甲藻孢囊在长江口海域表层沉积物中的分布

为了了解长江口海域赤潮爆发潜势,于2002年4月至5月用采泥器采集了位于122°～123．5°E、29°～32°N之间12个站位的表层沉积物,分析沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分布．共分析鉴定出孢囊类型29种,其中自养型11种,异养型18种．每个站位的孢囊种类在10～21之间,孢囊密度为11．7～587孢囊·g-1干泥之间．远岸海域孢囊种类较为丰富,密度也较高．在调查区域内,孢囊密度及种类自西向东、自北向南逐渐增加．亚历山大藻孢囊分布广泛,最高密度为40．4孢囊·g-1干泥,其他赤潮种类的孢囊如链状裸甲藻、多边舌甲藻、锥状斯氏藻、科夫多沟藻和无纹多沟藻等都在长江口海域有分布．     

大亚湾近代沉积物中甲藻孢囊的垂直分布

用TFO采泥器于 2 0 0 1年 8月采集了大亚湾大鹏澳海域 6个采样点 8— 18cm柱状沉积物样品 ,分层研究了甲藻孢囊在该海域表层沉积物中的垂直分布。在 35个沉积物样品中共分析鉴定出甲藻孢囊 4 8种 ,其中自养型 2 0种 ,异养型 2 8种 ,优势种类为锥状斯氏藻。每个样品中所分析鉴定的孢囊种类数为 12— 2 9种 ,孢囊的香农—威弗种类多样性指数 (Shannon WeaverDiversityIndex,H′)为 0 6 1— 4 13,并且在 2— 4cm层次处 ,随深度的增加 ,两者均有一个明显上升趋势。除鱼类养殖区的上表层较高外 ,孢囊丰度大多为 10 0 0— 2 0 0 0cysts/gDWt,最高为 2 38× 10 4cysts/gDWt。亚历山大藻孢囊分布广泛且密度较高 ,最高丰度为 5 0 3cysts/gDWt,同时表层沉积物中高密度的亚历山大藻孢囊为该藻赤潮的发生提供了丰富的种源 ,而且也是该海域贝类体内冬季PSP毒素积累及高含量的重要原因。     

长江口塔玛亚历山大藻孢囊的形成、发展及其与赤潮动力学的关系

有毒甲藻棗塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense(Leboru)Balech)在低氮的F\2培养液中会形成休眠孢囊.在试验的递度中,f\20NO3-诱导效率最高,一次性培养中孢囊形成率达到2%.大约73.2%和17.6%的孢囊在接种后的第八天和第九天形成.新形成的孢囊3d后红色体开始出现,并持续地分泌粘性物质,这可能有助于孢囊的扩散和生存.孢囊在15和20℃保存下的休眠期分别为15和10d.孢囊需要温度的改变就能萌发,在20℃条件下孢囊密度分别降到了4.5和0.9个\g,说明2002年亚历山大大藻孢囊在春季和各有一次萌发.赤潮发生过程中产生的孢囊会很快通过萌发回到水体中,无论季节和水温如何.2003年5月DG-26站位表层沉积物中亚历山大藻孢囊密度只有3.3个\g,但这些孢囊均是新形成的.在长江口,种群初始的大小不是决定塔玛亚历山大藻赤潮发生的关键因素.     

2006—2007年冬季长江口海域甲藻孢囊的分布及其与环境的关系

分析了2006—2007年冬季长江口海域(121°-127°E,30°-32.5°N)19个站位0-10cm沉积物中的甲藻孢囊,共检出27种甲藻孢囊类型,其中自养型10种,异养型17种,异养型孢囊数量比为0.70。各站位孢囊种数在1-15种之间,孢囊平均密度在干重0.7-89.0个/g之间。表层(0-3cm)、中层(3-5cm)和底层(5-10cm)之间孢囊组成差异不大,大多以原多甲藻类孢囊为主要优势种,孢囊密度表层大于中层,中层大于底层的分布趋势;在经度方向上,孢囊平均密度在近岸逐渐增高,到站位M4-13突然降到最低,然后再逐渐增高。与其它海湾相比,长江口属于孢囊密度较低的海域。亚历山大藻分布广泛但数量较低,最高密度为干重40.8个/g,其他种类如Polykrikos kofoidii、Gonyaulax spiniferacomplex(Spiniferites mirabilis)和G.spiniferacomplex(S.cf.ramosus)都在长江口海域有分布。沉积物类型是影响孢囊数量分布的重要因素,水深、温度、盐度与孢囊分布呈正相关性,溶解氧与孢囊分布呈负相关性。孢囊的分布格局对河口的富营养化与低氧区具有良好的指示意义。     

