云南腾冲热海三热泉细菌多样性的研究

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对云南腾冲热海3个高温热泉中菌藻席和泉底沉积物的细菌多样性进行了初步研究。直接从环境样品中提取总DNA,用两套细菌通用引物进行PCR扩增,分别得到包含V8和V9高变区的16SrDNA片段,进行DGGE分析。结果表明：菌藻席和泉底沉积物中不仅物种组成差异较大,而且都存在丰富的细菌多样性;一些关键的生态因子,如氧气、温度等会对群落中微生物的物种组成有很大影响。     

云南腾冲热海两热泉菌藻席细菌多样性的研究

应用显微形态观察和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对云南腾冲热海两热泉菌藻席的细菌多样性进行了比较分析.直接从环境样品中提取总DNA,用两套细菌通用引物进行PCR扩增,得到包含V8和V9高变区的16S rDNA片段,进行DGGE分析,结合形态观察,结果显示,热泉菌藻席中存在丰富的细菌多样性,且不同温度范围的菌藻席细菌组成差异显著.     

新疆天山北坡不同盐湖微生物菌群结构及其影响因子

新疆分布的众多湖泊由于干旱气候成盐作用强烈,近半数已演化到盐湖发展阶段,不同盐湖中也因此蕴含着丰富的耐盐及嗜盐微生物资源。为更好的掌握新疆盐湖微生物资源分布规律及对环境因子变化的响应规律,利用高通量测序技术对新疆天山北坡5个不同演化阶段盐湖湖底沉积物中细菌、古菌多样性和菌群结构及其主要驱动因子进行研究,探讨盐湖演化过程中原核微生物群落结构变化规律。分别采集5个盐湖湖底沉积物样本,进行理化因子测试与细菌和古菌16S rRNA扩增子测序分析,比较不同盐湖理化性质和原核微生物菌群差异,并对原核微生物丰度与环境因子进行关联分析。实验结果表明：5个盐湖湖底沉积物总盐和Na⁺含量顺序为：巴里坤湖 > 伊吾湖 > 艾比湖 > 盐湖 > 柴窝堡湖,除艾比湖外其他四个盐湖沉积物均呈碱性。Alpha多样性结果显示5个盐湖细菌richness、chao1、ACE和shannon丰富度指数均大于古菌相应丰富度指数,不同盐湖细菌丰富度指数差异较大,古菌丰富度指数差异相对较小。从5个盐湖湖底沉积物中共检测获得细菌58门、68纲、138目、253科和560属,古菌4门、8纲、12目、21科和60属,细菌以变形菌门为主,古菌以广古菌门为主。不同盐湖细菌和古菌优势属种类均不相同,巴里坤湖主要是一些嗜盐和耐盐细菌属,而伊吾湖主要是嗜盐和耐盐古菌属,PCoA分析结果也表明不同盐湖微生物在OTUs水平有其独特菌群结构类型。RDA和Bioenv分析结果表明,盐湖湖底沉积物中微生物菌群群落结构主要受Na⁺和总盐（TS）浓度的影响,对细菌菌群结构影响较大,而古菌菌群结构可能受多种理化因子共同调节。此外,盐湖特殊卤水成分会对微生物群落结构产生重大影响。     

胜利油田单12高温油藏非培养和富集培养样品的细菌组成特性

[目的]通过比较分析油藏样品的微生物群落结构特点,认识油藏微生物的生态功能.[方法]利用3种油藏微生物研究中常用的富集培养方法,对胜利油田单12区块S12-4油井产出水样品进行了选择性富集培养,运用构建16S rRNA基因文库的方法分析了富集样品和非培养样品的细菌多样性.[结果]通过16S rRNA基因序列比对发现,非培养样品、异养菌富集样品、烃降解菌富集样品和硫酸盐还原菌富集样品中的优势菌分别为Pseudomonas属,Thermotoga属,Thermaerobacter属和Thermotoga属的成员.多样性分析结果表明,非培养样品的微生物多样性最丰富,同时非培养样品和富集样品的微生物群落结构存在很大的差异,富集样品中的微生物包括优势菌在油藏原位环境中含量很低.[结论]细菌组成差异的比较结果,对油藏微生物的生态功能研究和微生物驱油潜力评估具有重要意义.     

