生物多样性与林木育种

保护生物多样性在林木育种中必须予以重视。传统的林木育种主要考虑遗传增益。长期育种则以维持育种群体的变异性为主要目的。具有丰富生物多样性的天然森林群体是长期育种的基础。长期育种研究应以物种生物学、群体遗传学和居群生态学等为理论基础。主要研究森林群体的性质及群体的动态变化规律。传统林木育种的研究方向、研究内容及林木育种学的教学内容等都应予以适当的调整和补充。     

生物逆境和共生状态下植物的蛋白质组学研究

蛋白质组技术已广泛应用于植物遗传、发育和生理生态等诸多生物学领域,主要研究植物的遗传多样性、植物发育、组织分化、植物对非生物逆境(包括高温、低温、高盐和干旱等)和生物逆境(病虫害)的适应机制和植物与微生物(根瘤共生体)相互作用机制。本文综述了微生物与植物互作的蛋白质组研究进展,包括有害和有益的相互作用,同时对植物蛋白质组学的发展前景进行了讨论。     

植物蛋白质组学研究进展Ⅱ.蛋白质组技术在植物生物学研究中的应用

蛋白质组技术已广泛应用于植物遗传、发育和生理生态等诸多生物学领域, 主要研究植物的遗传多样性、植物发育(如种子成熟与发芽过程)、组织器官的分化过程、不同亚细胞结构的新蛋白组分的发现及其功能鉴定、植物对非生物逆境(包括高温、低温、高盐和干旱等)和生物逆境(病虫害)的适应机制和植物与微生物(根瘤共生体)相互作用机制。同时对植物蛋白质组学的发展前景进行了讨论。     

蛋白质组学在细胞凋亡研究中的应用

细胞凋亡是一种遗传决定的在多细胞生物生长发育和稳态维持中发挥重要作用的细胞程序性死亡. 正常细胞中细胞凋亡程序受精细调控, 而肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等多种疾病的发生与细胞凋亡的失调密切相关, 因此对其分子机制的研究备受关注. 在过去的20多年研究中, 发现很多凋亡相关的蛋白质被翻译后机制调控, 包括蛋白质剪切、转位、蛋白质相互作用和各种翻译后修饰等, 这些正是蛋白质组学的研究范畴. 近年来, 蛋白质组学技术飞速发展, 并与遗传学和化学生物学等学科交叉, 推动了功能蛋白质组学和化学/药物蛋白质组学的发展, 并被迅速地应用于细胞凋亡研究领域, 有对细胞凋亡研究产生重要影响的潜力. 本文综述了近年来本实验室及国际上运用蛋白质组学技术和策略研究细胞凋亡的主要进展, 同时展望了蛋白质组学在凋亡研究领域的方向和挑战.     

蜜蜂蛋白质组学研究新进展北大核心CSCD

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代的重要技术之一,随着超高压液相色谱、高分辨率和高灵敏度生物大分子质谱技术的快速发展,近年来在蜜蜂生物学和蜂产品研究领域的研究应用越来越广,蜜蜂的许多重要生物学形成机理被解析,蜂产品中的重要功能成分不断被鉴定,这对促进我国蜂学领域的原始创新具有重要意义。对近年来国际蜜蜂蛋白质组学的研究进行系统综述,旨在促进我国蜜蜂生物学和养蜂业的发展。     

非模式植物蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质组学研究是对基因组学研究的重要补充,它是在蛋白质水平定量、动态、整体性研究生物体。该文简要介绍了蛋白质组学的含义,蛋白质组学及植物蛋白质组学产生的科学背景,蛋白质组学的研究内容。概述了非模式植物蛋白质组学的研究进展,主要包括非模式植物个体及群体蛋白质组学,组织和器官蛋白质组学,亚细胞蛋白质组学,响应环境变化的蛋白质组学以及非模式植物生物环境因子的蛋白质组学的研究情况,同时对植物蛋白质组学的发展前景进行了展望。     

末端蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质是一类重要的生物大分子,参与生物体的各种生命活动。蛋白质组学研究主要致力于从整体水平上对一个生物体包含的所有蛋白质进行定性和定量分析。蛋白质的末端参与众多的生物学过程,与蛋白质的转运、定位、凋亡和降解等有密切联系。因此,详细研究末端蛋白质组学将有助于揭示相关的生物学机制,是蛋白质组学研究的重点之一。本文就蛋白质末端的修饰、功能、研究方法及应用前景进行简要综述。     

磷酸化蛋白质组学分析和定量技术的研究进展

蛋白质的磷酸化是一种可逆性的蛋白质翻译后修饰,在生物体内起着极为重要的作用.近年来蛋白质翻译后修饰日益成为蛋白质组研究的热点之一.定量磷酸化蛋白质组学方法和技术的快速发展为研究蛋白质磷酸化时空动态变化,更好地了解生物学功能调节网络奠定了坚实的基础.作为蛋白质组学研究的一个重要组成部分,定量磷酸化蛋白质组学因其磷酸化蛋白质所具有的独特特征,在技术和方法研究方面将面临更为严峻的挑战.综述了磷酸化蛋白质组学定量的一些分析技术和方法的发展现状、优缺点以及未来的发展趋势.     

