啮齿类螺杆菌的分离鉴定

目的对分离自啮齿类实验动物的17株螺杆菌进行鉴定,以期获得生物学、遗传学特性典型的菌株作为模式菌株。方法通过生物学特性、16S rRNA序列测定、系统发育树及超微结构分析,对螺杆菌进行种的鉴定。结果确定所分离的17株菌株分为两大类,其中一类为胆汁螺杆菌(H.bilis);另外一类属于螺杆菌属成员。结论所分离到的菌株分别是胆汁螺杆菌和未鉴定到种的螺杆菌,其中胆汁螺杆菌与ATCC51630模式菌株16SrRNA序列比较,相似性达99.6%,可作为检测用的模式菌株。     

啮齿类螺杆菌不同检测方法的比较

目的确定用于实验啮齿类动物常规螺杆菌检测方法。方法选用针对螺杆菌属16S rRNA属特异性的4对引物进行了引物选择、取材部位以及与分离培养法比较。结果引物P7/P8的敏感性优于其它3对,检出限可达0.01 pg,对阳性动物群检出率80%-100%;分离培养法检出率40%-50%;盲肠、结肠检出率无显著差异。结论以引物P7/P8的PCR方法作为啮齿类实验动物螺杆菌初筛方法,分离培养法作为验证方法,取材部位可在盲肠或结肠。     

啮齿动物螺杆菌多重PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立一种可同时检测肝、胆汁、啮齿类三种螺杆菌的多重PCR方法。方法根据已公布的肝、胆汁、啮齿类三种螺杆菌16SrRNA基因序列设计三对特异性引物进行多重PCR并对反应条件进行优化。结果三对引物能分别扩增出特异性的417 bp、364 bp、324 bp目的条带。最佳退火温度为52℃,镁离子浓度为2.0mmol/L,dNTP浓度为200μmol/L,引物浓度为0.625μmol/L。在此条件下多重PCR同时检测的肝、胆汁、啮齿类三种螺杆菌敏感度均为10 fg。结论本实验建立的多重PCR是一种敏感、特异、高效的方法,为同时检测啮齿动物中肝、胆汁、啮齿类三种螺杆菌奠定了良好的基础。     

抗胆汁螺杆菌单克隆抗体的制备

目的制备抗胆汁螺杆菌单克隆抗体（McAbs）。方法用胆汁螺杆菌B2m株皮下免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术进行融合。以酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）筛选抗胆汁螺杆菌单克隆杂交瘤细胞株并初步鉴定其特异性;免疫印迹试验测定单抗所结合的抗原表位;免疫双向扩散试验确定IgG亚类;腹腔接种法、辛酸-硫酸铵盐析法大量制备、纯化单克隆抗体。结果经过ELISA筛选获得11个阳性杂交瘤细胞株,其效价最高达1：4×10^5以上,并与实验动物常见的15种病原菌呈阴性反应;IgG亚类为IgG2a和IgG2b;免疫印迹试验显示,6株（A-F）与胆汁螺杆菌大约相对分子质量（172、0、21、30、52、66）×10^3的抗原特异结合,5株（G-K）皆与胆汁螺杆菌、幽门螺杆菌等三种螺杆菌大约相对分子质量（52、82）×10^3的抗原呈阳性反应,表明A-F株针对的是胆汁螺杆菌特异性抗原,G-K株可能具有属特异性。结论筛选的单克隆抗体具有较高的特异性和敏感性,所结合的抗原为胆汁螺杆菌或螺杆菌的免疫优势抗原,为进一步的种、属生物学特性研究、菌株分型及血清学检测方法建立等奠定了基础。     

中缅树鼩自然感染六种病毒的血清流行病学

中缅树鼩作为一种新型实验动物,在医学生物学上,尤其是病毒学方面的应用受到越来越多的重视.实验动物自身病毒感染会影响动物健康和干扰实验结果,甚至危害实验人员生命安全.所以,实验动物病毒检测一直是动物质量控制的重要部分.中缅树鼩研究迄今缺乏清晰的病毒自然感染资料.为调查中缅树鼩的病毒感染状况,采集野生俘获和人工繁殖的中缅树鼩血清样本272份,全部血清样本通过ELISA方法对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)表面抗原,丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)总抗体,以及戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)、腺病毒(ADV)、单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)和2型(HSV-2)的IgG抗体进行了检测.结果表明,ELISA初筛HBV表面抗原有3份阳性样本,但通过乙型肝炎两对半定量检测进一步确认为阴性:抗HCV抗体和抗HEV、ADV、HSV-1 IgO抗体检测均为阴性;抗HSV-2 IgG检测有1份阳性样本.提示仪抗原或抗体血清学指标检测树鼩肝炎结果并不能反应个体携带病毒的状态,应该再进行病毒学指标确认.同时建议中缅树嗣繁殖群应进行HSV-2的筛选,以便杜绝和控制该病毒的感染.     

