表位重合区的氨基酸种类不完全相同。应用生物信息方法预测和比较了Der f 9、Der p 9和Blo t 9结构与抗原方面的信息,为进一步研究变应原第9组分的生物学功能、疫苗研制奠定了基础。     

尘螨变应原Der f1 真核表达载体的构建及转染CHO 细胞

目的:构建尘螨变应原Der f1真核表达载体,转染真核细胞并进行蛋白表达.方法:根据Genebank中Der f1基因的核酸序列(AB034946),设计引物,采用PCR法,从保存的JM109工程菌中扩增Der f1编码基因,克隆到真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1/myc-hisA上,以脂质体法转染CHO细胞,经G418筛选,进行稳定表达细胞株的筛选和鉴定.结果:将目的基因Der f1成功连接到pcDNA3.1/myc-hisA-Derf1并转染CHO细胞,获得稳定表达的CHO细胞株.结论:成功构建了尘螨变应原Der f1真核表达载体,并转染CHO细胞表达蛋白质.     

Antigen Der f I from the dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae: structural comparison with Der p I from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and epitope specificity of murine IgG and human IgE antibodies

The physicochemical and antigenic properties of an allergen purified from Dermatophagoides farinae, Der f I, were compared with Der p I from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. On SDS-PAGE, Der f I migrated as a single polypeptide chain with the same m.w. as Der p I (24,000). Two isoallergenic peaks of Der f I were identified on preparative isoelectric focusing (pI 5.7 to 6.3 and pI 6.6 to 6.95). Fractions from each peak were shown to have an identical amino acid composition (which was similar but not identical to Der p I) and the same N-terminal amino acid sequence. There was a good correlation between quantitative intradermal skin tests to both purified allergens and to D. farinae extract in mite-allergic patients, with positive results when using as little as 10(-5) micrograms/ml of Der f I. The majority of sera with detectable IgE antibody to D. farinae also had IgE antibody to Der f I both among children (29/42 = 69%) and adults (55/63 = 87%). By RAST, there was an excellent correlation between IgE antibody to Der f I and Der p I in sera from 42 mite-allergic children (n = 0.94, p less than 0.001). Polyclonal IgG antibodies from six mice immunized with Der f I showed preferential binding to that allergen, and most monoclonal antibodies (16 of 18) raised against Der f I did not bind Der p I. However, two monoclonal antibodies from this fusion showed cross-reactive binding to both allergens. Immunoabsorption experiments, using D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae extracts coupled to Sepharose, showed that a large proportion of murine antibodies (74% to Der p I and 60 to 93% to Der f I) could not be absorbed by the heterologous extract on the immunosorbent. In contrast, in sera from seven mite-allergic patients, most of the specific IgE and IgG antibody (i.e., greater than or equal to 82%) was removed by either immunosorbent. Thus, Der f I and Der p I represent a homologous pair of major allergens which possess both cross-reacting and species-specific epitopes. The antibody response in mice immunized with either allergen in complete Freund's adjuvant was largely directed against species-specific epitopes, whereas in allergic humans, IgE- and IgG-specific antibodies bound predominately to cross-reacting epitopes.     

Monoclonal antibodies to recombinant Der p 2, a major house dust mite allergen: specificity, epitope analysis and development of two-site capture ELISA.

House dust mite allergens have been well established as sensitizing agents that are important in the induction of allergic diseases. In order to analyze epitopes of the allergen and to develop a quantitative method of the allergen exposure, monoclonal antibodies against a recombinant Der p 2 (rDer p 2), one of the major allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, were produced. Four monoclonal antibodies produced were species-specific and did not cross-react to the D. farinae crude extract. Two of the monoclonal antibodies were found to be IgG1 and the others were IgM. For the analysis of epitopes, a Der p 2 cDNA encoding 126 amino acids (aa) was dissected into three fragments with several overlapping peptides. A (aa residues 1-49), B (44-93), and C fragment (84-126). Three monoclonal antibodies showed reactivities to the recombinant B fragment and to the full-length rDer p 2, but one monoclonal antibody reacted only with the full-length rDer p 2. Two-site capture ELISA was developed using two different monoclonal antibodies for quantitating Der p 2 in house dust. The sensitivity limit was 4 ng/ml with rDer p 2 and 8 micrograms/ml with the D. pteronyssinus crude extract. The result suggested that the assay using monoclonal antibodies against rDer p 2 could be useful for the environmental studies and for the standardization of mite allergen extracts.     

In planta expression of a mature Der p 1 allergen isolated from an Italian strain of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus

European (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and American (Dermatophagoides farinae) house dust mite species are considered the most common causes of asthma and allergic symptoms worldwide. Der p 1 protein, one of the main allergens of D. pteronyssinus, is found in high concentration in mites faecal pellets, which can became easily airborne and, when inhaled, can cause perennial rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Here we report the isolation of the Der p 1 gene from an Italian strain of D. pteronyssinus and the PVX-mediated expression of its mature form (I-rDer p 1) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Human sera from characterized allergic patients were used for IgE binding inhibition assays to test the immunological reactivity of I-rDer p 1 produced in N. benthamiana plants. The binding properties of in planta produced I-rDer p 1 versus the IgE of patients sera were comparable to those obtained on Der p 1 preparation immobilized on a microarray. In this paper we provide a proof of concept for the production of an immunologically active form of Der p 1 using a plant viral vector. These results pave the way for the development of diagnostic allergy tests based on in planta produced allergens.     

