血厉螨属一新种（蜱螨亚纲：厉螨科）

本文记述血厉螨属一新种,角跗血厉螨Ｈａｅｍｏｌａｅｌａｐｓ ｓｃｌｅｒｏｔａｒｓｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,标本采自宁夏中卫县,该种足Ｉ跗节角化特别强,色深超过背板;躯体表面覆有白色膜状物为其主要特征。     

青海真厉螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲,中气门目,厉螨科)

记述我国真厉螨属一新种,即高原真厉螨Eulaelaps plateau sp.nov..新种近似于厩真厉螨Eulaelaps stabularis Koch,1836和拟厩真厉螨E.substabularis Yang et Gu,1986,模式标本采自青海省久治县和河南县的根田鼠Microtus oeconomus体外.     

厉螨科一新属及二新种（蜱螨亚纲：革螨股）

本文记述厉螨科一新属,双厉螨属,其主要特征;角化较强,体毛壮,背毛２９对,颚角粗钝具纵裂,头盖尖角形,胸板六角形,各角均尖突,殖腹板毛１对;各足股,膝节上均具长毛,模式种为天牛邓厉螨,新种。另一种则为副单阳厉螨。模式标本均采自云南省的甲虫体上。     

革螨足Ⅰ跗节的化感器——截肢前后的驱避试验和扫描电镜观察

革螨化学感受器的研究,不仅是阐明革螨的某些行为和习性的生理基础,而且是利用驱避剂防螨、利用诱杀灭螨和利用捕食性革螨生物防治其他害虫的生理基础。曾有茅舍血厉螨(Haemolaelaps casalis)、毒棘厉螨(Laelaps echidninus)、古拉广厉螨(Cosmolaelaps gurabensis)、家蝇巨螯螨(Macrocheles muscaedomesticae)和Dermanyssus prognephilus等革螨对化学刺激反应的研究报道(孟阳春1964,孟阳春等1966,Farish＆Axtell 1966,Davis＆Camin 1977等)。为了进一步证明革螨第一对足跗节的化学感受器,本文对四种革螨做了截肢前后的驱避试验,并用扫描电镜对第一跗节的形态进行了观察。     

厉螨科－新属及二新种（蜱螨亚纲：革螨股）

本文记述厉螨科一新属,邓厉螨属Ｔｅｎｇｉｌａｅｌａｐｓｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ,其主要特征;角化较强,体毛壮,背毛２９对;颚角粗钝,具纵裂;头盖尖角形;胸板六角形,各角均尖突;殖腹板毛１对;各足股、膝节上均具长毛、模式种为天牛邓厉螨,新种Ｔｅｎｇｉｌａｅｌａｐｓｃｅｒａｍｂｙｃｉｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。另一新种为副单阳厉螨ＡｎｄｒｏｌａｅｌａｐｓＰａｒａｓｉｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。模式标本均采自云南省的甲虫体上。     

中国尖棱甲螨科(甲螨亚目,尖棱甲螨总科)一新纪录属一新种

记述了中国尖棱甲螨科1新纪录属1新种,扁毛片尖棱甲螨Laminizetes tabulatus Huang et Yang,sp.nov..新种是片尖棱甲螨属Laminizetes的第2个种,其主要鉴别特征是:吻圆;后背板毛10对,粗壮略扁平;梁片状,大而宽;梁毛le和梁间毛in粗壮,具浓密微刺,略扁平;感器长,梭形;腿节和胫节Ⅰ～Ⅳ以及跗节Ⅰ～Ⅱ上的l″毛、跗节Ⅰ上的pl″毛、跗节Ⅱ上ft″毛粗壮,具浓密微刺;跗节Ⅱ上s毛呈大齿梳状;腿节Ⅲ上l″毛较长.此外,还对新种和模式种之间的差异做了较详细的比较.     

