内蒙古赤峰初头朗早更新世哺乳动物群的新材料及二元相似性分析

出土于内蒙古赤峰初头朗小南山地点的哺乳动物化石新材料有直隶犬(Canis chihliensis),泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodonta nihowanensis),中国长鼻三趾马(Hipparion (Proboscidipparion) sinense),三门马(Equus sanmeniensis),李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri),湖麂相似种(Muntiacus cf.M.lacustris),山西轴鹿(Axis shansius),布氏真枝角鹿(Eucladoceros boulei),翁氏转角羚羊(Spirocerus cf.S.wongi)及古中华野牛(Bison palaeosinensis).加上此前在初头朗东梁、东村北沟和东村南沟3个地点出土的标本,初头朗一带出土的哺乳动物化石种类增加到30个.初头朗4个地点的哺乳动物化石产自同一层位,属于同一个动物群.根据动物群的二元相似性系数,初头朗动物群在组成上最接近狭义泥河湾动物群.综合Brainerd-Robinson排序结果、动物群古老系数和动物群中绝灭种类的百分比,初头朗动物群的时代介于狭义泥河湾动物群和柳城巨猿洞动物群之间;而根据与相关动物群年龄值的对比,初头朗动物群的年龄值约在1.4-1.6 Ma之间.初头朗动物群中的食肉目种类有1 1个,但大多为小型种类.奇蹄目和偶蹄目种类的总和占动物群总数的一半,大多为体型较大的种类.该动物群中的嫩食者和林柄者指示当时存在一定范围的森林和林地;而动物群中的粗食者及开阔地栖息者指示当时存在面积较大的草原和草甸.初头朗动物群的大部分种类是喜温动物,喜冷种类只有鼠兔和披毛犀,因此当时的气候与现今大致相同.在地理位置上初头朗动物群是我国最靠北和最靠东的早更新世动物群,因此可以推荐为东北地区的早更新世哺乳动物群典型地点.     

内蒙古赤峰初头朗早更新世哺乳动物群的新材料及二元相似性分析（英文）

出土于内蒙古赤峰初头朗小南山地点的哺乳动物化石新材料有直隶犬(Canis chihliensis),泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodonta nihowanensis),中国长鼻三趾马(Hipparion(Proboscidipparion)sinense),三门马(Equus sanmeniensis),李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri),湖麂相似种(Muntiacus cf.M.lacustris),山西轴鹿(Axis shansius),布氏真枝角鹿(Eucladoceros boulei),翁氏转角羚羊(Spirocerus cf.S.wongi)及古中华野牛(Bison palaeosinensis)。加上此前在初头朗东梁、东村北沟和东村南沟3个地点出土的标本,初头朗一带出土的哺乳动物化石种类增加到30个。初头朗4个地点的哺乳动物化石产自同一层位,属于同一个动物群。根据动物群的二元相似性系数,初头朗动物群在组成上最接近狭义泥河湾动物群。综合Brainerd-Robinson排序结果、动物群古老系数和动物群中绝灭种类的百分比,初头朗动物群的时代介于狭义泥河湾动物群和柳城巨猿洞动物群之间;而根据与相关动物群年龄值的对比,初头朗动物群的年龄值约在1.4–1.6 Ma之间。初头朗动物群中的食肉目种类有11个,但大多为小型种类。奇蹄目和偶蹄目种类的总和占动物群总数的一半,大多为体型较大的种类。该动物群中的嫩食者和林栖者指示当时存在一定范围的森林和林地;而动物群中的粗食者及开阔地栖息者指示当时存在面积较大的草原和草甸。初头朗动物群的大部分种类是喜温动物,喜冷种类只有鼠兔和披毛犀,因此当时的气候与现今大致相同。在地理位置上初头朗动物群是我国最靠北和最靠东的早更新世动物群,因此可以推荐为东北地区的早更新世哺乳动物群典型地点。     

安徽淮南大居山早更新世猪化石

继在安徽淮南大居山发现晚中新世老洞哺乳动物群和新洞早上新世哺乳动物群后,1998年在老洞西侧又发现了西裂隙哺乳动物群。记述了西裂隙动物群中的李氏野猪(Sus ly- dekkeri),并对李氏野猪的地理与地层分布进行了综述,对李氏野猪与其近亲之间的关系进行了探讨。李氏野猪主要分布于华北、东北和江南,最早出现在下更新统下部,最晚可延续到上更新统底部。李氏野猪与早更新世分布在长江以南的裴氏猪(S.peii)、早更新世和中更新世分布在欧洲和中东的斯氏猪(S.strozzii)之间的关系很可能是地理亚种或仅仅是形态种,晚更新世以后分布于欧亚大陆的野猪(S.scrofa)是它们的直接后裔。     