Activation mechanism of recombinant Der p 3 allergen zymogen: contribution of cysteine protease Der p 1 and effect of propeptide glycosylation

The trypsin-like protease Der p 3, a major allergen of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, is synthesized as a zymogen, termed proDer p 3. No recombinant source of Der p 3 has been described yet, and the zymogen maturation mechanism remains to be elucidated. The Der p 3 zymogen was produced in Pichia pastoris. We demonstrated that the recombinant zymogen is glycosylated at the level of its propeptide. We showed that the activation mechanism of proDer p 3 is intermolecular and is mediated by the house dust mite cysteine protease Der p 1. The primary structure of the proDer p 3 propeptide is associated with a unique zymogen activation mechanism, which is different from those described for the trypsin-like family and relies on the house dust mite papain-like protease Der p 1. This is the first report of a recombinant source of Der p 3, with the same enzymatic activity as the natural enzyme and trypsin. Glycosylation of the propeptide was found to decrease the rate of maturation. Finally, we showed that recombinant Der p 3 is inhibited by the free modified prosequence T(P1)R.     

Epitope mapping of two major inhalant allergens, Der p I and Der f I, from mites of the genus Dermatophagoides

The repertoire of antigenic sites on two major dust mite allergens, Der p I of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Der f I of D. farinae, was studied using murine (BALB/c) monoclonal antibodies (Mab), polyclonal rabbit IgG antibodies, and human IgE antibodies. Fifty-three IgG Mab were analyzed from six different fusions (five vs Der p I, one vs Der f I). By antigen binding radioimmunoassay (RIA), most Mab were either Der p I or Der f I specific, and only 2/53 bound to both allergens. Epitope mapping studies using cold Mab to inhibit the binding of six 125I labeled Mab to solid phase allergen defined four nonrepeated, nonoverlapping epitopes on Der p I, a single species-specific epitope on Der f I and a cross-reacting epitope present on each allergen. All but one of the 53 Mab bound to one of these six epitopes. Seventy percent (25/35) of anti-Der p I Mab were directed to the same epitope, suggesting that this epitope is immunodominant for BALB/c mice. Similarly, 88% (16/18) of anti-Der f I Mab bound to the same epitope on Der f I. Parallel cross-inhibition curves were obtained using the species-specific Mab, 10B9, and the cross-reacting Mab, 4C1, to compete for binding to Der p I, suggesting that the epitopes defined by these two Mab on Der p I are adjacent to one another. Both murine Mab and polyclonal rabbit IgG antibodies to cross-reacting sites on both allergens were used to inhibit binding of human IgE antibodies to Der p I by using 19 sera from mite allergic patients. Cross-reacting rabbit IgG antibodies strongly inhibited all sera tested (mean 79.5% +/- 7.7) and two Mab, 10B9 and 4C1, partially inhibited (38% +/- 12). However, the four Mab directed against separate species-specific epitopes (including murine immunodominant sites) showed little or no inhibition (less than or equal to 20%). Our results suggest that most of the epitopes defined by Mab are not the same as, or close to, those defined by human IgE antibody. The striking differences in the repertoires of murine IgG and human IgE antibody responses to Der p I and Der f I could be explained by genetic differences or by altered antigen processing and presentation occurring as a result of different modes of immunization in mice and in mite allergic humans.     

T cell activation-inducing epitopes of the house dust mite allergen Der p I. Proliferation and lymphokine production patterns by Der p I-specific CD4+ T cell clones.

Cloned human CD4+ T cell lines specific for the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were used to map minimal T cell activation-inducing epitopes on the Group I allergen in D. pteronyssinus extracts (Der p I) molecule. Most of these Der p I-specific T cell clones expressed different TCR V alpha and V beta gene products. Using recombinant deletion proteins, three T cell epitopes were identified on the Der p I molecule; p45-67 and p117-143 were recognized by HLA-DR7-restricted T cells, whereas p94-104 was recognized in the context of HLA-DR2, DRw11 (DR5), and -DR8 molecules. This degenerate class II MHC restriction appears to be due to shared Phe and Asp residues at positions 67 and 70, respectively, in the third variable domain of the HLA-DR beta chain. All three T cell epitopes induced Th2-like cytokine production profiles by the Der p I-specific T cell clones, which were characterized by the production of very high levels of IL-4 and IL-5, as compared with those secreted by tetanus toxin-specific T cell clones derived from the same patients, but no or low amounts of IL-2 and IFN-gamma. This Th2-like production profile was, however, not an intrinsic property of the Der p I-specific T cells, but was dependent upon their mode of activation. Stimulation with Con A also induced very low or no measurable levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, whereas activation with TPA and the calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in the production of high levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-2, and IFN-gamma. These results indicate that Der p I-specific T cell clones are not defective in their capacity to produce high levels of Th1 cytokines.     