云南省厉螨科一新属新种（蜱螨亚纲：革螨股）

在云南陇川县的蟋蟀Gryllus sp.体上采得一种革螨,系厉螨科Ltelapidae Berlese中未曾描述过的种类,并为之建立新属,订名为滇厉螨属Dianolaelaps gen.nov.,属模标本为蟋蟀滇厉螨Dianolaelaps gryllus sp.nov.。新属的主要鉴别特征是:雌螨螯钳动趾端部分三叉;颚角内侧有沟漕并具齿突;口下片末端,在颚角与下咽间有长圆形结构,其内缘并具透明的尖齿列;涎针有膜状结构包绕;足Ⅰ—Ⅲ基节各具一棘,各基节远端侧具细小毛列。     

中国岩螨属一新种记述(蜱螨目:叶螨科)

岩螨属(Petrobia Murray,1877)雌螨背面观椭圆形,具3对前足体背毛,9对后半体背毛和1对肩毛。背毛均不着生在结节上。足Ⅰ跗节具2对双毛。跗节爪垫状,具粘毛。爪间突钩状,具2列指向腹侧的粘毛。     

中国苔螨亚科新纪录

本文报导我国苔螨亚科中的1个中国新记录属和4个新记录种。 中苔螨属Mesobryobia Wainstein,1956 前足体背面有向前突出的檐突,两侧明显突出,突出部位各着生1根刚毛。内骶毛间距大于后半体3对背中毛间距,内骶毛未达边缘;最后3对后半体背毛部分或全部着生于明显的结节上。跗节真爪和爪间突爪状,着生有粘毛。气门沟末端缠结。背毛13对,其中前足体背毛3对,后足体背毛10对。基节毛式为2-2-1-1。     

新疆岩螨属一新种：蜱螨目：叶螨科

岩螨属Petrobia Murray,1877至今全世界已知32种。我国曾报道过4种(王慧芙,1981)。本文记述1新种。测量单位为μm。新疆岩螨Petrobia xinjiangensis Tan et Wang,新种(图1—13) 雌螨:体长467,包括喙591,宽364;卵圆形,褐红色。 须肢跗节长为宽的2倍,背感器棒形,具明显横纹;端感器和刺突均为刺状,等长。口针鞘前端圆钝;气门沟末端缠结,个体间形状、大小有差异。 前足体背中央部位光滑,侧面表皮纹纵向;后半体背表皮纹横向。背毛粗壮,近末     

Structure of the tarsi in some Stenus species (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae): external morphology,ultrastructure, and tarsal secretion

SEM studies show that the differentiation among Stenus species with respect to the formation of the tarsi (wide bilobed vs. slender tarsomeres) takes place with a considerable augmentation of tarsal ventral setae in wide bilobed tarsomeres. The structural diversity of ventral tarsal setae among and within species is discussed with respect to 1) their different roles as mechanosensilla and tenent setae, respectively, and 2) the different selection pressures in terms of adhesive requirements along the longitudinal tarsus axis. The tarsi are provided with four groups of tarsal mechanosensilla, comprising hair and bristle sensilla, campaniform sensilla, and scolopidia. The tarsus wall is supported by an epidermis, which forms three different types of glands pouring their secretion via different exit paths onto the outer cuticle. The organization and ultrastructure of each of these glands is described. Only one (unicellular) gland is directly associated with the ventral tenent setae and is thus considered to form the main part of the adhesive secretion. The beetles appear to release the tarsal secretion through mediation of the tenent setae, which contains a lipid and a proteinaceous fraction. I propose that the secretion is discharged to the outside via a system of very fine pore canals in the wall of the setal shaft. Gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy revealed that the lipid fraction of the secretion is a mixture of unsaturated fatty acid glycerides and aliphatic hydrocarbons whose spectra are similar to those of extractions of the superficial lipid coating of the body surface.     

Adaptation of sensory systems of gamasid mites (Parasitiformes, Gamasina) to dwelling in different environment

The main complication sensory organs (the palpal organ and the tarsal sensory complex) of several species of gamasid mites were studied in scanning electron microscope. The species examined included permanent ectoparasites (Laelaps agilis, Laelaptidae), parasites of the nasal cavity and respiratory tract of birds (Sternostoma tracheocolum and Ptilonyssus reguli, Rhinonyssidae), dwellers of the sea littoral zone (Parasitus kempersi, Parasitus immanis, Parasitidae), and mites found on soil and on plants (Amblyseius barkeri, Parasitidae). Similar sensillar types, including olfactory SW-WP sensilla, contact chemo-mechanosensory (SW-UP and DW-UP) sensilla, termo-chemo-mechanosensitive (DW-WP) sensilla of two types, and tactile (NP) sensilla were found in all these species, excluding endoparasites, where some sensillar types (in particular, DW-WP sensilla with slit-like pores) are absent. It was shown that the topography of olfactory SW-WP sensilla of the tarsal complex reflects taxonomic position and phylogenetic history of mite genera, whereas the number of certain sensillar types and the degree of their development reflect ecological specialization of species. The palpal organ is characterized by rather uniform structure in mites of different families, dwellers of different environments, except for the endoparasites of the family Rhinonyssidae, where this organ is strongly reduced.     