应用LH-PCR研究党参、麻黄和独一味内生细菌多样性

通过直接提取药用植物样品的总DNA,采用长度多态片段PCR (length heterogeneity PCR, LH-PCR)技术研究四川省甘孜藏族自治州的党参、麻黄和独一味3种药用植物内生细菌多样性.结果表明： 同种植物根、茎、叶的LH-PCR图谱相似度很高,条带丰富度差别不大;但不同植物样品之间的差异较大.党参的植物样品条带丰富度最大,麻黄次之,独一味最低.3种药用植物中474 bp长度的细菌是绝对的优势菌群.植物内生细菌多样性与土壤速效磷呈负相关,而与土壤pH值呈正相关.海拔和土壤总氮是影响植物样品内生细菌多样性分布的两个重要环境因子.LH-PCR所得的种群信息能较直观地反映不同植物样品间细菌多样性的差异.因此LH-PCR适用于分析药用植物内生菌多样性.     

含油废水处理工艺中细菌多样性

从辽河油田曙光污水处理厂含油废水样品中直接抽提细菌总DNA,并对总DNA中16S rRNA V3可变区序列作PCR扩增、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),与常规水质分析相结合对系统中不同处理阶段细菌种群多样性和水质之间的关系进行分析.结果表明,处理系统的不同处理阶段细菌的多样性有明显差异,既存在共同的细菌种属,也存在着各自独特的细菌种属,且细菌种群的多样性与水质CODcr和总石油烃(TPH)的浓度呈负相关,细菌种群的多样性越高,CODcr和TPH的浓度越低,反之则越高.在处理过程中,随着样品中细菌多样性的增加,种群结构之间的相似性指数(C_8)逐渐升高,最后形成了稳定的种群结构.     

新疆达坂盐湖沉积土壤嗜盐细菌的定向富集与多样性分析

采集新疆达坂盐湖的沉积土壤样品,以选择性富集培养获得的嗜盐细菌基因组DNA为模板,扩增16SrRNA基因,在此基础上构建嗜盐细菌的16SrRNA基因文库,随机挑选文库中的100个阳性克隆子进行群落结构多样性分析。16SrRNA基因序列分析结果表明:100个克隆分属于细菌域9个属的27个种,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌群(48%),喜盐芽孢杆菌属(Halobacillus)(14%)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)(13%)为次优势菌群。分析的阳性克隆子中,10个克隆子与GenBank中已报道16SrRNA基因序列的相似性在88.80%到96.90%之间,可能代表新属或新种。研究结果表明,新疆达坂盐湖沉积土壤的富集培养物中存在种类较为丰富的嗜盐细菌。     

鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中细菌群落结构和功能分析

为了明确鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中细菌群落结构和功能的变化,采用高通量测序技术测定了好氧堆肥前、中、后3个时期样品的16S rRNA基因序列,并进行了生物信息学分析。结果表明, 3个堆肥阶段中仅有10%左右的分类操作单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs)具有阶段特异性;不同发酵阶段细菌α多样性指数ACE、Chao1和Simpson均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,但各阶段间差异不显著(P<0.05)。3个发酵阶段优势菌门类相同,但丰度存在差异。线性判别分析[line discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size, LEfSe]法对细菌生物标志分析表明,从门到属水平共有49个物种,堆肥前期样品组中显著富集的物种最多,后期最少。原核分类群功能注释(functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa,FAPROTAX)对细菌功能多样性分析表明,堆肥前期细菌功能多样性最高,而随着发酵进行细菌功能富集程度增加、多样性降低。该研究为畜禽粪污好氧堆肥过程调控提供理论支撑和技术指导。     

有机污染物对水体真细菌群落结构的影响

为了揭示有机污染物对环境真细菌组成和多样性的影响,应用末端限制性片段长度多态性(tRFLP)和16S rDNA文库技术并结合水质分析方法,比较分析了松花江流域内受不同程度有机污染的4个水体及其沉积物中真细菌的群落结构。tRFLP分析表明各水体及底泥均呈现较为复杂的群落结构模式,不同底泥群落形成的末端限制性片段(TRF)图谱具有很高的相似性,但随着污染程度的加强,部分类群明显富集,而且在水样组和泥样组内,群落结构的相似性同水质相似性是一致的,主成分分析(PCA)显示水样和泥样中的真细菌TRF形成不同的群。16SrDNA文库分析表明松花江哈尔滨段底泥中真细菌分布于10个门,Proteobacteria门占优势,达群落总数的21.92%(β-Proteobacteria亚门占10.96%),而有机染污物严重超标的生活污水排污道底泥中的微生物多样性较低,分布于7个门,Proteobacteria门为优势群,占群落的47.37%(α-Proteobacteria亚门占21.05%,δ/ε-Proteobacteria亚门占15.79%)。该研究表明向水体中长期排放高浓度有机物能使系统中微生物群落多样性降低,与污染物降解相关的功能微生物类群明显富集。     