北京凤凰山化石地点发掘简报

北京凤凰山地点位于周口店北京猿人遗址以北8km处, 是一处含哺乳动物化石与灰烬的洞穴-裂隙堆积。该地点包括两个化石层,上层为洞外的冲积物, 由棕红色黏土组成, 靠下部发现有零星的、破碎的化石, 可鉴定出似鸡骨山狐(Vulpes cf.chikushanensis)和羚羊(Antelopinae)两种类型; 下层含有灰烬层, 出土了较为丰富的哺乳动物化石, 可鉴定的哺乳动物化石包括鬣狗(Hyaenidae)、三门马(Equus sameniensis)、犀(Rhinocerotidae)、李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri)、肿骨大角鹿(Megaloceros pachyosteus)、葛氏斑鹿(Cervus(Sika)grayi)、水牛(Bubalus sp.), 共7种。动物群与周口店第一地点和南京人化石地点的动物群相似, 指示该地点化石层的时代可能为中更新世。部分骨骼表面痕迹与灰烬层的发现显示该地点可能不排除有古人类活动痕迹的存在。     

我国首次发现的丘齿鼷鹿

这里记述的丘齿鼷鹿(Dorcabune)的材料是我国广西柳城楞寨山硝岩洞(由于出产大量的巨猿化石又称“巨猿洞”)中采集的偶蹄类化石的一部分。丘齿鼷鹿的材料,(?)在巨猿洞大量的哺乳动物化石中数量甚少,仅发现了十个牙齿,它的发现对我国第四纪哺乳动物的研究,特别是对柳城巨猿洞动物群的性质的确定以及地层对比,有重要的意义。     

安徽淮南晚新生代鬣狗类化石(英文)

记述了安徽淮南地区晚新生代洞穴、裂隙堆积中发现的鬣狗化行。材料系2003年至2006年间由本文作者之一(金昌柱)等在淮南市八公山区进行地层古生物调查时,于大居山老洞、西裂隙及大顶山裂隙的堆积物中采集到的。与鬣狗伴生的其他哺乳动物属种多样,并具有一定的地质断代意义。大居山老洞有Pliopentalagus huainanensis、Kowalskia sp.、Nan- nocricetus mongolicus等,西裂隙有Sericolagus sp.、Mimomys sp.、Equus sanmeniensis等,大顶山裂隙则有Lepus sp.、Ailuropoda sp.、Homotherium ultima等。所发现的鬣狗化石包括Adcrocuta extmta、Chasmaporthetes lunensis和Crocuta crocuta三种其中Crocuta crocuta至少包括三个个体;其他两种则只有一个个体。淮南的鬣狗种类跨越了晚中新世至晚更新世。Adcrocuta eximia为欧亚大陆晚中新世的特有种,为鬣狗科中朝食骨方向演化的类群;体型和前臼齿主尖与晚中新世较原始的属种(如Hyaenictitherium)相比,都有壮大的趋势。Chasmaporthetes地理分布最广,除欧亚大陆有多处化石记录外,还出现于北美洲的晚上新世至中更新世动物群中。修长的肢骨与尖利的颊齿表明了其擅长奔跑的能力和主动猎食的习性。该属在淮南的出现突出反映了一种相对开阔的古地理环境。Crocuta crocuta在大居山西裂隙与大顶山裂隙中都有发现。斑鬣狗分布于中国多处的中-晚更新世地点,包括台湾的澎湖列岛。在前臼齿的形态上,C.crocuta与Pachycrocuta相似,比A.eximia的宽大,具有更为进步的特征。这说明在早更新世晚期至中更新世早期,Crocuta极可能完全取代了Pachycrocuta。迄今在安徽Pachycrocuta仅发现于和县与繁昌的洞穴堆积中,由于目前确定高分辨率的洞、裂隙堆积物的地层年代较为困难,安徽的有关动物群足否记录了这个替代事件有待于进一步工作。淮南的鬣狗化石至少涉及了两个不同时期的动物群:一为Adcrocuta eximia所代表的晚中新世动物群,二为Crocuta所代表的晚上新世-更新世动物群。Chasma- porthetes lunensis的出现对于年代的确定并无太大帮助,但具有草原习性的Chasmaporthetes却为动物群的古生态环境分析和重建提供了一些证据。     

