瓜实蝇的有效积温及其在中国的年发生代数预测

瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett是世界上重要的检疫性害虫,通过在14、18、22、26、30、34℃温度下孵化和饲养实验,测定该虫卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期、世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别是8．0982℃、4．5245℃、4．5245℃、7．4751℃、10．0019℃和28．8506、162．7462、145．7249、166．5126、503．8343日度。根据该虫的致死温度和有效积温模型,运用数学分析和地理信息系统技术,预测了瓜实蝇在中国的适生区和年发生代数,结果表明：该虫可在中国48．96％地区发生（气象站点所代表的地区）,1年发生2-12代,以4～6代为主。     

大叶黄杨巢蛾发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

本文研究了大叶黄杨巢蛾的各个虫态及全世代的发育起点温度(C)和有效积温(K),并与实际发生情况作了初步验证。研究结果表明,该虫全世代的发育起点温度为2.53±0.66℃,有效积温为1024.95±23.50日度。大叶黄杨巢蛾在温州地区全年发生的理论代数为5～6代,与实际发生5～6代一致。     

草地螟的有效积温及其世代区的划分

经实验测定,草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)各虫态的发育起点温度：卵为14.3℃、幼虫为12.7℃、蛹为11,6℃、成虫为11.0℃;有效积温：卵为30.5日度、幼虫为190.7日度、蛹为158.3日度、成虫为96.7日度。全世代的发育起点温度为10.5℃,有效积温为531.2日度。虽然草地螟各虫态的理论发育起点温度和实测值尚有一定差异,但根据上述结果推算的发生世代数目和实际发生世代数目基本一致。根据对草地螟发生地区的有效积温计算和实际观祭记载,草地螟在我国的发生世代数目表现为由南到北递减的趋势。在年等温线0℃以北地区每年发生1代,年等温线0-8℃地区年生2-3代,年等温线8-12℃地区年生3-4代。草地螟在我国的主要为害区是2-3代区,主要为害世代是第一代。     

金银花尺蠖发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

利用光照培养箱,在16、19、22、25、28、31和34℃7个恒温条件下饲养金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu,对其各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,该虫在16～34℃的温度范围内均能正常生长发育,但各虫态的发育历期随温度变化而变化,在31℃以下的温度时,发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,超过31℃时,发育速度反而减慢,发育历期则逐渐延长;卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期和整个世代的发育起点温度分别为9.42、11.44、5.42、13.98和9.74℃,有效积温分别为122.64、303.15、195.95、39.15和673.03日.度;根据有效积温法则预测该虫在滁州市1年的理论发生代数为3.07代,这与实际发生情况基本相符合。     

金纹细蛾的发育起点温度和有效积温

在自然变温条件下,研究金纹细蛾LithocolletisringoniellaMatsumura各虫态发育历期。结果表明,成虫产卵前期、卵、幼虫、蛹及全世代的发育起点温度分别为7.5,5.2,10.4,11.3和7.1℃,有效积温分别为40.6,59.7,102.2,15.4和203.1日.度。根据有效积温法则,预测该虫在山东省1年发生4~6代,第1、2代成虫发生期分别为5月下旬和6月下旬。     

黑广肩步甲主要生物学特性及卵的有效积温

研究了黑广肩步甲Calosoma maximociczi Morawitz各虫态的主要生物学特性及其卵的发育起点温度与有效积温.在山东地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬.成虫在5月中旬至10月上旬发生,6月初开始产卵,卵的发育起点温度为14.66℃,有效积温41.7日度,在25℃下卵期平均为3.69±0.25d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为3d～5d、4d～5d;平均气温28℃下,预蛹期约为8d～14d,蛹期为10d～15d.成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食.     

短时高温胁迫对瓜实蝇生长发育及繁殖的影响

为明确瓜实蝇对短时高温胁迫的耐受性。利用人工气候箱模拟短时高温胁迫,测定了不同高温处理(34、36、38、40、42、44、46、48℃)12 h,对不同发育阶段瓜实蝇的存活率和生长发育的影响。结果表明短时高温显著影响瓜实蝇的存活,随温度升高,瓜实蝇各虫态的存活率逐渐降低;高温处理12 h后瓜实蝇卵、幼虫、蛹、雌成虫、雄成虫的致死中温度LT 50分别为35.48、37.55、41.85、43.62、43.32℃;34~42℃短时高温胁迫对瓜实蝇各虫态的发育历期无明显影响,44℃时其发育历期均显著增长;46℃、48℃处理下各虫态死亡率较高,不能正常发育;随着处理温度的升高,雌成虫产卵前期不断增长,单雌产卵量呈下降趋势,成虫寿命不断缩短,后代雌性比增大。44℃及以上的短时高温胁迫不利于瓜实蝇的生长发育,40℃及以上的短时高温胁迫不利于瓜实蝇的繁殖,雌性瓜实蝇对短时高温的胁迫的适应性强于雄性,随着处理温度的升高,后代雌性比例增大。     

