苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白与DNA分子的相互作用

苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ,简称Ｂｔ)在形成芽孢的同时能够产生伴孢晶体 ,其中含有一种或几种杀虫晶体蛋白 (ＩＣＰｓ,ＩｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｉｄａｌＣｒｙｓｔａｌＰｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ) ,即δ 内毒素[1] 。伴孢晶体进入敏感昆虫的消化道后发生溶解并释放出 2 7～ 1 40ｋＤ的原毒素。在中肠蛋白酶的作用下 ,原毒素被激活为 2 3～ 70ｋＤ的毒性多肽[2～ 4 ] 。随后毒素与中肠刷状缘膜泡 (ＢＢＭＶ ,ＢｒｕｓｈＢｏｒｄｅｒＭｅｍｂｒａｎｅＶｅｓｉｃｌｅ)上的特异受体发生结合并且在细胞膜上形成孔道 ,破坏细胞…     

昆虫对转Bt杀虫蛋白基因植物的抗性及其对策

1　引言苏云金杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ简称Ｂｔ)是目前世界上产量最大、应用最为成功的微生物杀虫剂 ,除了已筛选出多种Ｂｔ菌株直接发酵培养外 ,还培育出转基因工程菌及转基因植物 ,使Ｂｔ的使用范围大为扩大。Ｂｔ在形成芽孢时产生的伴孢晶体是Ｂｔ杀虫活性的主要来源 ,它可能由几种晶体蛋白即δ -内毒素组成 ,包括Ｃｒｙ和Ｃｙｔ两大类。一般认为 ,δ -内毒素的作用过程要经溶解、酶解活化、与受体结合、插入和孔洞或离子通道形成等五个环节[1] ,涉及到多种毒素和作用位点 ,单一因素的改变对其敏感性影响不大 …     

球形芽孢杆菌LP1—G的发酵特性及杀蚊活性

球形芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｐｈａｅｒｉｃｕｓ）ＬＰ１－Ｇ菌株在ＭＢＳ培养基上能正常生长、发育,产生位于芽孢孢外膜外的伴孢晶体。其产生的４１．９和５１．２ｋＤ二元毒素蛋白合成芽孢形成期,另一分子量约为４９ｋＤ蛋白和二元毒素同期全成,并随着芽孢的释放而被降解。生物测定结果表明该菌株在营养体生长阶段对致倦库蚊幼虫无毒,孢子种初期毒力较高,关在整个芽孢形成期都维持较高的毒力水平。其全发酶液对敏感和     

干燥温度对苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体的结构及杀虫活性的影响

用电镜、电泳、生物鉴定等方法,研究了干燥温度对苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克变种苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克变种（ＢａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎＦｉｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒ．Ｋｕｒｓｔａｋｉ）ＨＤ－１的伴孢晶体的结构及杀虫活性的影响。结果表明,０℃冷冻干燥的效果最好,对伴抱晶体的电泳图谱、形态、结构及杀虫活性均无影响;７５Ｃ以下干燥对伴孢晶体的形态和结构略有影响,但对电泳图谱和杀虫活性尚无影响,生产上可以采用。但在７５℃下超过５小时的长时间干燥,对晶体蛋白的空间结构和杀虫活性也有影响,因此,要适当控制干燥时间。８０     

苏云金杆菌伴孢晶体的研究进展

苏云金杆菌能产生伴孢晶体蛋白,又叫δ—内毒素,对鳞翅目、双翅目、甚至鞘翅目的许多种昆虫幼虫有毒性。这类蛋白在芽孢形成期大量合成。对鳞翅目昆虫有毒的伴孢晶体一般为双金字塔形,蛋白质分子量为1.3×10~5道尔顿,对双翅目昆虫有毒的伴孢晶体一般为不规则的立方体,蛋白质分子量6.5×10~4道尔顿。对鞘翅目昆虫有毒的伴孢晶体一般为扁平长方形,蛋白质分子量为6.4×10~4道尔顿。对毒素蛋白的分离纯化办法、物理化学性质、毒理以及其它方面的研究现状做了介绍。     

球形芽孢杆菌LP1-G的发酵特性及杀蚊活性*

球形芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｐｈａｅｒｉｃｕｓ）ＬＰ１－Ｇ菌株在ＭＢＳ培养基上能正常生长、发育,产生位于芽孢孢外膜外的伴孢晶体。其产生的４１．９和５１．２ｋＤ二元毒素蛋白合成于芽孢形成期,另一分子量约为４９ｋＤ蛋白和二元毒素同期合成,并随着芽孢的释放而被降解。生物测定结果表明该菌株在营养体生长阶段对致倦库蚊幼虫无毒,孢子囊初期毒力较高,并在整个芽孢形成期都维持较高的毒力水平。其全发酵液对敏感和抗性库蚊幼虫都具有中等的毒杀作用,对３～４龄幼虫４８ｈ的ＬＣ_５０。值分别为０．１１３和０．１     