安徽芜湖金盆洞旧石器遗址的偶蹄类

经对2002年与2004年出土于安徽芜湖金盆洞遗址的偶蹄类所做的深入研究,金盆洞遗址的偶蹄类有6个种:李氏野猪(Sus lydekkeri)、梅花鹿(Cervus(Sika)nippon)、葛氏斑鹿(Cervus(Sika)grayi)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、麂未定种(Muntiacussp.)及古中华野牛相似种(Bisoncf.palaeosinensis)。其中以鹿科为主,以梅花鹿和马鹿为优势种群,具有北方区动物群的特色。它们所指示的时代比和县龙潭洞动物群晚,与巢县银山巢县人动物群相当,为中更新世晚期,在古气候上处于Riss冰期。它们所处的生态环境以低矮森林为主、间有少量灌木密林及草地,当时的气候与现今的内蒙和甘肃相似。鹿属3个种的同时出现反映金盆洞遗址是史前人类汇集处理猎物的场所。     

贵州毕节麻窝口洞与智人伴生的长鼻类化石

最近在贵州毕节麻窝口洞发现了3枚古人类牙齿化石和伴生的哺乳动物群。其中,古人类牙齿经初步研究可归入解剖学上的现代人,而与古人类相伴的大、小哺乳动物化石,经初步鉴定共计8目20科43属53种。本文系统记述了该动物群中大哺乳动物的典型代表——长鼻类化石,共2属2种:东方剑齿象(Stegodon orientalis)和亚洲象(Elephas maximus)。麻窝口洞的长鼻类缺失我国南方早更新世的典型种类——中华乳齿象(Sinomastodon)和华南剑齿象(Stegodon huananensis),具有从典型的中更新世大熊猫-剑齿象动物群(Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna)向晚更新世亚洲象动物群(Asian elephant fauna)过渡的特征。依动物群的性质和地貌地层的特征,毕节麻窝口洞的智人及伴生动物群的地质时代很可能为中更新世晚期或晚更新世早期,这与堆积物的光释光年代测定的初步结果(距今约11.2-17.8万年)基本吻合。麻窝口洞东方剑齿象与亚洲象的组合明显具有东洋界亚热带动物群的特点,指示温暖潮湿的气候,这些长鼻类与智人等生存于近水的森林和灌丛中,并镶嵌了一些草地。     

南京汤山驼子洞的马科化石及其意义

200 0年在南京汤山葫芦洞直立人地点附近的驼子洞堆积中发现了又一处哺乳动物化石点。其中的马科化石有两种 :黄河马Equushuanghoensis和中国 (长鼻 )三趾马Hipparion(Proboscidipparion)sinense。这是自 1 95 9年发现黄河马化石以来首次发现黄河马的颅骨和完整的颊齿列标本。这两种马的同时出现说明含驼子洞动物群的堆积形成于早更新世。因此驼子洞堆积的发现是江宁地区下更新统的首次记录。驼子洞的黄河马和长鼻三趾马均为这两类马在秦岭淮河以南的首次记录 ,并反映了在早更新世曾发生过北方动物群跨越长江的南迁事件。     

重庆巫山玉米洞遗址中–晚更新世鹿科动物化石

重庆市巫山县庙宇盆地的玉米洞是一处旧石器时代遗址,出土了大量的哺乳动物化石,其中的鹿科动物化石计有3属3种,且均有保存状态较好的角化石,为华南中–晚更新世鹿科化石的研究提供了很好的参考。大赤麂Muntiacus muntjak margae以角的尺寸较大为显著特征,在玉米洞中仅见于中更新世晚期地层中;黑鹿Rusa unicolor的角粗壮、纹饰深,眉枝长且与主枝的夹角为锐角,二者是华南中–晚更新世大熊猫–剑齿象动物群中的常见成员。葛氏斑鹿Cervus (Sika) grayi的角相对纤细、表面纹饰弱、主枝与眉枝夹角为钝角,是在西南地区的首次确切报道。R.unicolor化石标本在玉米洞遗址多数地层可见,而C.(S.) grayi则仅见于代表冰期气候的少数层位中,显示了玉米洞遗址堆积形成时期的古环境波动。     