Repeated immunostaining of the same tissue section using alkaline phosphatase as a reporter

One can determine the best dilution of a primary antibody for immunohistochemistry that uses horseradish peroxidase conjugated to a secondary antibody by testing increasing concentrations sequentially on the same tissue section. When the same tissue section is incubated repeatedly with increasing concentrations of primary antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen, smooth muscle α-actin, or vimentin using alkaline phosphatase conjugated to a secondary antibody as the reporter, the best staining was obtained with a less concentrated primary antibody than was optimal for a single staining test. The best concentration of primary antibody for single run staining using an alkaline phosphatase reporting system is usually four times the best concentration for staining with multiple runs. The optimal concentration can be determined by denaturing the residual alkaline phosphatase and extracting residual stain by incubating the section in 4:1 diglyme:phosphate buffered saline for 20 min at 80^o C between tests of primary antibody concentrations. I tested the method for four chromogens from one supplier and one chromogen from a different supplier.     

Reciprocal regulatory effects of IFN-gamma and IL-4 on the in vitro development of human Th1 and Th2 clones.

The effects exerted on the in vitro development of purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific or Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group I (Der p I)-specific T cell lines (TCL) and T cell clones (TCC) by IL-4 or IFN-gamma addition or neutralization in human PBMC cultures were examined. PBMC from two normal individuals, which were stimulated with PPD and then cultured in IL-2 alone, developed into PPD-specific TCL and TCC able to produce IFN-gamma and IL-2 but not IL-4 and IL-5 (Th1-like). IFN-gamma or anti-IL-4 antibody addition in bulk cultures before cloning did not influence the PPD-specific TCL profile of cytokine production. In contrast, the addition of IL-4 resulted in the development of PPD-specific TCL and TCC able to produce not only IFN-gamma and IL-2 but also IL-4 and IL-5. PBMC from one atopic Der p I-sensitive patient, which were stimulated with Der p I and then cultured in IL-2 alone, developed into Der p I-specific TCL and TCC able to produce IL-5 and large amounts of IL-4 but no IFN-gamma (Th2-like). The addition in bulk cultures, before cloning, of either IFN-gamma or anti-IL-4 antibody markedly inhibited the development of Der p I-specific T cells into IL-4- and IL-5-producing TCL. Accordingly, the development into Der p I-specific Th2-like TCC was significantly reduced by the addition of IFN-gamma in bulk culture and was virtually suppressed by the presence of both IFN-gamma and anti-IL-4 antibody. These data suggest that the presence or the absence of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in bulk cultures of PBMC before cloning may have strong regulatory effects on the in vitro development of human CD4+ T cells into Th1 or Th2 clones.     

The glycosylation pattern of common allergens: the recognition and uptake of Der p 1 by epithelial and dendritic cells is carbohydrate dependent

Allergens are initiators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. They are recognised at the site of entry by epithelial and dendritic cells (DCs), both of which activate innate inflammatory circuits that can collectively induce Th2 immune responses. In an attempt to have a better understanding of the role of carbohydrates in the recognition and uptake of allergens by the innate immune system, we defined common glycosylation patterns in major allergens. This was done using labelled lectins and showed that allergens like Der p 1 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 1), Fel d 1 (Felis domisticus), Ara h 1 (Arachis hypogaea), Der p 2 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 2), Bla g 2 (Blattella germanica) and Can f 1 (Canis familiaris) are glycosylated and that the main dominant sugars on these allergens are 1-2, 1-3 and 1-6 mannose. These observations are in line with recent reports implicating the mannose receptor (MR) in allergen recognition and uptake by DCs and suggesting a major link between glycosylation and allergen recognition. We then looked at TSLP (Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin) cytokine secretion by lung epithelia upon encountering natural Der p 1 allergen. TSLP is suggested to drive DC maturation in support of allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Our data showed an increase in TSLP secretion by lung epithelia upon stimulation with natural Der p 1 which was carbohydrate dependent. The deglycosylated preparation of Der p 1 exhibited minimal uptake by DCs compared to the natural and hyperglycosylated recombinant counterparts, with the latter being taken up more readily than the other preparations. Collectively, our data indicate that carbohydrate moieties on allergens play a vital role in their recognition by innate immune cells, implicating them in downstream deleterious Th2 cell activation and IgE production.     

House dust mite allergens in domestic homes in Cheonan, Korea

House dust mites produce inhalant allergens of importance to allergic patients. We measured the major group 1 allergens, Der p 1 and Der f 1, from the house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farina, respectively in 100 randomly selected domestic homes from Cheonan, Korea. Dust samples were collected by vacuuming from the living room floor and 1 mattress in each home. Der p 1 and Der f 1 were measured by double monoclonal ELISA. Der p 1 levels were very low, with geometric mean levels for floors and mattresses being 0.11 microgram/g (range: 0.01-4.05) and 0.14 microgram/g (range: 0.01-30.0), respectively. Corresponding levels of Der f 1 were higher, 7.46 microgram/g (range: 0.01-262.9) and 10.2 microgram/g (range: 0.01-230.9) for floors and mattresses, respectively. D. farinae appears to be the dominant house dust mite in Cheonan.