四川羚牛繁殖期集群类型及海拔分布

为了探究繁殖期四川羚牛Budorcas taxicolor tibetana的集群特征,于2012年7月在四川唐家河国家级自然保护区开展了羚牛集群类型与海拔分布的研究。在唐家河的8条监测样线(总长度约68.2 km)上记录到39群469头次,其中完整辨别群结构的有36群448头次。群体可定义为独牛、家群、混合群、社群和公牛群,研究期间大部分集群(83.33%)的个体数≤20。除独牛和公牛群外,群体平均大小为(14.70±2.63)头,各类型集群大小差异显著(F2,27=8.463,P=0.001)。独牛、家群、混合群和社群的记录海拔之间存在显著的差异(F3,31=11.8488,P<0.001),除公牛群外羚牛集群的平均海拔为(2015.37±89.74)m。羚牛集群记录的海拔与集群大小之间存在显著的线性相关(y=29.76x+1465,R2=0.802,P<0.001)。研究认为,繁殖期集群类型的变化与繁殖活动密切相关,聚集群和独牛是繁殖期雄性成体不同繁殖策略的体现。     

秦岭羚牛群体分离与重组的变化

对 4只佩戴无线电颈圈的羚牛进行直接观察的结果表明 ,羚牛群体的结构和组成是经常发生变化的。在羚牛各集群类型中 ,家群的稳定性最高 ,社群次之 ,混合群较差。虽然家群具有较高的稳定性 ,但是除母牛及其幼仔外 ,家群的其它成员也经常变化 ,羚牛的亚成体也不是构成家群的稳定成员。繁殖是羚牛集群类型变化的主要原因之一。在繁殖期中健壮的成年雄性个体因寻找配偶离开原群 ,在各群间游荡 ,成为羚牛群中最不稳定的成员。亚成体在其母亲产下幼仔后可能会中断与母牛间的关系 ,进入混合群和社群。羚牛反捕食策略和护幼行为也会影响羚牛群的分群和重组     

秦岭羚牛中独栖现象的初步观察

在群栖的秦岭羚牛种群中,存在着少数单独活动的羚牛,称为独牛。野外见到独牛５０只次,占见到羚牛总数的４５９％。独牛中有老年雄性个体、青壮年雄性个体、雌性个体、亚成体和幼仔。在繁殖季节独牛出现的次数最多,其中大部分是雄性个体,也有雌性个体。与羚牛的四川亚种不同,在秦岭亚种中很少见到公牛集群的现象。羚牛种群中独牛的形成主要与繁殖有关,同时还与疾病及防御迁移有关。独牛在不同季节、不同生境内均可见到,绝大多数老年独牛活动区域的海拔高度低于集群的羚牛活动的高度。老年独牛在离群活动后,其活动节律与群体中的雄牛有一定的差异,这种差异在夜间的活动时间和活动率方面表现得更加明显。     

秦岭雄性羚牛的发情行为与其社会状态的关系

2004年5月31日至8月31日在陕西省佛坪县国家级自然保护区,对羚牛秦岭亚种（Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi）的繁殖行为及雄牛的社会状态进行了研究。研究期间每天在比较容易见到羚牛的区域内沿固定路线寻找羚牛,在不惊扰羚牛正常活动的情况下,记录牛群大小、群内个体的性别、年龄、雄性的社会状态,即是单独活动还是在繁殖群中;社会状态的变动,即每只是进入还是离开繁殖群;羚牛群中个体之间的相互关系,包括入群的独牛与群内其它雄牛之间的行为、与群内雌牛之间的行为。同时用摄像机辅助记录羚牛在群内的行为,并根据图像资料对记录的数据进行校正。研究期间累计对277 头次雄性羚牛的繁殖行为进行了观察,记录到241次繁殖行为。虽然6月初至8月下旬都可以见到羚牛的繁殖活动,但80% 以上的繁殖行为发生在6月20日至7月10日期间,其中以6月21 ～ 30日间的繁殖活动最多（105 次）。繁殖季节中雄性羚牛有两种社会状态,即在繁殖群中和单独活动（即独牛）。研究期间累计的独牛比例占成年雄性的30. 32%,其中72. 62%的独牛出现在6月10 日至7 月10 日。6 月21 ～ 30 日间独牛比例最高,占成年雄性个体的50. 67%。雄牛进出繁殖群的现象比较常见,独牛的比例与繁殖行为正相关。繁殖高峰期后,单独活动的雄牛数量迅速减少。雄牛的社会状态会随着繁殖期的不同阶段发生改变,独牛在不同繁殖群之间移动寻求更多的交配机会。我们的研究结果不支持以往认为独牛是繁殖争斗失败者的观点。     