新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中韦荣球菌的分离鉴定

目的从新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中分离培养并鉴定韦荣球菌。方法收集新鲜哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者的粪便样本,用韦荣球菌专属培养基进行分离培养,微量生化反应管进行初步鉴定;提取所得菌株的DNA,使用韦荣球菌属引物对此DNA进行特异性扩增,结合全自动细菌鉴定仪对菌株进行鉴定。结果 (1)所得到的菌株经微量生化反应管初步鉴定为韦荣球菌;(2)使用韦荣球菌属引物对此菌株DNA进行特异性扩增获得预期产物;(3)经全自动细菌鉴定仪最终确定所得菌株为韦荣球菌。结论从新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中分离培养得到韦荣球菌。     

改良环介导等温扩增技术快速检测肉类中的大肠杆菌O157: H7

针对大肠杆菌O157:H7(Escherichia coli O157:H7,E.coli O157:H7)传统检测方法检测周期长的问题,建立了肉类中的E.coli O157:H7的改良环介导等温扩增(LAMP)快速检测方法。以E.coli O157:H7的O157特异性抗原rfbE基因、鞭毛H7特异性抗原fliC基因序列作为靶序列,分别设计2套增加了环引物的改良LAMP引物序列,单管同时检测,通过肉眼观察白色沉淀,判断检测结果。采用36株细菌验证了该改良LAMP引物的特异性。热裂解法提取的DNA经改良LAMP体系扩增20 min,检测E.coli O157:H7的灵敏度为1.4 CFU/mL,人工污染肉中的E.coli O157:H7检出限为1.8 CFU/g。137份实样中,检测出1份E.coli O157:H7假阳性,与行业标准SNT0973-2000符合率达到99.3%。     

基于高通量测序的树鼩不同肠道部位菌群结构分析

目的观察树鼩不同肠道部位菌群的多样性及构成。方法采集3只雄性树鼩回肠、盲肠、结肠内容物,提取DNA,利用Illumina PE250高通量测序平台扩增肠道菌16S rDNA V4区域,分析菌群结构和丰富度。结果树鼩回肠、盲肠、结肠菌群的优化序列数差异无统计学意义。α多样性分析,树鼩肠道3个部位菌群的Chao1指数、PD指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数差异无统计学意义,相对于回肠,盲肠与结肠菌群多样性的相似性较高。Rank-Abundance曲线显示,回肠菌群的丰富度较高且分布较均匀。β多样性分析,树鼩回肠菌群结构差异性较小,盲肠与结肠菌群结构差异较大。树鼩肠道菌群共检出26个门,17个门在3个组共存。互养菌门(Synergistetes)、Rokubacteria门、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、TA06门仅见于回肠;衣原体门(Chlamydiae)为盲肠中特有;迷踪菌门(Elusimicrobia)仅在结肠中发现。共获得414个属,结肠、盲肠、回肠中独有属分别为15个、7个、3个。共发现530个种,其中唾液乳杆菌(Lactobacillus salivarius)丰富度最高。Random Forest分析结果显示,在树鼩回肠、盲肠、结肠中发现7个生物标记物。结论树鼩回肠、盲肠、结肠肠道菌群多样性差异无显著性,但相对于结肠与盲肠,回肠菌群丰富度较高且分布较均匀。树鼩3个肠道部位具有各自独特的菌群。     

上海地区小鼠诺瓦克病毒的检测分析及病毒分离

目的了解上海地区实验小鼠自然感染小鼠诺瓦克病毒(murine norovirus,MNV)的状况,并分离毒株。方法抽取委托检测单位送检的SPF小鼠319只,分别采集盲肠内容物及血液样本,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法扩增小鼠盲肠内容物样本中MNV的特异性基因片段来检测MNV的感染情况,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)与核酸检测方法进行对比。将RT-PCR扩增结果为阳性的盲肠内容物样本稀释并经0.22μm滤膜过滤,接种到小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW 264.7细胞,盲传后采用RT-PCR方法鉴定。结果 RT-PCR检测的319份小鼠盲肠内容物样本中,阳性样本95份,阳性率为29.78%。对180份经RTPCR检测的小鼠血清进行ELISA检测,阳性样本70份,阳性率为38.89%。RAW 264.7细胞盲传5代后在72 h内出现细胞病变,经RT-PCR鉴定,显示187 bp的目的条带。结论通过核酸检测方法和血清学方法证实上海地区实验小鼠存在MNV自然感染,且感染率较高,应加强实验小鼠的饲养管理。     