基于MiSeq测序分析新疆泥火山土壤细菌群落多样性

【目的】以新疆乌苏泥火山土壤为研究对象,了解泥火山细菌群落结构及其时空动态变化。【方法】选择泥火山4种不同生境土壤在4、7、11月份采样,应用Illumina Mi Seq测序技术测定泥火山土壤细菌的16S r RNA基因V3–V4变异区序列,分析乌苏泥火山不同生境土壤细菌群落组成。【结果】泥火山土壤细菌在97%的相似水平下共得到OTU个数为29 005,在细菌门水平上共有38种细菌类群,Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes为优势菌群,在属水平上共有72种细菌类群,其中含量最高的是未分类细菌;多样性分析表明生境D的丰度指数和多样性指数最高,将泥火山细菌群落多样性与理化因子结合分析,发现其多样性随着土壤养分的增加而基本降低,说明物种多样性指数与理化因子之间呈负相关关系;OTU水平的分析表明生境A的群落组成在时空动态上没有显著差异,其样品群落组成较为相似,而生境C的物种组成差异较大。【结论】相比较于传统方法,Mi Seq测序能够更全面解析环境样品中微生物多样性,揭示了乌苏泥火山群蕴含着丰富的微生物资源,这将为深入研究泥火山生态系统奠定基础,为合理利用和开发泥火山微生物资源提供指导。     

新疆两盐湖可培养嗜盐古菌多样性研究

从新疆地区艾比盐湖和艾丁盐湖卤水及泥土样品中分离到86株嗜盐古菌。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,分离自艾比湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrinema和Natronorubrum6个属的11个分类单元,而分离自艾丁湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobiforma、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrialba、Natrinema6个属的8个分类单元,这一结果表明艾比湖可培养嗜盐古菌生物多样性稍高于艾丁湖。基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明代表菌株ABH15应为Natronorubrum属的中性嗜盐古菌新种,代表菌株ABH07、ABH12、ABH17、ABH19、ABH51和AD30可能是Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Haloarcula的新成员。     

Vertical distribution of bacterial community structure in the sediments of two eutrophic lakes revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and multivariate analysis techniques

Vertical distribution of bacterial community structure was investigated in the sediments of two eutrophic lakes of China, Lake Taihu and Lake Xuanwu. Profiles of bacterial communities were generated using a molecular fingerprinting technique, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) followed by DNA sequence analysis, and the results were interpreted with multivariate statistical analysis. To assess changes in the genetic diversity of bacterial communities with changing depth, DGGE banding patterns were analysed by cluster analysis. Distinct clusters were recognized in different sampling stations of Lake Taihu. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was carried out to infer the relationship between environmental variables and bacterial community structure. DGGE samples collected at the same sampling site clustered together in both lakes. Total phosphorus, organic matter and pH were considered to be the key factors driving the changes in bacterial community composition.     

Microbial diversity in lake sediments detected by PCR-DGGE

In this study,PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was applied to analyze the microbial communities in lake sediments from Lake Xuanwu,Lake Mochou in Nanjing and Lake Taihu in Wuxi.Sediment samples from seven locations in three lakes were collected and their genomic DNAs were extracted.The DNA yields of the sediments of Lake Xuanwu and Lake Mochou were high (10 μg/g),while that of sediments in Lake Taihu was relatively low.After DNA purification,the 16S rDNA genes (V3 to V5 region) were amplified and the amplified DNA fragments were separated by parallel DGGE.The DGGE profiles showed that there were five common bands in all the lake sediment samples indicating that there were similarities among the populations of microorganisms in all the lake sediments.The DGGE profiles of Lake Xuanwu and Lake Mochou were similar and about 20 types of micro-organisms were identified in the sediment samples of both lakes.These results suggest that the sediment samples of these two city lakes (Xuanwu,Mochou) have similar microbial communities.However,the DGGE profiles of sediment samples in Lake Taihu were significantly differ-ent from these two lakes.Furthermore,the DGGE pro-files of sediment samples in different locations in Lake Taihu were also different,suggesting that the microbial communities in Lake Taihu are more diversified than those in Lake Xuanwu and Lake Mochou.The differences in microbial diversity may be caused by the different environmental conditions,such as redox potential,pH,and the concentrations of organic matters.Seven major bands of 16S rDNA genes fragments from the DGGE profiles of sediment samples were further re-amplified and sequenced.The results of sequencing analysis indicate that five sequences shared 99%-100% homology with known sequences (Bacillus and Brevibacillus,uncultured bacteria),while the other two sequences shared 93%-96% homology with known sequences (Acinetobacter,and Bacillus).The study shows that the PCR-DGGE tech-nique combined with sequence analysis is a feasible and efficient method for the determination of microbial com-munities in sediment samples.     

