贵州省西北部“百里杜鹃林”的土壤生态条件

贵州省西北部“百里杜鹃林”的土壤生态条件庞纯焘,宋铭荷,田光普（贵州教育学院,贵阳５５０００３）（贵州农学院,贵阳５５０００６）ＳｏｉｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅ＂ＨｕｎｄｒｅｄＬｉ（５００ｍ）ＡｚａｌｅａＦｏｒｃｓｔ＂ｉｎＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＧｕｉｚｈｏｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ￥ＰａｎｇＣｈｕｎｔａｏ;ＳｏｎｇＭｉｎｇｈｅ（ＧｕｉｚｈｏｕＥｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,Ｇｕｉｙａｎｇ５５０００３）,ＴｉａｎＧｕａｎｇｐｕ（ＧｕｉｚｈｏｕＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ,Ｇｕｉｙａｎｇ５５０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：４９－５２。Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｖａｓｔａｒｅａｏｆａｚａｌｅａ（Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｐｐ．）ｆｏｒｅｓｔｉｎＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔＧｕｉｚｈｏｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ａｔｆｌｏｗｅｒｉｎｇｓｅａｓｏｎｉｎｓｕｍｍｅｒ,ｉｔｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆｔｏｕｒｉｓｔａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓｒｅｇｉｏｎｉｓｓｏｆａｓｃｉｎａｔｉｎｇｔｈａｔｐｅｏｐｌｅｃａｌｌｉｔ＂ＨｕｎｄｒｅｄＬｉ（５００ｍ）ＡｚａｌｅａＦｏｒｅｓ     

人参连作根际土壤中酚酸物质对人参锈腐病菌的化感效应

采用高效液相色谱法对人参连作根际土壤中的酚酸物质进行了分离鉴定,检测发现人参根际土壤中含有没食子酸、水杨酸、3-苯基丙酸、苯甲酸和肉桂酸5种酚酸物质.采用外源添加法研究该5种酚酸物质对人参锈腐病菌的化感效应.结果表明: 5种酚酸对人参锈腐病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发都表现出高浓度抑制、低浓度促进的作用.没食子酸、水杨酸和苯甲酸在0.5 mmol·L^-1处理浓度下,3-苯基丙酸和肉桂酸在0.05 mmol·L^-1处理浓度下,均能够显著促进人参锈腐病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,并显著加重人参锈腐病病害严重度.     

高压静电场(HVEF)对人参生长及土壤化学性质的影响

对人参植株施以一定强度的高压静电场(HVEF),在一个生长季节里,使人参增产12.6%.皂甙含量提高2.31%,人参中无机元素的含量明显提高,土壤中无机元素含量相应下降.这表明人工施加的正高压静电场可促进人参对土壤中无机无素的吸收及人参产量和质量的提高.     

野生人参与栽培人参种子形态和蛋白电泳的分析

对采自长白山的野生人参与栽培人参（ＰａｎａｘｇｉｎｓｅｎｇＣ．Ａ．Ｍｅｙ．）种子的形态和醇溶蛋白进行比较观察和分析,野生人参种子色泽较深,表面纹饰较均匀,长度和宽度较小,种皮较薄;野生人参种子蛋白图谱条带较少,且同一位点的蛋白含量较低,但其籽粒间图谱有多态性。从而说明野生人参与栽培人参在遗传上有一定差异。     

应用11371复合剂防治人参锈腐病的研究

人参锈腐病是栽培参的主要病害,发病率一般在60—80％,对栽培参的损失很大。由于该病是土传病害,而且致病菌复杂,多年来尚无较好的防治方法。本文介绍了使用抗生素11371为主的复合药剂防治人参锈腐病的情况;几年来田间防效稳定在45％以上,最高防效可达70％,并且用药当年可增产15％左右。     

夏玉米群体光合速率特性及其与冠层结构、生态条件的关系

研究结果表明：高产夏玉米群体光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线。在水肥充足栽培条件下,光照强度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主导因素,最大自然光强下群体光合未测到光饱和点。群体光合速率随CO2浓度(50—900ppm范围)的增加而提高。土壤呼吸释放的CO2量占群体光合速率的11.68%。高产群体所形成的独特环境对单叶光合速率影响很大,群体生长下的单株,在8×104一9×104Lx光下的单叶光合速率为果穗叶高于下部和上部叶,品种、密度间差异不大;冠层自然状态下的单位叶面积光合速率上部叶却高于中、下部叶,高密度下,紧凑型品种高于平展型品种,低密度下则相反。     

土壤中铁锰的形态分布及其有效性研究

以乌鲁木齐雅马里克山的土壤为研究对象,采用Tessier连续提取法对土壤铁、锰各种化学形态进行浸提.研究了土壤中有效铁、锰和土壤的理化性质与土壤铁、锰形态之间的关系,及对铁、锰在土壤中存在形态的影响;并通过盆栽试验对铁、锰的植物有效性进行了分析.结果表明,土壤铁主要以残渣态为主,占全铁的92.3%,其它形态含量均小于全量的8%.土壤锰主要是以铁锰氧化态和残渣态为主,分别占全锰的49%和41.6%,其它形态含量均小于全量的10%.用二级出水灌溉处理可增加铁、锰的有效性,原污水灌溉不利于铁、锰的供应,土壤缺铁、锰的现象可通过施加一定量的铁盐和锰盐而得以改善.相关分析还表明,土壤的理化性质与铁锰形态之间有一定的相关性.供试土壤的pH值、CaCO3含量、有机质及阳离子交换态等对土壤铁、锰的有效性影响较大.逐步回归分析表明,铁的氧化物结合态对植物最为有效,锰的有机结合态对植物有效性贡献最大.     