幽门螺杆菌感染对正常胃部菌群多样性和组成的影响

目的通过高通量测序分析,探讨幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)感染在正常胃部菌群多样性和组成中的差异。方法选择2017年10月-2018年1月在本院就诊的胃镜体检受试者40例,其中H.pylori阳性20例,阴性20例,均无阳性体征,收集胃液样本行胃部菌群MiSeq高通量测序分析。结果 H.pylori感染组α-多样性指数Shannon(t=-6.690,P0.001)和Simpson(t=-3.673,P=0.002)显著改变,显示胃部菌群多样性降低;菌群丰富度指数如PD Whole tree(t=-2.282,P=0.008),Chao1(t=-2.173,P=0.036)和Observed species(t=-2.627,P=0.012)在H.pylori阳性受试者中显著降低;β-多样性指数PCA分析可显著区分两组,结果显示H.pylori感染胃部菌群显著改变。LEfSe组成差异分析发现,胃部菌群组成亦发生了显著改变,H.pylori感染阳性组中变形菌门细菌显著升高,而厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门等显著降低;在属水平上,螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、希瓦内拉菌属(Shewanella)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)等显著富集,而普氏菌属(Prevotella)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)等显著降低(LDA2,P0.05)。PiCRUSt菌群功能预测分析发现,H.pylori阳性的胃部菌群细菌分泌系统、脂多糖合成蛋白、脂多糖合成、细菌毒素、癌症信号通路的表达显著升高,而氨基酸代谢通路显著降低,这与胃癌的发生发展具有密切的联系。结论 H.pylori感染是影响正常胃部菌群多样性和组成的重要因素,这些改变可能与胃癌发生发展及预后密切相关。     

Detection of rodent Helicobacter spp. by use of fluorogenic nuclease polymerase chain reaction assays

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis is the standard method for detection of Helicobacter spp. infections in laboratory rodents, with H. hepaticus, H. bilis, and H. typhlonius considered primary pathogens. Fluorogenic nuclease PCR assays that detect all known rodent Helicobacter spp., or that specifically detect H. hepaticus, H. bilis, or H. typhlonius were developed to eliminate post-PCR processing, enhance specificity, and provide quantitative data on starting template concentration. Each fluorogenic PCR assay detected a minimum of 10 copies of target template, had comparable or greater sensitivity when compared directly with corollary gel detection PCR assays, and detected only targeted species when numerous Helicobacter spp. and other enteric bacteria were analyzed. Fluorogenic nuclease PCR analysis of fecal DNA samples obtained from numerous laboratory mice sources detected all samples with positive results by use of Helicobacter spp., H. hepaticus, H. bilis, and/or H. typhlonius gel detection PCR analysis, except for one sample that had positive results by H. typhlonius gel detection PCR but negative results by H. typhlonius fluorogenic nuclease PCR analysis. Among fecal DNA samples that were Helicobacter spp. negative by use of all gel detection PCR assays, the fluorogenic nuclease PCR assays detected target template in only one sample that was positive by use of the Helicobacter spp. and the H. bilis fluorogenic nuclease PCR assays. In conclusion, fluorogenic nuclease PCR assays provide sensitive, specific, and high-throughput diagnostic assays for detection of Helicobacter spp., H. hepaticus, H. bilis, and H. typhlonius in laboratory rodents, and the quantitative data generated by these assays make them potentially useful for bacterial load determination.     

Could Helicobacter organisms cause inflammatory bowel disease?

The discovery of Helicobacter pylori sparked a revolution in the understanding and management of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Other Helicobacter species are recognized as important pathogenic agents in colitic diseases of rodents and primates, in particular Helicobacter bilis, Helicobacter fennelliae, Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter trogontum. Helicobacter bilis and H. hepaticus are now routinely used to initiate rodent models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in immunocompromised hosts. Molecular evidence exists linking various non-pylori Helicobacter spp. with human IBD; however, attempts to culture organisms in this disease cohort have proved unsuccessful to date. Attributing causation has therefore proved elusive. Seven enterohepatic, non-pylori Helicobacter organisms have been successfully cultured from humans, namely Helicobacter canadensis, Helicobacter canis, Helicobacter cinaedi, H. fennelliae, Helicobacter pullorum, Helicobacter winghamensis and Helicobacter sp. flexispira taxon 8 (now classified as H. bilis). Of these, H. cinaedi and H. fennelliae are the closest to fulfilling Koch's postulates as causative agents in homosexual proctitis. The possibility that novel Helicobacter organisms have a role in the initiation of human IBD warrants further consideration and targeted investigations.     