Tarsal chemoreception in the polyphagous grasshopper Schistocerca americana: behavioural assays, sensilla distributions and electrophysiology

ABSTRACT Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of Schistocerca americana (Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to chemical stimulation of the tarsi were investigated. Using restrained insects, differences in leg-waving behaviour were observed following stimulation by sucrose and nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT), compared to control stimulations by water. Furthermore, free-walking insects were able to detect NHT on leaf surfaces, resulting in leg-raising to avoid tarsal contact.
SEM studies showed the presence of numerous peg chemoreceptor sensilla on the ventral surface of the tarsus. Tip recordings from such pegs showed activity from up to three chemosensitive neurones, plus a mechanoreceptor neurone. Stimulation by NaCl and KC1 elicited similar responses from two or three neurones in all sensilla tested, with increased firing rates at higher concentrations. Sucrose caused an increase in firing rate in few sensilla. In such cases several neurones were stimulated, and there was no evidence of a specific neurone sensitive to sucrose. In contrast, NHT elicited rapid firing in a single neurone, which was not sensitive to NaCl. Stimulation by NHT also inhibited the activity of the NaCl-sensitive neurones.
Possible mechanisms for chemical discrimination in S. americana tarsi are compared with those previously proposed for grasshopper mouthpart sensilla, and the significance of a NHT-sensitive neurone in tarsal sensilla is discussed.     

Comparative study of the sensory system in gamasid mites Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum,Rh. subrhinolethrum and Ptilonyssus motacillae (Mesostigmata: Gamasina: Rhinonyssidae), parasites in the nasal cavity of birds

Sensillae of the tarsal receptor complex, palpal organ, and body chaetom were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy in three endoparasitic gamasid mites: Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum, Rh. subrhinolethrum and Ptilonyssus motacillae, the parasites of Anser albifrons, Anas crecca, and Motacilla alba, respectively. In the tarsal sensory complex, the scale of reduction of the olfactory sensilla reflects the adaptation of gamasid mites to cavernous parasitism. The topography of this sensilla is specific at generic and species taxonomic levels. In the palpal sensory organ, the number and scale of reduction of two main sensilla types depend on peculiarities of places of blood-sucking.     

Tarsal sensory complex of the red chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)

The tarsal sensory complex of the red chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae is situated on dorsal surface of each fore leg near the claw. It comprises 28 sensilla of 5 morphological types: 4 SW-UP (single-wall upper-pore) (gustatory organs), 8 SW-WP (single-wall wall-pore) (olfactory organs), 8 DW-WP (double-wall wall-pore) of two subtypes (thermo-chemoreceptory organs), 6 NP-TB (no pore--tubular body) (tactile organs), and 2 reduced sensilla. No sex or stage dimorphism was revealed. Morphological data point to the fact that tarsal sensory complex of the red chicken mite is mainly an organ detecting temperature changes and olfactory stimula.     

Fine structure of tarsal sensory organs in the whip spider Admetus pumilio (Amblypygi, Arachnida).

The sensory organs on the tarsi of the antenniform first legs of the whip spider Admetus pumilio C. L. Koch (Amblypygi, Arachnida) were examined with the scanning and transmission electron microscope. At least four different types of hair sensilla were found: (1) thick-walled bristles, which have the characteristics of contact chemoreceptors (several chemoreceptive dendrites in the lumen plus two mechanoreceptors at the base); (2) short club sensilla, innervated by 4-6 neurons which terminate in a pore on the tip; they are possibly humidity receptors; (3) porous sensilla, which are either innervated by 20-25 neurons and have typical pore tubules, or they have 40-45 neurons but no pore tubules; both types are considered to be olfactory; (4) rod sensilla occur in clusters near segmental borders; they are innervated by only one large dendrite which branches inside the lumen. Other tarsal receptors are the claws, which correspond to contact chemoreceptors, and the pit organ which resembles the tarsal organ of spiders. Compared to other arthropod sensilla, the contact chemoreceptors are very similar to those of spiders, while the porous sensilla correspond structurally to olfactory receptors in insects; the club and rod sensilla seem to be typical for amblypygids.     