北方土壤中Mn的形态及其与活性Mn的关系

用逐步连续分级浸提法研究了我国北方主要土壤中Mn的存在形态及其与活性Mn的关系.碱性土壤中Mn的形态分布特征为氧化锰态Mn>残留态Mn>有机质结合态Mn>无定形铁结合态Mn>晶形铁结合态Mn>代换态Mn,与酸性土壤的排列顺序明显不同.碱性上壤条件导致土壤中的Mn更多地向生物无效态转化,使得土壤的活性Mn主要以氧化锰态和代换态存在.     

土壤硒及其与植物硒营养的关系

综述了土壤中Se的形态分布、有效性及其与植物关系研究方面的进展。论述了不同形态的Se在土壤中分布情况、对植物的有效性与土壤pH值、化学及矿物学组成、吸附表面、氧化还原状态等物理化学性质的关系;Se在植物中的富集、转化及其对植物的抗氧化、促进生长、提高产量和质量等各种生物学效应;并在此基础上对Se的应用前景做了展望。     

Influence of environmental factors on content and composition of essential oil from common juniper ripe berry cones (Juniperus communis L.)

Abstract

The present study evaluated the influence of some environmental factors on the quantity and composition of essential oil (EO) in ripe berry cones of Juniperus communis L. The berry cones were collected from juniper shrubs growing wild at five localities of north-east Slovakia during the years 2012–2014. The EO yield ranged from 0.4 to 1.9%, depending on the locality and year. In the EO, eight monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, sabinene, limonene, terpinene-4-ol, borneol, bornylacetate) and one sesquiterpene (β-caryophyllene) were identified. The dominant component was the monoterpene α-pinene, ranging from 31.0 to 49.0%. The amount and composition of the EO was affected by soil composition (content of humus and pH) and topographic environmental factors, including air temperature and precipitation. According to the composition of the EO, the studied juniper shrubs belong to the α-pinene chemotype.     

石灰性土壤上植物根际中Fe,Mn的形态分布及其与植物吸收的关系

研究了石灰性土壤上５种作物品种根际微生态环境中Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ的形态分布．结果表明,交换态Ｆｅ（ＥＸ－Ｆｅ）、碳酸盐结合态Ｆｅ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｆｅ）、无定形氧化铁（ＡＯ－Ｆｅ）和交换态Ｍｎ（Ｅ－Ｍｎ）、碳酸盐结合态Ｍｎ（ＣＡＲＢ－Ｍｎ）在根际土壤中都呈现明显的累积．各品种根际中的累积量有较大差异．相关分析表明,黄潮土上植株含Ｆｅ量、吸Ｆｅ量与根际土壤ＡＯ－Ｆｅ含量呈显著正相关．根际有效态Ｆｅ累积不仅是根际ｐＨ作用的结果,与根系分泌物对难溶性Ｆｅ活化有关．根际有效态Ｍｎ累积则受到根际土壤Ｅｈ的影响．     

土壤放线菌FX05发酵培养基及发酵条件的优化

以高氏1号培养基为基础,通过单因素分析和正交试验,对土壤放线菌FX05最佳培养基扣最优培养条件进行了研究。结果表明：适宜FX05产抑绿脓杆菌活性物质的发酵培养基配方为玉米粉1％、NaNO30．3％、K2HPO40．075％、MgS040．075％,发酵条件为初始pH为7．0,培养温度为28℃,培养96h产抑菌物质迭最大值。     

A novel reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine correlated with the activation of pyruvate formate-lyase

Conversion of the inactive form of pyruvate formate-lyase to the catalytically active enzyme is accomplished by the Fe-dependent ‘enzyme II’; reduced flavodoxin, S-adenosyl-L-methionine and the effector pyruvate are required. It was found that adenosylmethionine is reductively processed during activation of pyruvate formate-lyase to yield methionine, adenine and 5-deoxyribose. We suggest that transient adenosylation of enzyme II is required for its function as a converter enzyme.     