Spatial Distribution of Helicobacter spp. in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Dogs

Background:  In dogs, the gastric Helicobacter spp. have been well studied, but there is little information regarding the other parts of the alimentary system. We sought to determine the spatial distribution of Helicobacter spp. in the gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary system of dogs using culture-independent methods.
Materials and methods:  Samples of stomach, duodenum, ileum, cecum, colon, pancreas, liver, and bile from six dogs were evaluated for Helicobacter spp. by genus, gastric, and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. Polymerase chain reaction, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
Results:  In the stomach, Helicobacter spp. DNA was detected in all six dogs, with H. bizzozeronii and H. felis identified by specific polymerase chain reaction. Helicobacter organisms were localized within the surface mucus, the lumen of gastric glands, and inside parietal cells. The small intestine harbored gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. DNA/antigen in low amounts. In the cecum and colon, Helicobacter spp. DNA, with highest similarity to H. bilis /flexispira taxon 8, H. cinaedi , and H. canis, was detected in all six dogs. Helicobacter organisms were localized at the mucosal surface and within the crypts. Gastric Helicobacter spp. DNA was detected occasionally in the large intestine, but no gastric Helicobacter spp. were present in clone libraries or detected by FISH.
Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that in addition to the stomach, the large intestine of dogs is also abundantly colonized by Helicobacter spp. Additional studies are necessary to investigate the association between enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. and presence of intestinal inflammatory or proliferative disorders in dogs.     

胆型螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter bilis)的分离、鉴定与序列分析

鉴定分离到的微需氧菌为螺旋杆菌,并对该菌进行分型。小鼠皮下或肌肉注射地塞米松使其免疫抑制,取小鼠肠内容物培养,对分离到的细菌,经油镜,电镜观察,然后提取细菌DNA,用根据螺旋杆菌（Helicobacter sp.)rRNA保守区设计的引物P7/P8进行扩增,并对扩增产物分别用MboI,HhaI,XspI内切酶酶切,酶切产物用10%PAGE分析。再用根据螺旋杆菌胆型（H.bilis)rRNA设计特异引物P7/Pb扩增,将扩增产物测序分析。最后。将该细菌在Scid小鼠上作动物感染。细菌在油镜下呈鸟翼状,电镜下观察到双极鞭毛。无周质纤毛。引物P7/P8扩增出374bp的特异带,此片段能分别被MboI,HhaI,Zsp内切酶酶切,引物P7/Pb扩增出364bp的条带,测得的DNA序列中存在MboI,HhaI,Xsp内切酶酶切。引物P7/Pb扩增出364bp的条带,测得的DNA序列中存在MboI,HhaI,XspI的内切位点,与文献中H.bilis序列比较,同源性为97.5%。动物感染试验符合Koch准则。分离到的细菌确为胆型螺旋杆菌。     

Immunoblot Analysis as an Alternative Method to Diagnose Enterohepatic Helicobacter Infections

Introduction: Enterohepatic Helicobacter species have been associated with chronic infections of the hepatobiliary tract and lower bowel in naturally and experimentally infected mice, Helicobacter -infected animals should thus not be used in studies of diseases associated with chronic inflammation. Helicobacter species induce inflammation and modulate host immune responses, thus emphasizing the need to diagnose these infections in laboratory animals.
Materials and Methods: An immunoblot assay was developed to analyze antibodies to enterohepatic Helicobacter species in naturally colonized laboratory mouse colonies. We evaluated the serum antibody responses to cell surface proteins of H. bilis, H. hepaticus , and H. ganmani in 188 mouse sera from four different university animal facilities. Lower bowel tissue specimens from 56 of these animals were available and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and the results compared with matched immunoblot patterns.
Results: Specific antibody reactivity to H. bilis was detected in 8 of 186 (4.3%) sera, to H. hepaticus in 45 of 184 (24%) sera, and to H. ganmani in 51 of 188 (27%) of tested sera. These results were compared with PCR-DGGE analyses of tissue samples of corresponding animals, and concordance between the two diagnostic tests was found in 96% for H . bilis , in 91% for H. hepaticus, and in 82% for H. ganmani . The PCR-DGGE also detected DNA of H. typhlonius, H. sp. flexispira, and H. rodentium .
Conclusions: Infection with enterohepatic species was common in the laboratory mouse colonies tested, independent of strain and stock. Immunoblot analysis seems to be a promising diagnostic tool to monitor enterohepatic Helicobacter species infections of laboratory rodents.     