利用杆状病毒在昆虫细胞内表达

苏云金杆菌以色列亚种（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒｉｓｒａｅｌｅｎｓｉｓ）的分子量为２７ｋＤ的δ－内毒素蛋白基因,与一个拷贝杆状病毒ｇｐ６７信号肽基因连接后,被插入苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＭＮＰＶ）基因组。在筛选出的３种不同的重组病毒株ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１、ＡｃＢＴＩ５－３和ＡｃＢＴＩ６－３中,前两种表现为多角体阳性,后者为多角体阴性,ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１和ＡｃＢＴＩ６－３在Ｓｆ细胞中表达产生分子量为２６～３０．５ｋＤ的４种与２７ｋＤδ－内毒素蛋白有关的多肽。在ＡｃＢＴＩ５－３感染的细胞中未检测出类似的多肽。粉纹夜蛾在吃了涂有ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１感染的细胞收集物的饲料后,表现典型的苏云金杆菌δ－内毒素中毒症状。被ＡｃＢＴＩ５－１感染的粉纹夜蛾幼虫血淋巴与２７ｋＤδ－内毒素蛋白抗血清呈阳性反应。     

球形芽孢杆菌LP1-G的发酵特性及杀蚊活性

球形芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｐｈａｅｒｉｃｕｓ）ＬＰ１－Ｇ菌株在ＭＢＳ培养基上能正常生长、发育,产生位于芽孢孢外膜外的伴孢晶体。其产生的４１．９和５１．２ｋＤ二元毒素蛋白合成于芽孢形成期,另一分子量约为４９ｋＤ蛋白和二元毒素同期合成,并随着芽孢的释放而被降解。生物测定结果表明该菌株在营养体生长阶段对致倦库蚊幼虫无毒,孢子囊初期毒力较高,并在整个芽孢形成期都维持较高的毒力水平。其全发酵液对敏感和抗性库蚊幼虫都具有中等的毒杀作用,对３～４龄幼虫４８ｈ的ＬＣ_５０。值分别为０．１１３和０．１３７ｍｇ／ｍＬ。该菌株对敏感和抗性致倦库蚊幼虫的毒杀作用可能同其产生４９ｋＤ蛋白相关。     

苏云金杆菌7216菌株的摇瓶发酵试验

用苏云金杆菌发酵生产的杀虫剂是一种不污染环境,对人畜无毒,能有效防治鳞翅目农林害虫的细菌农药,目前已有14个血清型、19个以上的变种,其产毒部分主要是δ-内毒素即伴孢晶体和芽孢。作为蔬菜无公害生产的技术措施,我国应用杀虫菌剂综合防治蔬菜害虫取得了较大进展,其中细菌农药的发酵即应用苏云金杆菌7216、HD-1等优良菌株,为使其工艺控制符合发酵生产的要求,达到菌数多、毒力高、周期短、成本低等综合指标,我们对7216进行了摇瓶发酵试验,研究不同培养条件下的呼吸作用、生长繁殖、营养利用及伴孢晶体和芽孢的形成,为工业发酵生产提供科学依据。     

我国仓贮昆虫病原芽孢杆菌的研究

对９５１个样品分离鉴定,有７４７个样品含芽孢杆菌,有菌率为７８．５５％．共分离得到芽孢杆菌１１３８株,其中苏云金杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ,简称Ｂ．ｔ）１４３株,占１２．５％;球形芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｈａｅｒｉｃｕｓ,简称Ｂ．ｓ）１１株,占０．９７％;其他芽孢杆菌９８４株,占８６．４０％．从芽孢杆菌中选出产生晶体、苏云金素或磷酸酯酶Ｃ（ＰｈｏｓｐｈａｌｉｐａｓｅＣ,简称ＰＬＣ）的毒素菌株１６８株,其中Ｂ．ｔ占１４３株,Ｂ．ｓ有５株,其他芽孢杆菌１０株．在产毒素菌株中,经测定有１２０株菌对供试昆虫毒性达标．占７７．９２％．不同菌株的杀虫毒素、杀虫范围和毒力各异,认为这种差异取决于毒素和虫种两方面的特异性．     