可可西里地区藏羚的社群特征

藏羚(Pantholopshodgsoni)的集群类型有雌性群、雄性群、母仔群、雌雄混群和独羚5种形式。2002年7月～2003年12月,在可可西里地区沿青藏公路设立试验区,直接观察到936群次,计13795只次藏羚。藏羚的集群类型受到生育周期的影响,季节间差异显著。春季以雌性群(60.49%)和雄性群(30.86%)为主;夏季和秋季主要为雌性群(41.65%,49.66%)和母仔群(49.36%,33.67%);雌雄混群(58.14%)主要出现在冬季。雄性群在1年中很少见,尤其是夏秋两季,冬季较为常见,多由亚成体雄性组成。独羚是一种特殊的集群类型,占11.32%。常见的集群大小为2～20只,占71.90%,其次是21～200只的群,占16.35%;>200只的集群极少,仅占0.43%,且仅出现于夏季产羔往返迁徙途中。藏羚的集群大小受竞争、捕食风险以及迁徙繁殖的共同影响。藏羚的集群极不稳定,交配期雌雄混合群受雄性亚成体的干扰经常改变,而在迁徙季节大群和小群之间的转换也很频繁。大型集群为雌性群或母仔群,其最适集群大小为2～20只。     

新疆卡拉麦里山保护区鹅喉羚的社群结构

2005年11月至2007年5月,在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区对鹅喉羚的社群结构进行了初步研究.将其集群划分为雌性群、雄性群、亚成体群、独羚、雌雄混合群和不明群6种类型.共统计鹅喉羚564群,总计3186只.春季鹅喉羚以雄性群居多(45.7%);夏秋两季则以雌性群为主(52.9%和70.4%);冬季以混合群居多(60%).卡方独立性检验表明,四个季节间三种社群类型的百分比组成差异显著(x2=68.45,P<0.01),受繁殖周期和季节变化影响.鹅喉羚集群大小范围为1～95只,其中3只群出现最多(20.0%);2～5只的群占54.3%;6～10只的群占23.1%;11～20只的群占9.2%;>20只的群占2.3%.春夏秋冬四季平均群大小分别为(4.45±4.07;4.94±4.20;6.66±10.12;6.0±5.66),其中春季平均集群大小分别与秋季和冬季差异显著.     

卧龙自然保护区血雉的社群组织

１９９４年１１月至１９９５年９月在四川卧龙自然保护区五一棚地区,采用无线电追踪技术并结合野外观察,对血雉的社群组织进行了研究。血雉冬季集群活动,相邻群体相遇,有驱逐行为发生。分群配对时,雌鸟长距离迁移。血雉为单配偶制,配偶关系联结紧密,可维持整个繁殖季节。孵卵由雌鸟承担,取食时由雄鸟相伴,雌雄鸟共同育雏。繁殖季节不参加繁殖的亚成体雄鸟、参加繁殖的成体雄鸟或配偶对往往也有集群活动的倾向。在繁殖季节,     

新疆天山中部北山羊社群结构

2013年10月至2014年9月,于天山中部天格尔山脉乌鲁木齐河源区研究了北山羊的社群结构。将其集群类型划分为雄性群、雌幼群、混合群和独羊4类。共统计北山羊497群,总计6 427只。北山羊最大集群为100只,最小群为1只,全年平均群大小为（12.93±0.65）只。其中春季（14.83±1.35）只,夏季（14.16±1.65）只,秋季（15.17±1.69）只,冬季（9.32±0.74）只。冬季北山羊平均集群大小显著低于其他三个季节。混合群的平均群大小最大,其余依次为雌幼群和雄性群。Kruskal-Wallis H检验结果表明各社群类型群大小差异极显著。北山羊多以2-7只的小群活动,占到总遇见频次比例的41.05%,8-20只群占32.80%,20只以上大群出现最少,占17.71%。在4种集群类型中,雌幼群出现频率最高,占51.91%,其次依次为混合群、雄性群和独羊。卡方检验结果表明4个季节间4种社群类型的出现频次差异显著。研究结果显示,北山羊在发情期混群,非繁殖期同性集群。受环境因素和自身生理周期的影响,其集群大小、集群类型均随季节变化而变化。     