Use of the P167 recombinant antigen for serodiagnosis of Helicobacter bilis

Helicobacter bilis is widespread among research mouse colonies. Serodiagnosis of Helicobacter infections involves use of bacterial lysates or membrane antigen preparations that lack specificity, necessitating the need to identify a specific and sensitive antigen. A previously reported recombinant protein (P167) was evaluated for use as an H. bilis-specific antigen for serologic testing. Seventy-six mice naturally infected with Helicobacter spp. were identified from commercially bred or sentinel mice. Infection was confirmed and speciated by use of cecal specimen culture and fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, followed by restriction enzyme digest of the amplicon. Forty-one mice were determined to be monoinfected with H. bilis, 27 mice were determined to be monoinfected with H. hepaticus, and eight mice were infected with another species of Helicobacter. Serum was diluted 1:100 to evaluate the immunoreactivity to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay preparations of H. bilis membrane extract and the immunodominant C and D fragments of the p167 gene. The sensitivity was greatest for the membrane extract preparation (76%), whereas sensitivity to the P167C and D recombinants was lower (62 and 51%, respectively). However, the specificity of the membrane extract preparation was low (87%), compared with the much improved specificity of the recombinant P167C and D fragments (96 and 96%, respectively). These findings suggest that the recombinant P167C and D fragments of the p167 gene product from H. bilis can be used as specific reagents in the serodiagnosis of H. bilis infection in mice.     

Eradication of Helicobacter bilis and H. hepaticus from infected mice by using a medicated diet

Infection of laboratory mice with Helicobacter spp. is a serious problem for many laboratory animal facilities worldwide. Rederivation and antibiotic treatment are two of the most common methods used to eliminate the bacterial infection from rodent colonies. Forty-seven newly imported mice were suspected to be positive for Helicobacter infection based on PCR analysis of pooled fecal samples from sentinel animals. We treated the mice with a medicated feed containing four antibiotic compounds (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, omeprazole). After eight weeks of continuous administration the animals were negative for H. bilis and H. hepaticus. Frequent retesting of the animals for up to one year proved that the mouse colony remained negative for Helicobacter spp.     

Comparative chemical and biological characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of gastric and enterohepatic helicobacters

BACKGROUND: The lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in colonization and pathogenicity. The present study sought to compare structural and biological features of lipopolysaccharides from gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. not previously characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Purified lipopolysaccharides from four gastric Helicobacter spp. (H. pylori, Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii and Helicobacter mustelae) and four enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. (Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter bilis, 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira' and Helicobacter pullorum) were structurally characterized using electrophoretic, serological and chemical methods. RESULTS: Structural insights into all three moieties of the lipopolysaccharides, i.e. lipid A, core and O-polysaccharide chains, were gained. All species expressed lipopolysaccharides bearing an O-polysaccharide chain, but H. mustelae and H. hepaticus produced truncated semirough lipopolysaccharides. However, in contrast to lipopolysaccharides of H. pylori and H. mustelae, no blood group mimicry was detected in the other Helicobacter spp. examined. Intra-species, but not interspecies, fatty acid profiles of lipopolysaccharides were identical within the genus. Although shared lipopolysaccharide-core epitopes with H. pylori occurred, differing structural characteristics were noted in this lipopolysaccharide region of some Helicobacter spp. The lipopolysaccharides of the gastric helicobacters, H. bizzozeronii and H. mustelae, had relative Limulus amoebocyte lysate activities which clustered around that of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide, whereas H. bilis, 'Helicobacter sp. flexispira' and H. hepaticus formed a cluster with approximately 1000-10,000-fold lower activities. H. pullorum lipopolysaccharide had the highest relative Limulus amoebocyte lysate activity of all the helicobacter lipopolysaccharides (10-fold higher than that of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide), and all the lipopolysaccharides of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. were capable of inducing nuclear factor-Kappa B(NF-kappaB) activation. CONCLUSIONS: The collective results demonstrate the structural heterogeneity and pathogenic potential of lipopolysaccharides of the Helicobacter genus as a group and these differences in lipopolysaccharides may be indicative of adaptation of the bacteria to different ecological niches.