Ultrastructure of chemosensory tarsal tip-pore sensilla of Argiope spp. Audouin, 1826 (Chelicerata: Araneae: Araneidae)

While chemical communication has been investigated intensively in vertebrates and insects, relatively little is known about the sensory world of spiders despite the fact that chemical cues play a key role in natural and sexual selection in this group. In insects, olfaction is performed with wall–pore and gustation with tip-pore sensilla. Since spiders possess tip-pore sensilla only, it is unclear how they accomplish olfaction. We scrutinized the ultrastructure of the trichoid tip-pore sensilla of the orb weaving spider Argiope bruennichi—a common Palearctic species the males of which are known to be attracted by female sex pheromone. We also investigated the congener Argiope blanda. We examined whether the tip-pore sensilla differ in ultrastructure depending on sex and their position on the tarsi of walking legs of which only the distal parts are in contact with the substrate. We hypothesized as yet undetected differences in ultrastructure that suggest gustatory versus olfactory functions. All tarsal tip-pore sensilla of both species exhibit characters typical of contact-chemoreceptors, such as (a) the presence of a pore at the tip of the sensillum shaft, (b) 2–22 uniciliated chemoreceptive cells with elongated and unbranched dendrites reaching up to the tip-pore, (c) two integrated mechanoreceptive cells with short dendrites and large tubular bodies attached to the sensillum shaft's base, and (d) a socket structure with suspension fibres that render the sensillum shaft flexible. The newly found third mechanoreceptive cell attached to the proximal end of the peridendritic shaft cylinder by a small tubular body was likely overlooked in previous studies. The organization of tarsal tip-pore sensilla did not differ depending on the position on the tarsus nor between the sexes. As no wall-pore sensilla were detected, we discuss the probability that a single type of sensillum performs both gustation and olfaction in spiders.     

Morphology of the olfactory system in the predatory mite Phytoseiulus Persimilis

The predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis locates its prey, the two-spotted spider mite, by means of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. The olfactory response to this quantitatively and qualitatively variable source of information is particularly well documented. The mites perform this task with a peripheral olfactory system that consists of just five putative olfactory sensilla that reside in a dorsal field at the tip of their first pair of legs. The receptor cells innervate a glomerular olfactory lobe just ventral of the first pedal ganglion. We have made a 3D reconstruction of the caudal half of the olfactory lobe in adult females. The glomerular organization as well as the glomerular innervation appears conserved across different individuals. The adult females have, by approximation, a 1:1 ratio of olfactory receptor cells to olfactory glomeruli.     

Response properties of chemosensory peg sensilla on the pectines of scorpions

By behavioral and anatomical criteria, the pectinal sensory appendages of scorpions appear to be chemoreceptive organs specialized for detection of substances on substrates. These comb-like, midventral appendages contain tens of thousands of minute (<5 μm), truncated setae, called pegs, arranged in dense, two-dimensional arrays on the ventral surface. In this study we used extracellular recording techniques to examine spontaneous and stimulated activity of sensory neurons within individual pegs. Chronic recordings lasting several days showed long-term fluctuations in spontaneous activity of sensory units in single peg sensilla, with peak activity coinciding with the animal's normal period of foraging. Several units were identified by the stereotypical waveforms of action potentials they elicit. Near-range olfactory stimulation of peg sensilla by volatile alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and carboxylic acids produced dose-dependent patterns of neural response. Contact stimulation with these chemicals, or water, or mechanical deflection of the peg tip also evoked activity in identifiable units. The peg sensilla appear to be broadly sensitive to odorants and tastants, suggesting they function similarly to the antennae of mandibulate arthropods. Accepted: 12 April 1997     

蚤类足跗节细微结构的扫描电镜观察

本文报道4科18属26种蚤类足附节的扫描电镜观察结果, 发现了蚤类足咐节上的若干种感器和类似于爪垫的结构.感器的形式主要是毛形感器和刺形感器;以爪垫结构位于副爪下方, 具有许多微小棘毛.爪与副瓜对应面上均具有横纹.多数种类第5跗节蹠面上具有许多感觉毛, 其数量和分布在不同种甚至两性之间均有差异, 拟可用于分类鉴定.根据第5跗节侧蹠鬃的数目及本研究第一部分感觉板上感觉室的数目对所观察的4科蚤类进行了分型, 并对其进化地位进行了讨论.