安徽淮南新生代晚期老洞动物群的兔形类

记述了新生代晚期兔形类的两新种 :淮南上新五褶兔Pliopentalagushuainanensissp .nov .和李氏翼兔Alilepusliisp .nov .,材料产自安徽淮南大居山洞穴堆积的不同层位。淮南上新五褶兔以个体小 ,p3的前褶沟结构简单 ,后内褶沟釉岛状 ,p4～m2具前外褶沟等特征而区别于属型种P .moldaviensis和其他已知种。它是该属迄今所知出现最早、最原始的种类。通过对新种和欧亚大陆其他已知种的比较研究 ,讨论了该属的系统演化关系 ,对属征作了修订。李氏翼兔以p3的后内、外褶沟的釉质层强烈褶曲 ,具衍生的前外褶沟 ,p4～m1的后外褶沟釉质层小褶曲发育而明显不同于欧亚大陆其他种 ,却与北美A .hibbardi、A .vagus等种类更接近 ,推测当时亚洲和北美之间很可能有动物的交流。李氏翼兔除了缺少前褶沟外 ,其他形态特征与上新五褶兔颇为相似 ,而且产出层位比淮南上新五褶兔低。依性状分析 ,上新五褶兔有可能直接起源于翼兔。     

The systematic position of Hoplitomerycidae (Ruminantia) revisited

Hoplitomeryx Leinders was originally described only on cranial characters. The type specimens were found during the 1970's in karstic fissure fillings, most likely of Messinian age, in Gargano (Apulia, southeastern Italy), between Poggio Imperiale (41°49′30′ N, 15°21′58′ E) and Apricena (41°47′06′ N, 15°26′41′ E). During the 1990's, Hoplitomeryx remains were also discovered in the lower Tortonian layered calcarenites near Scontrone (Abruzzo, central Italy; 41°45′15.55′ N, 14°02′13.23′ E). The skull fragments, teeth, and jawbones from both localities have been examined. The dental characters had never been described before, and also some maxillaries and jawbones were not part of the original sample that was analyzed to establish the genus. Because they possess two lacrimal orifices and closed metatarsal gulley, hoplitomerycids have been linked more closely with Cervids, and accommodated in Cervoidea. A cladistic analysis of a character-taxon matrix of 121 morphological features (48 cranial, 51 dental and 22 postcranial characters) is performed. The analysis shows that hoplitomerycids stem either between antilocaprids and bovids, or antilocaprids and giraffids. They are not linked directly with cervids. Hoplitomerycids likely stemmed from a primitive ruminant stock, perhaps around 29 Ma when a land bridge connected the Abruzzo-Apulia platform with the Balkans across the Adriatic Sea. In the new land, hoplitomerycids developed a mosaic of apomorphic and homoplastic (convergent) character states that recall those found in other higher ruminants.     

A species of sea anemone Sagartia elegans (Dalyell, 1848) (Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Sagartiidae) that is new for the Black Sea and is capable of clonal reproduction

In the Black Sea, the sea anemone Sagartia elegans (Dalyell, 1848) has been found for the first time in the Gulf of Odessa (46°31′60 N, 30°48′ E) and karst caves and grottos of the Western Crimea (45°21′ N, 32°30′ E). Previously, S. elegans was known to inhabit coastal waters of Iceland, the British Isles, and continental Europe from Scandinavia to the Adriatic Sea. According to the available data, this gonochoristic species tends to asexual somatic reproduction through laceration: juvenile polyps develop from separated fragments of the pedal disc. A rich color polymorphism is observed. The numerous clonal populations that are found in caves consist of variously sized and similarly colored polyps. All of them descended from one parental individual.     

Length–weight relationship of three Cynoglossus species (C. puncticeps,C. lingua and C. lida) from Chilika lagoon,India

The present study provides length–weight relationship (LWR) of three fish species, Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson, 1846), Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton, 1822 and Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker, 1851) of family Cynoglossidae from Chilika lagoon (19°28′–19°54′N; 85°05′–85°38′E), India. A total of 147 specimens were sampled during March, July and October of 2017 from screen barrier nets (mesh 14 mm to 26 mm) locally called khonda jal operated by local fishermen. The estimated b values derived from the data sets as follows: 3.12 for C. puncticeps, 3.09 for C. lida, and 2.88 for C. lingua.     