放线菌JSM20.1发酵条件优化及活性物质特性初步研究

采用单因子实验和正交试验对具抑菌活性放线菌JSM20.1发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化,并对其产生的抑菌活性物质的特性进行了初步研究。优化后的最佳发酵培养基:葡萄糖15.0 g,大豆粉10.0 g,NaCl 5.0 g,酵母膏1.0 g,CaCO31.0 g,复合盐A液20 mL,复合盐B液1 mL,水1000 mL,最佳起始pH7.0。优化后的最佳发酵条件:摇瓶装量20%,摇床转速200 r/min,发酵温度28℃。所产生的抑菌活性物质有较好的热稳定性,在强酸、强碱和高温条件下都具有稳定活性,不溶于石油醚和氯仿,溶于乙酸乙酯。     

暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工驯化研究的回顾与前瞻

在全球的牛肝菌物种中,暗褐网柄牛肝菌Phlebopus portentosus是唯一一种成功被人工驯化、实现了周年工厂化栽培的牛肝菌,总产能已达日产16t.暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工栽培技术,从初期的实验室探索阶段,到工厂化栽培的发展阶段,再到工厂化菌株菌种选育的提升阶段,都取得了一定的进步.本文将从暗褐网柄牛肝菌的生态学特性...     

土壤活性有机碳的表征及其生态效应

土壤活性有机碳指在一定的时空条件下,受植物、微生物影响强烈、具有一定溶解性、在土壤中移动比较快、不稳定、易氧化、分解、易矿化,其形态,空间位置对植物、微生物来说活性比较高的那一部分土壤碳素。国外描述这一部分碳素的术语为有效碳、水溶性碳、易氧化碳、可矿...     

不同生态修复方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及胶结物质的影响

土壤团聚体作为土壤结构的基本单元,其结构稳定性对边坡生态修复的效果与可持续性均有重要影响,但胶结物质在边坡生态修复中的作用尚未完全明确,为探明生态修复边坡土壤团聚体稳定性、胶结物质特征及二者之间的关系,进而为评估生态修复效果提供科学依据。选择宜昌市8种不同类型的生态修复边坡进行了实验,分析土壤团聚体稳定性和分形维数及胶结物质的含量,并分析各胶结物质对团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明,(1)生态修复显著地改善了团聚体的粒径分布及稳定性特征,平均重量直径>0.25mm团聚体分量和分形维数三个指标均显著优于裸露边坡。(2)整体上生态修复显著提升了各粒径团聚体内的有机碳含量,且大团聚体内的有机碳含量要高于微团聚体,而铁铝氧化物主要向细粒径团聚体富集(3)冗余分析结果显示铁铝键结合态有机碳、钙结合态有机碳、有机碳是影响生态修复边坡土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性的关键因素。研究可为后续的生态修复工程提供理论支持和技术指导。     

Influence of L-tryptophan and auxins applied to the rhizosphere on the vegetative growth of Zea mays L.

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of L-TRP in comparison with indole-3-acetamide (IAM), tryptophol (TOL) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the growth of Zea mays L. var. Early Sunglow. L-TRP (25 to 2.5×10^–5 mg kg^–1 soil), IAM (22 to 2.2×10^–5 mg kg^–1 soil), TOL (20 to 2.0×10^–5 mg kg^–1 soil), and IAA (22 to 2.2×10^–5 mg kg^–1 soil) were applied as a soil drench to established uniform seedlings. All treatments were applied in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. IAM had no significant effect on the plant growth parameters. Shoot height, uppermost leaf collar base distance, internodal distance, and shoot dry and fresh weights were significantly improved upon the addition of TOL (2.0×10^–2 mg kg^–1 soil), however, the highest concentration (20 mg kg^–1 soil) caused a 14.6% reduction in leaf width. L-TRP (2.5×10^–3 mg kg^-1 soil) also had a significant influence on shoot height, uppermost leaf collar base distance, internodal distance and fresh weight of shoot compared with the control. The highest concentration of L-TRP (25=mg kg^–1 soil) had a negative effect on leaf width and dry weight of the shoot. The most pronounced response on the corn growth parameters was observed with the application of IAA at lower concentrations (2.2×10^–5 to 2.2×10^–2 mg kg^–1 soil) specifically improving root growth. The highest concentration (22 mg kg^–1 soil) of IAA had a significant negative effect on plant height, leaf width, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weight. These findings indicate that L-TRP applied at the appropriate concentrations can have positive effects on corn growth comparable to pure auxins (TOL and IAA).     

Tryptophan-dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil

The presence of auxins in soil may have an ecological impact affecting plant growth and development. A rapid and simple colorimetric method was used to assess California soils for their potential to produce auxins upon the addition of L-tryptophan (L-TRP). The auxin content measured by colorimetry was expressed as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-equivalents. A substrate (L-TRP) concentration of 5.3 g kg^-1, glucose concentration of 6.7 g kg^-1, no nitrogen, pH 7.0, 40°C, shaking (aeration) and 48 h incubation time were selected as standardized conditions to assay for auxin biosynthesis in soil. IAA was confirmed as a major microbial metabolite derived from L-TRP in soil by use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under standardized conditions, L-TRP-derived auxins in 19 soils varied greatly ranging from 18.2 to 303.2 mg IAA equivalents (auxins) kg^-1 soil. This study suggests that the phenotypic character of the soil microbiota has more of an influence on auxin production than the soil physicochemical properties (e.g., pH, organic C content, CEC, etc.).