粘虫颗粒体病毒对苏云金杆菌的增效特性及对Bt毒蛋白的降解活化作用

以小菜蛾Plutella xylostella为试虫,采用生物测定方法测定了粘虫颗粒体病毒（Pseudaletia unipuncta granulosis virus,PuGV-Ps）对苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）的增效作用。结果表明：不同配伍PuGV-Ps和Bt间的共毒系数在105.3至195.0之间, PuGV-Ps对Bt毒力具有增强作用,其中以Bt∶PuGV-Ps为4∶1增效作用最明显,72 h LC₅₀为0.039 mg/mL。不同温度和pH值都影响PuGV-Ps对Bt的增效作用,16℃～20℃增效程度明显高于24℃～32℃,而碱性条件下（pH 8～9）增效作用更显著。PuGV-Ps对Bt的增效作用因小菜蛾龄期不同而变化,2、3龄幼虫死亡率较单独使用Bt分别提高了50%和30.31%,而作用于低龄（1龄）和高龄（4龄）幼虫时对Bt的增效作用不显著。PuGV-Ps饲喂2 h后再接毒Bt,小菜蛾死亡率明显提高,48 h死亡率达66.67％,较直接饲喂Bt+PuGV-Ps处理死亡率提高了53.87％,差异极显著。SDS-PAGE表明PuGV-Ps具有碱性蛋白酶的活性,离体条件下能促进δ-内毒素酶解为47 kD,60 kD和61 kD的毒性肽。     

Specific activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis strain against Locusta migratoria manilensis

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has played an important role in biocontrol of pests. However, insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis against locusts has been rarely reported. Bt strain BTH-13 exhibiting specific activity to locusts was isolated from a soil sample in China and characterized. Its bipyramidal parasporal crystal is mainly composed of a protein of 129 kDa, and produces a mature toxin of 64 kDa after activation. The pattern of total DNA from BTH-13 showed a large and three small plasmid bands. Known δ-endotoxin genes, cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1C, cry3, cry4 and cry7Aa were not found from strain BTH-13 by PCR amplification. The sequence analysis of a DNA fragment produced by PCR amplification with degenerate cry-selective primers revealed that the fragment encoded a δ-endotoxin segment, which exhibited some similarity to several Cry proteins (41% of the highest similarity to Cry7Ba1). Toxicity tests were performed against Locusta migratoria manilensis, and the results demonstrated that trypsin-treated sporulated cultures and crystal proteins had high toxicity to larval and adult locusts. Cry toxin of BTH-13 was detected on the midguts of treated locusts using immunofluorescent technology, which confirmed the site of action of the crystal proteins in their toxicity for locusts.     

Germinant Generation from δ-endotoxin of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> Strain 1.1

The novel finding of this study is that the δ-endotoxin present in the spore coat of Bacillus thuringiensis strain 1.1 (Bt1.1), plays a central role in spore germination by generation of germinant via its β-glucosidase activity and is based on the following: (i) the crystals of Bt1.1 consist of the 140 kDa δ-endotoxin which exhibits β-glucosidase enzymatic activity. Besides crystals, δ-endotoxin is also located in the spore coat and at this site displays β-glucosidase activity, resulting in glucose production; (ii) glucose is an efficient germinant of both Bt1.1 and acrystalliferous Bt4.1 strain; (iii) substrates of β-glucosidase can activate the germination of Bt1.1 spores, but not those of the acrystalliferous Bt4.1 sister strain that do not contain the 140 kDa δ-endotoxin; (iv) Reduction or enhancement of enzymatic activity of δ-endotoxin, results in retardation or acceleration of germination and outgrowth, respectively. Bt1.1 cells secrete a 60 kDa polypeptide which displays β-glucosidase activity as indicated by zymogram analysis and which is immunologically related to the 140 kDa δ-endotoxin.     

Semi-solid state fermentation of food waste for production of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> biopesticide

In this study, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) biopesticide was produced through different fermentation processes using food waste with different water contents. The semi-solid state sample with 75% water content presented the highest δ-endotoxin efficiency of 862 μg/mL. δ-endotoxin efficiency increased by 30.2% from that of the solid-state sample (50% water content) and 73.8% from that of the submerged sample (99% water content). Results confirmed that semi-solid state fermentation presents considerable advantages compared with other fermentation types (solid-state and submerged). The timing adjustment of pH and recycling fermentation effectively counteracted the inhibition of pH and product, thereby increasing δ- endotoxin efficiency to 1,648 and 2,478 μg/mL (accumulated value of all four fermentation loops), respectively. A δ- endotoxin slow-release formulation using polylactic acid as the carrier was also developed to effectively promote the stability of Bt biopesticide.     

The crystal δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis: Models for their mechanism of action on the insect gut

The crystal δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are a family of insecticidal proteins which have been known for some time to kill insects by lysing their gut epithelial cells, but the precise molecular mechanism of toxicity has remained elusive. The recent publication of the crystal structure of a Bt δ-endotoxin has made it possible for us to model the molecular events that occur as the toxin binds to its receptor and inserts into the membrane to form a pore. Using our knowledge of insect gut physiology, we can also predict the effect on the insect of the formation of a toxic pore. We present a new model to explain the events that occur in the insect gut during toxin action.     

Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki δ-endotoxin on isolated lepidopteran mitochondria

An investigation was undertaken to determine the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki δ-endotoxin on mitochondria isolated from Bombyx mori midgut epithelium. Using manometric and colorimetric techniques, the investigation revealed that toxic polypeptides had stimulatory effects on mitochondria oxygen uptake and inhibitory effects on ATP production. These results indicated that B. thuringiensis δ-endotoxin could act as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Loss of ATP production caused by the action of the δ-endotoxin would lead to metabolic imbalance and possible cell death.     

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis entomocidal protein toward cultured insect tissue

The entomocidal protein from crystalline inclusion bodies of Bacillus thuringiensis can be bioassayed in vitro using cultured insect tissue. Larval cells of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, are damaged by enzyme-digested (activated) protein isolated from B. thuringiensis crystals. Measurement of toxicity is accomplished by detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in treated cultures using firefly bioluminescence. The ATP content of toxin-treated tissue is inversely proportional to the amount of toxin added. Tissue cells from the spruce budworm exhibited maximum susceptibility to activated δ-endotoxin after 120 hr incubation. Probit analysis of tissue ATP response to toxin dose indicated 50% of the cells were damaged by 14.6 μg or less of toxin protein per 2 × 10⁵ insect tissue cells. Activated δ-endotoxin was entomocidal to insects as well, as detemined by mortality studies with second-instar larvae of the European corn borer. Electron microscopic observations of insect tissue treated with activated δ-endotoxin protein for 60 min revealed massive outer membrane disruption and subsequent loss of cytoplasmic constituents, accompanied by swelling of the nuclear membrane.     

Role of alkaline phosphatase in insecticidal action of Cry1Ac against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> larvae

Cry1Ac δ-endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is used as a bio-pesticide for the control of Helicoverpa armigera. Aminopeptidases N (APN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) play critical roles in its action against H. armigera larvae. The binding of Cry1Ac with brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV) proteins was increased with the larval development although the sensitivity of larvae to δ-endotoxins decreased. There was higher expression of ALP than APN in early instar larvae with a ~10-fold higher affinity of Cry1Ac towards ALP than to APN. Binding to a specific receptor is therefore more important for the insecticidal activity rather than overall binding to the BBMV proteins. ALP might play a major role in toxicity as compared to APN.     

Neither barium nor calcium prevents the inhibition by Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin of sodium- or potassium gradient-dependent amino acid accumulation by tobacco hornworm midgut brush border membrane vesicles

Rapid filtration assays were used to determine the effects of barium, calcium and an insecticidal δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis on sodium and potassium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation by brush border membrane vescles from the larval midgut of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Neither barium nor calcium had a significant effect on sodium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation by the membrane vesicles. Both barium and calcium inhibited potassium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation by the membrane vesicles. B. thuringiensis δ-endotoxin inhibited both sodium and potassium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation by the vesicles. Inhibition of both sodium and potassium ion gradient dependent phenylalanine accumulation increased similarly with increasing δ-endotoxin inhibition of either sodium or potassium dependent phenylalanine accumulation by the vesicles.     

Dual production of amylase and δ-endotoxin by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki during biphasic fermentation

This study examined the efficacy of a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain in producing amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) as a by-product without affecting its unique ability for producing δ-endotoxin, thus to establish a cultivation strategy for the dual production and recovery of both δ-endotoxin and amylase from the fermented medium with an industrial perspective. LB medium was individually supplemented (5 to 100%, wt/vol) with flour from six naturally available starchy stored foods (banana, Bengal gram, jack seed, potato, taro or tapioca); after initial fermentation (12 h), the supernatant in the medium obtained by centrifugation (1000 g, 10 min) was used for harvesting amylase and the resultant pellet was further incubated aseptically for the production of endospores and δ-endotoxin by solid-state fermentation. Maximum crude amylase activity (867 U/gram dry substrate, 12 h) was observed in potato flour-supplemented medium (10% wt/vol, 12 h), while the activity in LB control was only 4.36 U/mL. SDS-PAGE profile of the crude (supernatant), as well as partially purified (40–60% (NH₄)₂SO₄ fractionation) amylase showed that its apparent molecular mass was 51 kDa, which was further confirmed by native PAGE. The harvest of industrially significant extracellular amylase (probably α-amylase) produced as a byproduct during early growth phase would boost the economics of the Bt-based bio-industry engaged in δ-endotoxin production.