中国渤海海域甲藻孢囊的种类多样性和生态地理分布

在渤海湾24个站位采集0–10 cm表层沉积物144份样品, 进行甲藻孢囊的种类多样性和生态地理分布研究, 并分析渤海海域水体的富营养化趋势。在渤海海域共采集鉴定出6类32种甲藻孢囊, 包括原多甲藻类孢囊11种、裸甲藻类孢囊6种、膝沟藻类孢囊7种、钙质类孢囊5种、翼藻类孢囊2种及Tuberculodinioid类孢囊1种。其中, 自养型甲藻孢囊17种, 优势种为锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)孢囊, 丰富的孢囊库为锥状斯氏藻赤潮提供种源, 可作为该海域发生锥状斯氏藻赤潮的参考依据; 异养型甲藻孢囊15种, 优势种为无纹多沟藻(Polykrikos schwartzii)和锥形原多甲藻(Protoperidinium conicum)孢囊; 发现1种产麻痹性贝类毒素的孢囊--塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)孢囊, 但是仅在S6、S8和S14三个站位发现, 且孢囊数量较少。渤海甲藻孢囊组成与世界其它海域相似, 异养型甲藻孢囊种类丰富, 提示渤海海域富营养化程度较高。每个站位沉积物样品分为3层(每层约3 cm), 春夏两季表层、中层和底层之间孢囊组成差异不大, 平均种类数为5.58–7.29, 孢囊的平均密度范围在58.82–103.57 cysts·g^–1 DW之间; 孢囊种类丰富的站点, 孢囊密度也较高, 如S9、S14站位。对渤海海区表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的生物多样性进行了统计分析, 发现表、中、底3层甲藻孢囊的平均种类多样性指数在春季(5月)分别为1.69、1.61和1.52; 略低于夏季(8月)的1.83、1.89和1.60。     

2004年春季长江口海域甲藻孢囊的分布研究

于2004年4月初,采集长江口(E122°～123°30',N29°～32°)10个站点0～15cm底泥样品,研究甲藻孢囊在这10个站点的水平和垂直分布情况。在30个样品中共鉴定出6大类24种甲藻孢囊。孢囊组成以异养型原多甲藻类孢囊为主,有13种,平均密度为157cysts·g^-1DW,为调查海域的最优势种群。两种产麻痹性贝类毒素(Paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)的孢囊,塔玛亚历山大藻和链状裸甲藻,在海区分布广泛但数量较低。10个站点甲藻孢囊的种类数在11～18种之间,平均密度为189～846cysts·g^-1DW,在远离河口的D6站点有一个明显的最高峰,位于最北部的D1站点孢囊密度最低。与其它海湾相比,属于孢囊密度较低的海区。Shannon-Weaver生物多样性指数(H')变化范围在2.57～3.27之间。甲藻孢囊的密度分布与生物多样性相关系数r=-0.72。3个不同深度的甲藻孢囊密度分别为351cysts·g^-1DW、412cysts·g^-1DW、432cysts·g^-1DW;生物多样性指数分别为3.22、2.95、2.98。     