双斑长跗萤叶甲的发育起点温度与有效积温

双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)已成为新疆北疆棉区的一重大新害虫,至今该虫各虫态的发育历期都不清楚。在室内5个恒温下(19,22,25,28和31℃),利用有效积温法则和"最小二乘法"对双斑长跗萤叶甲各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究。结果表明,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.8,10.8,12.6和10.1℃;有效积温分别为1 182.2,401.2,111.9和269.0日.度;整个世代完成发育所需要的有效积温为1 971.6日.度,预测在新疆北疆1年发生1代。     

生境及气象因子对瓜实蝇雄成虫数量动态的影响

本研究监测了不同生境下瓜实蝇雄成虫的数量动态,分析了气象因子与其数量变动的相关性。结果表明儋州地区瓜实蝇雄成虫发生低谷为每年12月和1月;从2月开始,瓜实蝇雄成虫数量逐渐增加,4-8月达到高峰,从9月开始数量逐渐下降。生境显著影响了瓜实蝇的雄成虫数量,混合菜地、园林区以及混合果园诱集的瓜实蝇雄虫数量多于住宅区、农贸市场、苦瓜地诱集的雄成虫数量。气象因子也显著影响了瓜实蝇雄虫的数量。经逐步回归分析发现瓜实蝇雄虫数量变动受月降水量、月均最高气温、月均最小湿度综合影响,其中月均最高气温是影响瓜实蝇雄虫数量变动的最重要因素。因此,瓜实蝇防控应不仅局限在其寄主园区生境,还应根据其监测的数据对多生境的瓜实蝇进行治理。     

自然变温条件下番石榴实蝇发育历期、起点温度和有效积温

在室内自然变温条件下研究了番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta(Bezzi)发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,除雌虫产卵前期表现出26℃最短、随着温度升高或者降低均延长的规律外,卵、幼虫和蛹发育历期随着温度升高总体呈现变短的趋势。该虫卵、幼虫、蛹、雌虫产卵前期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为15.25、9.24、10.35、20.14℃和21.24、91.06、180.85、135.66日·度,建立了各虫态发育速率与温度关系模型。     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Performance Evaluation of Kits for Bisulfite-Conversion of DNA from Tissues,Cell Lines,FFPE Tissues,Aspirates, Lavages,Effusions, Plasma,Serum, and Urine

DNA methylation analyses usually require a preceding bisulfite conversion of the DNA. The choice of an appropriate kit for a specific application should be based on the specific performance requirements with regard to the respective sample material. In this study, the performance of nine kits was evaluated: EpiTect Fast FFPE Bisulfite Kit, EpiTect Bisulfite Kit, EpiTect Fast DNA Bisulfite Kit (Qiagen), EZ DNA Methylation-Gold Kit, EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit, EZ DNA Methylation-Lightning Kit (Zymo Research), innuCONVERT Bisulfite All-In-One Kit, innuCONVERT Bisulfite Basic Kit, innuCONVERT Bisulfite Body Fluids Kit (Analytik Jena). The kit performance was compared with regard to DNA yield, DNA degradation, DNA purity, conversion efficiency, stability and handling using qPCR, UV, clone sequencing, HPLC, and agarose gel electrophoresis. All kits yielded highly pure DNA suitable for PCR analyses without PCR inhibition. Significantly higher yields were obtained when using the EZ DNA Methylation-Gold Kit and the innuCONVERT Bisulfite kits. Conversion efficiency ranged from 98.7% (EpiTect Bisulfite Kit) to 99.9% (EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit). The inappropriate conversion of methylated cytosines to thymines varied between 0.9% (innuCONVERT Bisulfite kits) and 2.7% (EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit). Time-to-result ranged from 131 min (innuCONVERT kits) to 402 min (EpiTect Bisulfite Kit). Hands-on-time was between 66 min (EZ DNA Methylation-Lightning Kit) and 104 min (EpiTect Fast FFPE and Fast DNA Bisulfite kits). Highest yields from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections without prior extraction were obtained using the innuCONVERT Bisulfite All-In-One Kit while the EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit yielded DNA with only low PCR-amplifiability. The innuCONVERT Bisulfite All-In-One Kit exhibited the highest versatility regarding different input sample materials (extracted DNA, tissue, FFPE tissue, cell lines, urine sediment, and cellular fractions of bronchial aspirates, pleural effusions, ascites). The innuCONVERT Bisulfite Body Fluids Kit allowed for the analysis of 3 ml plasma, serum, ascites, pleural effusions and urine.