Microbial diversity in lake sediments detected by PCR-DGGE

In this study, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was applied to analyze the microbial communities in lake sediments from Lake Xuanwu, Lake Mochou in Nanjing and Lake Taihu in Wuxi. Sediment samples from seven locations in three lakes were collected and their genomic DNAs were extracted. The DNA yields of the sediments of Lake Xuanwu and Lake Mochou were high (10 μg/g), while that of sediments in Lake Taihu was relatively low. After DNA purification, the 16S rDNA genes (V3 to V5 region) were amplified and the amplified DNA fragments were separated by parallel DGGE. The DGGE profiles showed that there were five common bands in all the lake sediment samples indicating that there were similarities among the populations of microorganisms in all the lake sediments. The DGGE profiles of Lake Xuanwu and Lake Mochou were similar and about 20 types of microorganisms were identified in the sediment samples of both lakes. These results suggest that the sediment samples of these two city lakes (Xuanwu, Mochou) have similar microbial communities. However, the DGGE profiles of sediment samples in Lake Taihu were significantly different from these two lakes. Furthermore, the DGGE profiles of sediment samples in different locations in Lake Taihu were also different, suggesting that the microbial communities in Lake Taihu are more diversified than those in Lake Xuanwu and Lake Mochou. The differences in microbial diversity may be caused by the different environmental conditions, such as redox potential, pH, and the concentrations of organic matters. Seven major bands of 16S rDNA genes fragments from the DGGE profiles of sediment samples were further re-amplified and sequenced. The results of sequencing analysis indicate that five sequences shared 99%–100% homology with known sequences (Bacillus and Brevibacillus, uncultured bacteria), while the other two sequences shared 93%–96% homology with known sequences (Acinetobacter, and Bacillus). The study shows that the PCR-DGGE technique combined with sequence analysis is a feasible and efficient method for the determination of microbial communities in sediment samples. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3610–3616 [译自: 生态学报]     

Do Patterns of Bacterial Diversity along Salinity Gradients Differ from Those Observed for Macroorganisms?

It is widely accepted that biodiversity is lower in more extreme environments. In this study, we sought to determine whether this trend, well documented for macroorganisms, also holds at the microbial level for bacteria. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with phylum-specific primers to quantify the taxon richness (i.e., the DGGE band numbers) of the bacterioplankton communities of 32 pristine Tibetan lakes that represent a broad salinity range (freshwater to hypersaline). For the lakes investigated, salinity was found to be the environmental variable with the strongest influence on the bacterial community composition. We found that the bacterial taxon richness in freshwater habitats increased with increasing salinity up to a value of 1‰. In saline systems (systems with >1‰ salinity), the expected decrease of taxon richness along a gradient of further increasing salinity was not observed. These patterns were consistently observed for two sets of samples taken in two different years. A comparison of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed that the bacterial community of the lake with the highest salinity was characterized by a higher recent accelerated diversification than the community of a freshwater lake, whereas the phylogenetic diversity in the hypersaline lake was lower than that in the freshwater lake. These results suggest that different evolutionary forces may act on bacterial populations in freshwater and hypersaline lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, potentially resulting in different community structures and diversity patterns.     

青海湖与中国内陆盐湖古菌群落组成的比较

【目的】本研究旨在全面揭示中国最大的内陆咸水湖——青海湖的古菌群落结构,并对青海湖与盐湖的古菌多样性及群落结构进行比较。【方法】随机选取了青海省的茶卡盐湖、陕西省的花马池盐湖和苟池盐湖以及山西省的运城盐湖作为盐湖组。青海湖与盐湖组每个湖泊各采取5个样品,采用针对16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术分析5个湖泊中的古菌群落组成。【结果】研究发现,青海湖的优势菌群为DHVEG-6_norank、Methanomicrobia_unclassified、Methanobacterium(甲烷细菌属)、Methanolobus(甲烷叶菌属)、Candidatus_Methanomethylophilus、Miscellaneous_Euryarchaeotic_Group(MEG)_norank、AMOS1A-4113-D04_norank、Methanosarcina(甲烷八叠球菌属)、Miscellaneous_Crenarchaeotic_Group_norank。其中,DHVEG-6_norank(70.46%)占绝对优势,但该类群在盐湖中含量极少。4个盐湖的共有优势属为Halonotius、Halorubrum(盐红菌属)、Natronomonas(嗜盐碱单孢菌属)、Halobellus和Haloarcula(盐盒菌属)。对于青海湖与盐湖之间的古菌群落多样性,影响最大的因素为湖水的矿化度,矿化度与5个湖泊的古菌多样性呈负相关,矿化度较低的青海湖群落组成与其他4个盐湖差异显著,无共同优势菌;其次为pH,pH与湖泊中古菌群落多样性呈微弱正相关,小幅度影响到某些菌属的丰度;而本文研究范围内的海拔与其群落结构及多样性没有明显相关性。【结论】青海湖与其他4个盐湖之间的群落结构及多样性有显著差异,矿化度对古菌群落多样性具有显著影响。另,本次测序发现5个湖泊中均有大量未分类的古菌,应为潜在的新种。     