大窑湾养殖区赤潮甲藻孢囊种类组成及分布的研究

2006—2007年对大窑湾养殖区的甲藻孢囊进行了研究,结果检出10种甲藻孢囊,分属于4大类9种甲藻孢囊,其中原多甲藻类孢囊2种,膝沟藻类孢囊5种,钙质类孢囊1种,裸甲藻类孢囊1种,一种艉杆藻(Ensiculifera Balech)和一种易碎藻(Fragilidium mexicanum)是中国沿海新记录的两个种类,此外还有一种无法鉴定到种的一种原多甲藻孢囊。膝沟藻类孢囊的种类数占绝对优势,占50%,其次是原多甲藻类孢囊占30%,钙质类孢囊和裸甲藻类孢囊各占10%。10种孢囊中有3种异养型孢囊和7种自养型孢囊。并发现两种产麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的孢囊—塔玛亚历山大藻/链状亚历山大藻复合体(Alexandrium tamarense/A.catenella)和链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)。孢囊密度的季节分布呈现明显的双峰型,在2007年1月份和2007年的8月份出现了两个高峰。2007年的1月份达到了调查全年的孢囊密度最高值,达到了1.09×103 cysts/g湿重,2007年的8月份出现的第二次高峰期孢囊密度达到了0.86×103 cysts/g湿重。孢囊密度最低值出现在2007年的10月,只有280 cysts/g湿重。全年孢囊平均密度为695.5 cysts/g湿重。甲藻孢囊的多样性指数除了2007年的9月和10月以外,相差不大,变化范围为0.17—0.55,全年的平均值为0.46。     

塔玛亚历山大藻对黑褐新糠虾存活、生长以及种群繁殖的影响

通过塔玛亚历山大藻 ( Alexandrium tamarense)对黑褐新糠虾 ( N eomysis awatschensis)的急性和慢性毒性作用研究 ,发现塔玛亚历山大藻对黑褐新糠虾的存活、生殖、生长等有不利影响 ,影响程度随塔玛亚历山大藻藻细胞密度的增加而增加。在 96 h急性毒性实验中 ,塔玛亚历山大藻对黑褐新糠虾的半致死密度为 70 0 0 cells/ml,去藻过滤液中糠虾的死亡率为 2 5 %。在 6 2 d的慢性毒性实验中 ,密度为 90 0 cells/ml的塔玛亚历山大藻对黑褐新糠虾的繁殖有严重影响 ,在此影响下的实验组亲虾产幼虾总数只有 2 7尾 ,仅为对照组产幼虾数目的 1 6 .4 % ;其总产幼虾天数、日最高产幼数分别只有对照的 32 %、4 1 % ,其初次产虾日期也推迟了 3d,并出现了 3次生殖中断。塔玛亚历山大藻对黑褐新糠虾亲虾的存活、生长也有一定的影响 ,处在密度为 90 0 cells/ml塔玛亚历山大藻中的黑褐新糠虾亲虾的存活率只有对照的 6 3% ,糠虾亲虾的体长和体重分别为对照组亲虾的 95 .6 %和 81 .9% ,但差异尚不显著 ( P>0 .0 5 )     

不同起始密度对3种赤潮微藻种间竞争的影响

通过共培养的方法,研究了不同起始密度对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻之间种间竞争的影响。结果表明1赤潮异弯藻对中肋骨条藻的生长有一定的抑制作用,随着初始接种时赤潮异弯藻细胞密度的提高,这种抑制作用愈加明显。2塔玛亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻与塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻之间的种间竞争结果相类似,即起始密度比例为A∶S(H)=1∶4时,中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻分别在竞争中占优势;当起始密度比例为A∶S(H)=1∶1和A∶S(H)=4∶1,塔玛亚历山大藻在竞争中占优势。     

甲藻孢囊在长山群岛海域表层沉积物中的分布

2007年10月,在大连长山群岛海域采集了25个站点的表层沉积物,研究了甲藻孢囊的水平分布。在沉积物样品中共检测出甲藻孢囊46种,其中Pentaphasodinium dalei和Warowia rosea,在我国是首次报道。各站位孢囊种类数在7-20之间,平均14种;丰度在182-2960 个/g干重之间,平均为1201 个/g干重。香农-威纳指数(H')的变化范围为2.4-3.4。麻痹性贝毒藻--亚历山大藻的孢囊在调查海域分布广泛,最高密度达829个/g干重,可能是造成该海域虾夷扇贝贝毒超标的原因之一。     

Vertical distribution and germination ability of Alexandrium spp. cysts (Dinophyceae) in the sediments collected from Kure Bay of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