Hook selectivity as a mitigating measure in the catches of the stingray Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) (Elasmobranchii,Dasyatidae)

Hook selectivity, sex ratio of catches and relative abundance (Catch Per Unit Effort – CPUE) were assessed for the pelagic stingray Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1872), caught by longline gear in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean over the continental slope and adjacent oceanic area. The catches were carried out at depths of 200–4000 m by research cruises in 2002 and 2003, from Cabo Frio (22°52′S) to Laguna (28°28′S); and by hook selectivity experiments from 2004 to 2008, from Itajaí (26°54′S) to Tramandaí (29°59′S). Hook selectivity experiments indicated higher catches of stingrays with ‘J’ hooks (9/0, 10° offset) commonly used by the pelagic longline fleet than with ‘circle’ hooks (18/0, 10° offset). ‘circle’ hooks reduce the longline by‐catches of this species. Most of the stingrays caught were males (6 : 1). One female aborted mid‐term embryos at the time of capture. CPUE was highest between spring and autumn and lowest during winter.     

New record of anoplocephalid eggs (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) collected from rodent coprolites from archaeological and paleontological sites of Patagonia,Argentina

Results of paleoparasitological examination of rodent coprolites collected from archaeological and paleontological sites from Patagonia, Argentina, are present. Each coprolite was processed, rehydrated, homogenized, spontaneously sedimented and examined using light microscope. Coprolites and eggs were described, measured and photographed, and were compared with current faeces of Lagidium viscacia. Eggs with morphological features, attributed to an anoplocephalid cestode were found in samples collected from Cueva Huenul 1 (36°56′45″S, 69°47′32″W, Neuquén Province, Holocene) and Los Altares Profile (43º53′35″S, 68º23′21″W, Chubut Province, Late Holocene). These are the first findings of this anoplocephalid from faecal material from patagonic rodents.     

Length–weight relationships for Eutropiichthys murius (Hamilton, 1822), Coilia reynaldi Valenciennes, 1848 and Johnius gangeticus Talwar, 1991 from lower stretch of the River Ganga,India

Length‐weight relationships (LWRs) for three fish species from the River Ganga (India) is presented. Sampling was conducted from the lower stretch of the River Ganga (Patna: 25°36′51.66″N & 85°12′7.02″E to Freserganj: 21°35′40.58″N & 88°15′28.92″E) during April, June and September and December of 2017. Specimens were caught using gill nets (18 nos.; mesh 18–32 mm), and bag nets (3 nos.; mesh 14–22 mm). The values a and b from LWRs ‐were found to be 0.007 and 2.977 for Eutropiichthys murius; 0.003 and 3.001 for Coilia reynaldi; 0.009 and 3.010 for Johnius gangeticus.     

Catching of Greenland halibut <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reinhardtius hippoglossoides</Emphasis> (Pleuronectidae) on the shelf edge of the Laptev and East Siberian Seas

The first capture of the Greenland (or Black) halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides in the Arctic Ocean on the border with the East Siberian Sea (79°03′–79°08′ N 139°59′–141°16′ E, 259–277 m) and the repeated findings of the species in the Laptev Sea (78°03′–78°04′ N 132°56′–133°04′ E, 307 m; 78°33′–78°35′ N 138°44′–138°48′ E, 125 m) are reported. Fish (79 specimens with the length of 15.0–44.5 cm) were caught during four bottom trawlings on the edge of the continental shelf of the two seas in the transformed waters of Atlantic origin, as evidenced by the discovery of the indicator species of these waters—the Glacier lanternfish Benthosema glaciale (Myctophidae)—in one of the stomachs of halibut. The other captures of Greenland halibut in the Arctic were also reviewed.     

Length‐weight relationship models of two tropical shads,Tenualosa macrura (Bleeker, 1852) and Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, 1847) in the coastal waters of Sarawak,Malaysia

This study investigates length‐weight and length‐length relationships of two species of the tropical shads, Tenualosa macrura (Bleeker, 1852) and Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, 1847) collected from the coastal waters of Sadong (1°30′59.4”N and 110°44′46.4”E) and Sebuyau (1°31′26.8”N and 110°58′05.8”E), Sarawak, Malaysia. The fish were captured using gill nets (mesh size range 5–12 cm) operated by mechanized boat along the coast of Sadong and Sebuyau, Sarawak. Relative growth coefficient (b) was 2.942 and 3.408 for males and females of T. macrura while 2.909 and 3.178 for males and females of T. toli. All LWRs were significant (p < .05) between sexes for both species with the coefficient of determination (R²) ranging from .85 to .99. This report provides the reference of length weight relationship (LWR) models for the two species in their range of distribution.