蜜蜂蛋白质组学研究新进展

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代的重要技术之一,随着超高压液相色谱、高分辨率和高灵敏度生物大分子质谱技术的快速发展,近年来在蜜蜂生物学和蜂产品研究领域的研究应用越来越广,蜜蜂的许多重要生物学形成机理被解析,蜂产品中的重要功能成分不断被鉴定,这对促进我国蜂学领域的原始创新具有重要意义。对近年来国际蜜蜂蛋白质组学的研究进行系统综述,旨在促进我国蜜蜂生物学和养蜂业的发展。     

生物技术与林木遗传改良——现状与前景

现代生物技术是70年代初在重组DNA技术、细胞培养技术以及生物反应技术等深入发展的基础上产生的一门新兴学科。一般认为生物技术包括细胞工程、基因工程、酶工程和发酵工程等四个方面。近十几年来,生物技术在林木遗传改良中应用的研究越来越受到重视,尽管这些研究尚处于初级阶段,但已取得了一些令 人鼓舞的成果,并在林木遗传改良方面展示了 其广阔的应用前景。     

Proteomics in the fruit tree science arena: New insights into fruit defense,development, and ripening

Fruit tree crops are agricultural commodities of high economic importance, while fruits also represent one of the most vital components of the human diet. Therefore, a great effort has been made to understand the molecular mechanisms covering fundamental biological processes in fruit tree physiology and fruit biology. Thanks to the development of cutting‐edge “omics” technologies such as proteomic analysis, scientists now have powerful tools to support traditional fruit tree research. Such proteomic analyses are establishing high‐density 2DE reference maps and peptide mass fingerprint databases that can lead fruit science into a new postgenomic research era. Here, an overview of the application of proteomics in key aspects of fruit tree physiology as well as in fruit biology, including defense responses to abiotic and biotic stress factors, is presented. Α panoramic view of ripening‐related proteins is also discussed, as an example of proteomic application in fruit science.     

柳树遗传学研究现状与前景

柳树种类繁多,分布广泛,是重要的阔叶树种,其遗传学研究也较早受到重视。该文从柳树性状遗传变异、群体遗传、遗传鉴定、遗传图谱构建和QTL定位几个角度介绍了柳树遗传学的研究进展,并结合木本植物的特点和柳树的生物学特性进行分析,认为柳树是理想的林木遗传学研究材料,可作为模式树种,应受到特别关注。     

柳树遗传学研究现状与前景

柳树种类繁多, 分布广泛, 是重要的阔叶树种, 其遗传学研究也较早受到重视。该文从柳树性状遗传变异、群体遗传、遗传鉴定、遗传图谱构建和QTL定位几个角度介绍了柳树遗传学的研究进展, 并结合木本植物的特点和柳树的生物学特性进行分析, 认为柳树是理想的林木遗传学研究材料, 可作为模式树种, 应受到特别关注。     

Climber species composition, abundance and relationship with trees in a Nigerian secondary forest

Climbers play different roles in forest biology and ecology and are the first to be eliminated during forest clearing but little is known about the species composition, distribution and relationship with tree species of this group of plants of tropical forest. This study thus investigated the species composition, abundance and tree relationship of climbers along altitudinal gradient in four 0.06 ha plots in a secondary forest at Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. All trees ≥10 cm g.b.h were examined for the presence of climbers in the plots. There were 49 climber species consisting of 35 liana and fourteen vine species distributed over 41 genera and 28 families in the forest. Lianas contributed 34% and vines 13.7% of the plant species in the forest. Climber basal area, density, number of species, genera and families increased with altitude. Forty‐two per cent (42%) of the trees in the forest carried climbers. There was significant positive correlation (P ≤ 0.05) between girth sizes of host trees of 31–50 cm with the girths of climbers on them indicating that trees of these girth sizes are highly susceptible to climber infestation. Tree species host density and size are important factors in determining the presence of climbers on a tree.     