The vertical distribution of Alexandrium tamarense/ catenella (hereinafter Alexandrium spp.) cysts was investigated with special attention to living cysts filled with fresh protoplasm and empty cysts. In addition, based on the incubation experiments of Alexandrium spp. cysts, the germination ability of the cysts was examined. A sediment core 63 cm in length, collected from Kure Bay of the Seto Inland Sea, West Japan, in September 2000, was provided for an analysis on the vertical distribution of Alexandrium spp. cysts. Samples from every 1 cm interval depth from the top down to 13 cm depth of the same core were taken to examine the germination ability of the cysts. Results show that Alexandrium spp. cysts were continuously observed from 59 to 60 cm depth to the top. The cyst densities in the upper parts of the core (from 9 to 10 cm depth to the top) were much more abundant those that in the lower parts (below 10–11 cm depth). The relationship between living and empty cysts in each depth did not reveal a positive correlation with the sediment depth. Based on the sedimentation rate of the core sediment (approximately 1.6 cm/year), Alexandrium spp. cysts have been produced since 1962, and a remarkable increase of these cysts was observed from ca 1993. Such a rapid increase of Alexandrium spp. cysts has probably been as a result of dense blooms of A. tamarense occurring since 1992 in Hiroshima Bay, including Kure Bay. The germination of Alexandrium spp. cysts was observed in samples collected from the top to 12–13 cm depth of the core. It suggests that the Alexandrium spp. cysts can keep the germination ability for more than 8 years.     

长江口浮游甲壳动物空间分布特征

2010年研究了长江口南、北支浮游甲壳动物的空间分布特征。共采集到浮游甲壳动物50种,其中桡足类39种,枝角类11种。种类数南支高于北支;平均密度北支高于南支,南、北支分别为1.7 ind./L和61.8 ind./L。基于群落相似性矩阵的CLUSTER聚类和MDS分析显示,在群落相似性为40%时,长江口区域浮游甲壳动物群落可分为北支组、南支组1和南支组2共3组。3组的优势种有差异。浮游甲壳动物的平均密度变化趋势为北支组（61.8±22.11 ind./L）〉南支组1（3.07±2.06 ind./L）〉南支组2（0.72±0.45 ind./L）。盐度、潮汐和径流量是影响长江口南北支浮游甲壳动物种类组成、密度和空间分布差异的重要环境因素。     

长江仪征－崇明段的轮虫调查

作者于１９８８年５月－１９９０年７月对长江下游仪征－崇明江段的轮虫进行了调查,发现轮虫１０３种,平均密度１５．６个／升,平均生物量０．０１３１毫克／升。各江段轮虫的种类组成及数量分布差异较大,这与长江口复杂多变的环境有关,其中盐度是造成这种差异的主要因素。     

The germination characteristics of Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae), a toxic dinoflagellate from the Fal estuary (UK)

The germination characteristics of Alexandrium minutum cysts from the Fal estuary were studied at different conditions of temperature (4–24 °C) and salinity (15–35‰) and in the dark and low light intensity (2 μmol^?2 s^?1). Sediment sub-samples were directly cultured and processed at the end of the experiment for counts of non-germinated cysts. A decrease in the number of cysts was interpreted as germination that was calculated by comparison of the number of cysts over time with that of initial counts. The 50% germination time (time at which 50% of the total initial number of cysts had germinated) was calculated for each condition. A. minutum did not germinate in the dark but it germinated under all other conditions studied. Highest germination occurred at salinities of 30 psu and 35 psu and temperatures from 8 °C to 24 °C (germination rate—expressed as the inverse of the 50% germination time: 1.1–1.2). Lowest germination occurred at 15 psu and 4 °C and 24 °C (germination rate: 3.9–3.8). However, little variation in germination rates occurred across the conditions studied. As these conditions represent those likely in the estuary it is probable that A. minutum cysts on the surface of the sediments represent a constant source of cells to the water column and sediment disturbance (revealing buried cysts) could rapidly inoculate the water column with vegetative cells. This data was used to develop a model for Alexandrium germination from coastal sediments.     