四川栗子坪自然保护区红腹角雉雌鸟和亚成体冬季集群行为研究

2005年11月至2006年3月,在四川省石棉县栗子坪省级自然保护区对低海拔区域(海拔1800²400 m)红腹角雉Tragopan temminckii雌鸟和亚成体冬季集群行为进行了调查。结果表明:红腹角雉的雌鸟和亚成体以单独活动的个体居多,占44.4%,其它依次为3只群、2只群和4只群。群体的规模较小,最大群体为4只。在集群类型上,家族群可能是主要集群类型,但还有待验证。红腹角雉雌鸟和亚成体集群的个体和单独活动个体在取食行为的时间分配上有显著差异,集群的个体用于取食的时间比例要高于单独活动的个体。在警戒、休息和移动行为时间分配上没有显著差异,但单独活动个体用于警戒的时间比例要高于集群的个体。本研究的结果验证了动物集群的反捕食假说,集群活动的个体有更多的取食时间。     

布氏田鼠洞群内社群结构变动与序位的研究

本文通过野外标志流放和实验室观察研究了洞群内布氏田鼠社群结构的变动及其序位作用。该鼠社群结构变动有明显的季节性。繁殖期为变动期,贮草期为稳定期。变动期在繁殖前期和繁殖盛期形成２个变动高峰。前者主要是成体（包括老体）雄鼠的迁移,后者迁移主体是亚成体鼠。贮草期间洞群成员相对稳定,迁移减少。社群序位表现为２～３个等级,即优势鼠、次优势鼠和从属鼠。优势鼠以老体雌鼠为多。繁殖期,５０％以上的从属鼠在陌生鼠群中提高了序位,３０％优势鼠可在陌生鼠中保持高序位。非繁殖期,进入陌生群后鼠间争斗激烈,获得优势的比例明显降低     

一个值得注意的修订--评"中国黑龙江省东部早白垩世双壳类"

1997年,顾知微、李子舜、于希汉(Gu et al.,1997)发表了英文专著"中国黑龙江省东部早白恶世双壳类"("Lower Cretaceous bivalves from the eastern Heilongjiang province of China").他们将前人记述为侏罗纪的黑龙江省东部龙爪沟和鸡西群的双壳类修改为早白恶世分子,并将长期被认为属中-晚侏罗世,或晚侏罗世-早白恶世早期的热河群的时代确定为早白恶世.这一重要的修订,非常值得地质古生物工作者注意.     

Rationality and social behavior

This article penetrates the relationship between social behavior and rationality. A critical analysis is made of efforts to classify some behaviors as altruistic, as they simultaneously meet criteria of rationality by not truly being self-destructive. Newcomb's paradox is one attempt to create a hybrid behavior that is both irrational and still meets some criterion of rationality. Such dubious rationality is often seen as a source of altruistic behavior. Group selection is a controversial topic. Sober and Wilson (Unto Others--The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998) suggest that a very wide concept of group selection might be used to explain altruism. This concept also includes kin selection and reciprocity, which blurs its focus. The latter mechanisms hardly need further arguments to prove their existence. This article suggests that it is group selection in a strict sense that should be investigated to limit semantic neologism and confusion. In evaluation, the effort to muster a mechanism for altruism out of group selection has not been successful. However, this is not the end to group selection, but rather a good reason to investigate more promising possibilities. There is little reason to burden group selection with the instability of altruism caused by altruistic members of a group having lower fitness than egoistic members. Group selection is much more likely to develop in combination with group egoism. A common project is supported by incitement against free riding, where conformist members joined in solidarity achieve a higher fitness than members pursuing more individualistic options. Group egoism is in no conflict with rationality, and the effects of group selection will be supported rather than threatened by individual selection. Empirical evidence indicates a high level of traits such as conformism and out-group antagonism in line with group egoism. These traits are also likely candidates for behavior favored by group selection since they homogenize the group and link the different individuals closer to one another and a similar fate.     

When to go with the crowd: Modelling synchronization of all-or-nothing activity transitions in grouped animals