2014蛋白质组学专刊序言

蛋白质组学研究是后基因组学时代最重要的功能基因组学研究之一,与医学生物学、化学、物理学、信息学以及现代技术等关系十分密切。为了检阅近年来国内外蛋白质组学某些重要研究进展,探索其可能的应用范围,讨论其存在的问题,展望其发展前景,特组织出版"蛋白质组学专刊"。本期专刊包括综述和研究论文两部分,内容主要涉及不同物种(包括人类、哺乳类动物、原核生物、放线菌等)蛋白质组学研究、蛋白质组学重要方法学与技术研究(包括串联质谱分析、尿蛋白膜保存法、定量蛋白质组学分折、meta分析等)和蛋白质组功能与应用研究(包括蜘蛛毒素蛋白质组、磷酸化蛋白质组、卵母细胞和早期胚胎蛋白质组、肝脏纤维化蛋白质组、分枝杆菌耐药的蛋白质组等)。     

肾脏蛋白质组学研究进展

随着现代分子生物学及基因工程技术的发展,蛋白质组学的研究有了长足进步。肾脏疾病作为世界范围内常见的重要疾病。针对肾脏结构、功能、病理生理方面的蛋白质组学研究日益受到重视和深入研究。本文综述了近年来蛋白质组学发展的相关重要新兴技术,以及应用这些技术在肾脏结构、功能、生理病理、分子标记物等各领域的肾脏的蛋白质组学取得的主要研究进展。     

Forest biotechnology: Innovative methods, emerging opportunities

Summary The productivity of plantation forests is essential to meet the future world demand for wood and wood products in a sustainable fashion and in a manner that preserves natural stands and biodiversity. Plantation forestry has enormously benefited from development and implementation of improved silvicultural and forest management practices during the past century. A second wave of improvements has been brought about by the introduction of new germplasm developed through genetics and breeding efforts for both hardwood and conifer tree species. Coupled with the genetic gains achieved through tree breeding, the emergence of new biotechnological approaches that span the fields of plant developmental biology, genetic transformation, and discovery of genes associated with complex multigenic traits have added a new dimension to forest tree improvement programs. Significant progress has been made during the past five years in the area of plant regeneration via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE) for economically important tree species. These advances have not only helped the development of efficient gene transfer techniques, but also have opened up avenues for deployment of new high-performance clonally replicated planting stocks in forest plantations. One of the greatest challenges today is the ability to extend this technology to the most elite germplasm, such that it becomes an, economically feasible means for large-scale production and delivery of improved planting stock. Another challenge will be the ability of the forestry research community to capitalize rapidly on current and future genomics-based elucidation of the underlying mechanisms for important but complex phenotypes. Advancements in gene cloning and genomics technology in forest trees have enabled the discovery and introduction of value-added traits for wood quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses into improved genotypes. With these technical advancements, it will be necessary for reliable regulatory infrastructures and processes to be in place worldwide for testing and release of trees improved through biotechnology. Commercialization of planting stocks, as new varieties generated through clonal propagation and advanced breeding programs or as transgenic trees with high-value traits, is expected in the near future, and these trees will enhance the quality and productivity of our plantation forests.     

Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees

Trees are key ecosystem engineers. Many analyses of the genetic diversity of forest trees over substantial parts of their distributional ranges are appearing. These studies are of relevance for forest and landscape management, the inventory of botanical genetic resources and the conservation biology of rare, endemic, relictual, and endangered tree species. This review focuses on (i) recent investigations of the influence of human disturbances, (ii) comparative analyses of closely related and hybridizing species, (iii) reconstructions of refugia and of the spread of tree populations during the postglacial, (iv) studies of both range-wide and range-edge genetic patterns, and (v) assessments of the role of tree genetic diversity in the face of future climate warming. There is a need to include more tropical and austral trees in genetic analyses, as most studies have dealt with the relatively species-poor Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Further studies are also needed on the role of tree genetic diversity in variations in phenology, resistance to insect defoliators and fungal pathogens, reactions to increased CO₂ and ozone concentrations, growth, mortality rates and other traits. Most macroecological and scaling patterns of species richness still need to be studied for genetic diversity. Open research questions in this rapidly evolving field involve invasion biology, island biogeography, and urban ecology. There is a need for more knowledge transfer from the many studies of tree genetic diversity to the day-to-day management of trees and forests.     

Proteomics and phosphoproteomics for the mapping of cellular signalling networks

Proteomics is transitioning from inventory mapping to the mapping of functional cellular contexts. This has been enabled by progress in technologies as well as conceptual strategies. Here, we review recent advances in this area with focus on cellular signalling pathways. We discuss genetics-based methods such as yeast two hybrid methods as well as biochemistry-based methods such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, quantitative proteomics, interaction proteomics, and phosphoproteomics. A central tenet is that by its ability to capture dynamic changes in protein expression, localisation and modification modern proteomics has become a powerful tool to map signal transduction pathways and deliver the functional information that will promote insights in cell biology and systems biology.