Anaerobic methane oxidation potential and bacteria in freshwater lakes: Seasonal changes and the influence of trophic status

Nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo), mainly carried out by n-damo bacteria, is an important pathway for mitigating methane emission from freshwater lakes. Although n-damo bacteria have been detected in a variety of freshwater lakes, their potential and distribution, and associated environmental factors, remain unclear. Therefore, the current study investigated the potential and distribution of anaerobic methanotrophs in sediments from Erhai Lake and Dianchi Lake, two adjacent freshwater lakes in the Yunnan Plateau with different trophic status. Both lakes showed active anaerobic methane oxidation potential and harbored a high density of n-damo bacteria. Based on the n-damo pmoA gene, sediment n-damo bacterial communities mainly consisted of Candidatus Methylomirabils oxyfera and Candidatus Methylomirabils sinica, as well as novel n-damo organisms. Sediment anaerobic methane oxidation potential and the n-damo bacterial community showed notable differences among seasons and between lakes. The environmental variables associated with lake trophic status (e.g. total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total organic carbon) might have significant impacts on the anaerobic methane oxidation potential, as well as the abundance and community structure of n-damo bacteria. Therefore, trophic status could determine the n-damo process in freshwater lake sediment.     

Culturable halophilic archaeal diversity of Ayakekumu salt lake located in Xinjiang, China

Molecular diversity of halophilic archaea from Ayakekumu salt lake was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and culture methods. 19 water samples and 15 soil samples were taken from 19 sites within Ayakekumu salt lake in winter and spring. Under aerobic culture conditions, some halophilic microorganisms were isolated by five different media. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of 62 red strains were amplified by using PCR, determined by the DNA sequencer and analyzed through the BLASTn program subsequently. Results revealed that all sequences belonged to six genera grouped within the Halobacteriaceae. Mostly 16S rRNA gene sequences related to the genera Halorubrum (47%) and Natrinema (24%) were detected. Subsequent analysis by using Shannon index indicated that cultured halophilic archaeal diversities are not significantly different between winter and spring samplings in Ayakekumu salt lake. Similarity values of haloarchaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences to known sequences were less than 97%, suggesting the presence of two novel taxa. In addition, taxonomic characteristics of Natrinema altunense and Halobiforma lacisalsi isolated from Ayakekumu salt lake had been described previously. The discovery of the novel species provides new opportunity to further examine the diversity of these halophilic microorganisms in Ayakekumu salt lake.     

Culturable halophilic archaeal diversity of Ayakekumu salt lake located in Xinjiang, China

Molecular diversity of halophilic archaea from Ayakekumu salt lake was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and culture methods. 19 water samples and 15 soil samples were taken from 19 sites within Ayakekumu salt lake in winter and spring. Under aerobic culture conditions, some halophilic microorganisms were isolated by five different media. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of 62 red strains were amplified by using PCR, determined by the DNA sequencer and analyzed through the BLASTn program subsequently. Results revealed that all sequences belonged to six genera grouped within the Halobacteriaceae. Mostly 16S rRNA gene sequences related to the genera Halorubrum (47%) and Natrinema (24%) were detected. Subsequent analysis by using Shannon index indicated that cultured halophilic archaeal diversities are not significantly different between winter and spring samplings in Ayakekumu salt lake. Similarity values of haloarchaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences to known sequences were less than 97%, suggesting the presence of two novel taxa. In addition, taxonomic characteristics of Natrinema altunense and Halobiforma lacisalsi isolated from Ayakekumu salt lake had been described previously. The discovery of the novel species provides new opportunity to further examine the diversity of these halophilic microorganisms in Ayakekumu salt lake.