For groups of animals to keep together, the group members have to perform switches between staying in one place and moving to another place in synchrony. However, synchronization imposes a cost on individual animals, because they have to switch from one to the other behaviour at a communal time rather than at their ideal times. Here we model this situation analytically for groups in which the ideal times vary quasinormally and grouping benefit increases linearly with group size. Across the parameter space consisting of variation in the grouping benefit/cost ratio and variation in how costly it is to act too early and too late, the most common optimal solutions are full synchronization with the group staying together and zero synchronization with immediate dissolution of the group, if the group is too small for the given benefit/cost ratio. Partial synchronization, with animals at the tails of the distribution switching individually and the central core of the group in synchrony, occurs only at a narrow stripe of the space. Synchronization cost never causes splitting of the group into two as either zero, partial or full synchronization is always more advantageous. Stable solutions dictate lower degree of synchrony and lower net benefits than optimal solutions for a large range of the parameter values. If groups undergo repeated synchronization challenges, they stay together or quickly dissolve, unless the animals assort themselves into a smaller group with less variation in the ideal times. We conclude with arguing that synchronization cost is different from other types of grouping costs since it does not increase much with increasing group size. As a result, larger groups may be more stable than smaller groups. This results in the paradoxical prediction that when the grouping benefit/grouping cost ratio increases, the average group sizes might decrease, since smaller groups will be able to withstand synchronization challenges.     

A NEW PROTECTING GROUP FOR THE 5′-HYDROXYL GROUP HAVING O–S SINGLE BOND OXIDATIVELY CLEAVABLE UNDER MILD CONDITIONS

We developed a new protecting group, i.e., cis-[4-[[(4-methoxytrityl)sulfenyl]oxy]tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]oxycarbonyl (MTFOC), which could be removed under neutral conditions involving the oxidative removal of the MMTrS group followed by the self-cyclization of the resulting intermediate. The introduction of the protecting group into the 5′-hydroxyl group of a thymidine derivative and its deprotection were studied.     

Conceptual and methodological issues in the comparative study of collective group movements

In our commentary, we highlight several conceptual and methodological problems that have hampered broader integration of studies of collective group movements. Specifically, we argue that studies of captive animals should only be used to elucidate behavioural mechanisms. Moreover, the diversity of physical environments in which group movements occur as well as the social diversity of groups deserve more consideration in integrative studies. Furthermore, tests of predictions based on modelling studies are often hampered by the fact that models include variables that are difficult or impossible to measure in real animals. We also advocate the use of an empirical, rather than subjective establishment of operational definitions of group movements and the associated individual roles. Finally, we emphasize the utility of controlled experiments in the study of collective decision-making and group movements and encourage their wider application.     

Group connection and the number of males in female-philopatric animal groups

Previous studies have considered the equilibrium group size in gregarious animal species assuming isolated groups. Neighboring groups usually interact, which likely affects the equilibrium group size. Here I examine the possibility that the movements of solitary males between areas near neighboring groups cause the number of group males to increase in female-philopatric animal species when groups are connected. I hypothesized the following mechanisms. In habitats where groups are connected, solitary males move easily between areas near adjacent groups. Group males will accept one solitary male as a new member. Another solitary male migrates from an area near the group to an area near a neighboring group defended by relatively fewer group males. The model predicts that the number of group males increases through the hypothesized mechanisms when groups are connected if group males and solitary males do not cooperate effectively.     

Incorporation of 3H-lysine into a rapidly labelling neuronal protein fraction in visual cortex is suppressed in dark reared rats

In normal rat cortex, incorporation of ³H-lysine into protein is higher in neurons than neuropil at periods up to 2 hrs, but is higher in neuropil than neurons at later times. This observation implies the presence of a rapidly labelling neuronal protein fraction which is subsequently absent from the neurons, possibly due to transport into other cell compartments. When rats are reared in the dark, incorporation into neuronal proteins is suppressed in the visual cortex but not in the motor cortex; this suppression appears to include the rapidly-labelling fraction.     

半野生麋鹿集群行为的初步研究

麋鹿在半野生状态下喜集群活动,不同月份集群的大小以及各种组群出现的频率均有所变化。半野生麋鹿有５种组群类型：雄鹿群、母仔群、混合群、雄仔群和仔鹿群。其中混合群出现频率最高,集群最大,是其主要的组群类型,雄鹿群最为稳定,母仔群中采食组群所占比例和组群大小都大于非采食活动的组群,雄仔群和仔鹿群出现频次较少。麋鹿发情期与非发情的集群有明显差异,不同生境内的集群也有所不同。     

黑长臂猿的群体大小及组成

黑长臂猿（Ｈｙｌｏｂａｔｅｓｃｏｎｃｏｌｏｒ）是长臂猿科中较为原始的类群,对其野外行为生态习性近年来已有所报道,但意见不一。本文根据近两年的野外观察,认为黑长臂猿的群体大小为４．３±１．０只,（范围３—６,ｎ＝７）,群体组成为１成年雄性,１—２成年雌性,１—３后代个体,群体之大小除与其本身的特点有关外,还与其赖以生存的生境条件好坏有关。