2006年冬季长江口海域表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分类学研究

于2006年12月23日至2007年2月3日,采集长江口海域(121° ～127°E, 30°～32.5°N)19个站位0～10cm的底泥样品,根据孢囊的形态特征共鉴定出分属5大类的27种甲藻孢囊类型.其中自养型孢囊10种,异养型孢囊17种,9种为国内首次报道,它们是Scrippsiella sp.、Scrippsiella crystallina、Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum、Scrippsiella sp.1、Scrippsiella sp.2、Cochlodinium sp.cf.Geminatum、 P.sp.1、P.sp.2 和Gotoius abei,并发现了Alexandrium tamarense/A.catenella complex、 A.minutum/A.affine complex两种有毒种,Polykrikos kofoidii、Gonyaulax spinifera complex (Spiniferites mirabilis*)和Gonyaulax spinifera complex (Spiniferites cf.ramosus*)3种有害种.各站位孢囊物种数在1～15种之间,M4-13和N11-4最低,O7-6最高,且种类组成上基本以异养型甲藻孢囊为主.在长江口、苏北、杭州湾、舟山海域、外海海域分别鉴定出15、15、12、15、13种甲藻孢囊类型.对每种孢囊的分类学特征和分布情况进行了详细的描述,丰富了长江口海域甲藻孢囊种类记录,对研究该海区的甲藻群落结构及其目标赤潮生物的种群动力学具有重要意义.     

Dinoflagellate cyst records in recent sediments from Daya Bay, South China Sea

Nine sediment cores of 8–26 cm in length were collected from two basins of Daya Bay, the South China Sea, by Tokyo University Fisheries Oceanography Laboratory core sampler in August 2001 to investigate the distribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts. In the present study, 51 different cyst morphotypes representing 22 genera were identified from 65 sediment samples. Among them, there were 21 autotrophic species and 30 heterotrophic ones. Cyst species richness in each sample varied from 12 to 29, while the values of Shannon‐Weaver diversity index (H′) were between 0.15 and 4.13. There were an obvious increase in both species richness and values of H′in 2–6 cm sediments. Cyst concentrations varied from 154 to 113 483 cysts per gram dry weight sediment, and were much higher in upper sediments. Scrippsiella trochoidea was the most dominant cyst type, which took up over 90% of cyst assemblages in the upper sediments. The abrupt increase of S. trochoidea cysts in the surface sediments reflected the bloom of this species in Daya Bay in 2000. The results from cyst assemblages showed some trend of changes in water quality in this area, and indicated a typical type of pollution caused by cultural eutrophication, which started in the 1980s and greatly accelerated in the middle of 1990s. Cysts of Alexandrium, mainly those of Alexandrium catenella and Alexandrium tamarense complex, occurred frequently and abundantly in this area, with the highest concentration and relative frequency of 503 cysts per gram dry weight sediment and 22.3%, respectively. The high abundance of Alexandrium cysts provided rich ‘seed bed’ for Alexandrium blooms and was also an important source of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, especially in winter.     

VERTICAL MIGRATION OF EUGLENA SP. ON THE SAND BANKS OF A NORTH CAROLINA PIEDMONT STREAM

On summer days, visible patches of green appeared on the aerially-exposed sand banks of a small tributary of Mays Lake in Burlington, North Carolina. These green patches became visible approximately 3 hours after sunrise and disappeared 2 hours prior to sunset. Microscopic examination of sediment samples revealed that the appearance of color was due to the upward migration of Euglena sp. that attained densities of 2200 cells per square millimeter around solar noon. Triplicate sediment cores revealed the presence of live Euglena cells as deep as 6 cm below the sediment surface. During the day, over 80% of the population was located between the surface and a depth of 2 mm. During the night, 75% of the population was found between 2 and 6 cm below the surface. Artificially darkening the sediment surface during the day stimulated downward migration of the population. Controlled experiments with neutral density filters indicated that the number of cells on the sediment surface was directly related to incident irradiance. The results of these experiments on Euglena sp. living on the banks of a freshwater stream in central North Carolina will be contrasted with those of previous experiments conducted on Euglena proxima living on the intertidal sand flats of the Newport River estuary in coastal North Carolina.