厕蝇科系统学研究历史与现状

厕蝇科Fanniidae隶属于双翅目Diptera环裂亚目Cyclorrhapha,迄今全世界已知300余种。文章综述厕蝇科昆虫的世界研究简史,列出了200多年来厕蝇分类阶元、分类系统的组合、变动情况,总结该科属下分种团、系统发育、生物地理学研究及我国厕蝇的研究历程。在上述基础上,提出了目前所存在的问题。     

厕蝇属夏厕蝇种团(双翅目:厕蝇科)分类研究概况

夏厕蝇种团(Fannia canicularis-group)为厕蝇属众多种团之一.本文综述了世界该类昆虫分类研究概况,在查阅国内外该类昆虫文献的基础上,总结出该种团的研究简史,进一步界定了该种团与厕蝇属其它类群的主要区别特征,给出了该种团全世界已知47种的名录及其分布,讨论了该类昆虫生态学及其研究意义.     

中国蝇科和麻蝇科新纪录

在整理锦州地区的蝇类标本中,发现蝇科、麻蝇科计6种系国内新纪录:1.胸刺厕蝇 Fannia fuscula Macq.,1835 辽宁省(北镇县1)2.六痣秽蝇 Coenosia sexnotata Meigen,1826     

中国角潜蝇属莎草潜蝇亚属分类研究(双翅目,潜蝇科)

对中国角潜蝇属莎草潜蝇亚属进行了分类研究,确认我国现知2种：即福建角潜蝇C.(B.)fujianisca sp.nov和苔角潜蝇Cerodontha(Butomomyza)cornigera(dc Meijcrc)。除新种描述并附特征图外,还提供该亚属中国种类分种检索表。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国花蝇科和厕蝇科新纪录

整理作者在山西省雁北地区采集的蝇总科标本中,发现五种系国内新纪录,名录如下:拟瘦端地种蝇Delia dovreensis Ringdahl,1954 采集地:山西广灵(上白羊2,1980.8.9)细叶叉泉蝇Eutrichota praeclara(Stein,1914) 采集地:山西平鲁(只泥泉1,1980.9.3)直角泉种蝇Pegohylemyia rectangularis Ringdahl,1952 采集地:山西广灵(上白羊1,1980.8.9)     

陕西省花蝇科和蝇科国内新纪录

在陕西省秦岭太白山蝇类垂直分布调查中,发现花蝇科和蝇科三种系国内新纪录: 1.巴勒众蝇 Pegomya palaestinensis Hennig, 19731.陕西省太白山(大殿,海拔2,500米,1982.8)。     

潜蝇属六种的摩擦发音器(双翅目：潜蝇科)(英)

本文对我国潜蝇属Agromyza 6种(其中2种为国内 新纪录)的摩擦发音器特征作了扫描电镜观察。首次提出了多个形态用语，并试以音锉分类 为6种潜蝇作出检索表。对潜蝇科内两类音锉型的关系作了图解。     

中国大广口蝇属分类研究(双翅目,广口蝇科)

以保存于英国自然历史博物馆和中国科学院动物研究所的标本为材料,对中国大广口蝇属Xenaspis Osten Sacken(双翅目:广口蝇科)进行了分类研究,确认目前中国已知下列4种:黄足大广口蝇X.flavipes Enderlein、台湾大广口蝇X.formosae Hendel、斑翅大广口蝇 X.maculipennis sp.nov.,硕大广口蝇X.pictipennis Walker.除详细记述其中的1新种外,还提供中国已知种类的分种检索表及其有关特征图.     

陕西省的茎蝇科二新种(双翅目:无瓣蝇类)

茎蝇科(Psilidae) 为双翅目无瓣蝇类(Diptera,Acalyptratae) 中的一个小科,世界已知仅百余种、广布各大区。我国过去由Hendel(1913,1933),Henning(1940)等记载过5属10种,大多为台湾省的,有2种则分布于甘肃南部;陕西省此科无记录。我们近年开展了茎蝇科的分类研究,已记述了十多个种;本文根据北京农业大学的收藏又增加陕西省的二新种,模式标本均保存在我校的昆虫标本室。     

潜蝇属六种的摩擦发音器(双翅目：潜蝇科)(英文)

本文对我国潜蝇属Ａｇｒｏｍｙｚａ６种（其中２种为国内新纪录）的摩擦发间器特征作为扫描电镜观察。首次提出了多个形态用语,并试以音锉分类为６种潜蝇作出检索表。对潜蝇科内两类音锉型的关系作了图解。     

Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data

The Cuban species of Calisto are reviewed based on the morphology of adult and immature stages, as well as DNA sequences of six genes (COI, EF1α, wingless, GAPDH, RpS5, CAD). A new species, Calisto occultasp. n., is described from the northeastern Cuban mountains. Calisto smintheus Bates, 1935 and Calisto bruneri, Michener 1949 are revised and revalidated. A new status, the species level, is proposed for Calisto brochei, Torre 1973, Calisto muripetens, Bates 1939 and Calisto bradleyi, Munroe 1950. The immature stages of Calisto smintheus, Calisto brochei,and Calisto occulta are described for the first time, and those of Calisto herophile, Hübner 1823 are redescribed. Useful morphological characters for adults are the shape and conspicuousness of androconial patch, the number and relative size of white dots on underside of hindwing, the shape of aedeagus, the shape of digitiform projection of genitalia valve, the shape and relative size of tegumen and uncus, the relative size of female genitalia, the height of sterigmal ring dorsal crown of the latter, and the relative size of corpus bursae and ductus bursae. For the immature stages, the most important characters are the color pattern of head capsule, the number and width of longitudinal lines of body, in the larvae; and the color pattern and the absence or presence of dorsal ridges on the abdomen of pupae. The phylogenetic relationships between the Cuban Calisto species are quite robust and well-supported; however, conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear datasets was detected in Calisto brochei, Calisto muripetens and to a lesser degree in Calisto bradleyi.     

Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system

Using an antiserum generated in rabbits against synthetic galanin (GA) and the indirect immunofluorescence method, the distribution of GA-like immunoreactive cell bodies and nerve fibers was studied in the rat central nervous system (CNS) and a detailed stereotaxic atlas of GA-like neurons was prepared. GA-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the rat CNS. Appreciable numbers of GA-positive cell bodies were observed in the rostral cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis, the caudate, medial preoptic, preoptic periventricular, and preoptic suprachiasmatic nuclei, the medial forebrain bundle, the supraoptic, the hypothalamic periventricular, the paraventricular, the arcuate, dorsomedial, perifornical, thalamic periventricular, anterior dorsal and lateral thalamic nuclei, medial and central amygdaloid nuclei, dorsal and ventral premamillary nuclei, at the base of the hypothalamus, in the central gray matter, the hippocampus, the dorsal and caudoventral raphe nuclei, the interpeduncular nucleus, the locus coeruleus, ventral parabrachial, solitarii and commissuralis nuclei, in the A1, C1 and A4 catechaolamine areas, the posterior area postrema and the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. Fibers were generally seen where cell bodies were observed. Very dense fiber bundles were noted in the septohypothalamic tract, the preoptic area, in the hypothalamus, the habenula and the thalamic periventricular nucleus, in the ventral hippocampus, parts of the reticular formation, in the locus coeruleus, the dorsal parabrachial area, the nucleus and tract of the spinal trigeminal area and the substantia gelatinosa, the superficial layers of the spinal cord and the posterior lobe of the pituitary. The localization of the GA-like immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus suggests a partial coexistence with catecholaminergic neurons as well as a possible involvement of the GA-like peptide in a neuroregulatory role.     

Skeletal development of the Mexican spadefoot, Spea multiplicata (Anura: Pelobatidae)

The larval chondrocranium of Spea multiplicata is described, as is the development and adult morphology of the skeleton. There are major modifications to the larval chondrocranium throughout development, including the presence of embryonic trabeculae in young tadpoles and significant reorganization of cartilaginous structures at metamorphosis. The first bone to ossify is the parasphenoid (Stage 35), followed by the presacral neural arches, ilium, and femur (Stage 36). By Stage 39, most of the postcranial elements have begun to ossify. Metamorphic climax is accomplished over three Gosner stages (39-41) and involves major modifications to the chondrocranium, as well as the appearance of three cranial elements (septomaxilla, nasal, and premaxilla). After metamorphosis, the exoccipital, vomer, dentary, angulosplenial, squamosal, pterygoid, sphenethmoid, ischium, and hyoid begin to ossify. The stapes, mentomeckelian, operculum, carpals, and tarsals do not appear until juvenile and adult stages. The development of the hyoid and cartilaginous condensations of the carpals and tarsals are described. In addition, phenotypic plasticity within the genus and the absence of a palatine (= neopalatine) bone are discussed.     

Ostracodes du Cénomanien supérieur et du Turonien de la zone sous-pyrénéenne orientale (Corbières méridionales, SE France). Systématique, biostratigraphie, paléoécologie et paléobiogéographie

Thirty-four species of ostracodes are collected in the platform series of the Southern Corbières; two biostratigraphical assemblages, with 13 and 29 species, are respectively recognized in Cenomanian and Upper Turonian; palaeoecology is specified. At that time, the ostracode sub-province of South-West France, established on Southern Corbières, Aquitaine, Touraine-Poitou-Charentes region and Provence, is connected with Eastern and Northern regions and countries: Sub-alpines ranges, Paris Basin, Great Britain, Switzerland and Bohemia, and with the Iberian Peninsula, sub-province of North-Central Spain and Western Portuguese Basin. The crossing of the Tethys and the Atlantic Ocean is realized, in Turonian, by some rare species.     

Accumulation of calcium and phosphorus accompanied by inevitable accumulation of magnesium in human arteries

To examine whether there were differences between races in regard to the relationships among element contents in the arteries, the authors investigated the relationships among the average contents of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium in the 18 kinds of the Thai artery. After ordinary dissection by medical students at Chiang Mai University was finished, the thoracic and abdominal aortas, ramifying site of the abdominal aorta into the common iliac arteries, coronary, common carotid, internal thoracic, subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, superior and inferior mesenteric, renal, common iliac, internal iliac, and external iliac arteries were resected from the subjects who consisted of 12 men and 3 women, ranging in age from 39 to 84 yr. The femoral and posterior tibial arteries were resected from the subjects, consisting of 15 men and 5 women, ranging in age from 25 to 88 yr. The element content of the arteries was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. It was found that there were extremely significant direct correlations among the average contents of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the 18 kinds of the Thai artery, but no significant correlations were found between the average contents of sulfur and elements, such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. These results were in agreement with those of the Japanese arteries. Therefore, it was suggested that there was no significant difference between the arteries of the Thai and the Japanese in the relationships among calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium.     

Histochemical and ultrastructural changes in the haustorium of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Summary During imbibition ofPhoenix dactylifera embryos, all cotyledon cells show the same changes: protein and lipid bodies degrade, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) increases in amount, and dictyosomes appear. At germination, the distal portion of the cotyledon expands to form the haustorium. At this time, epithelial cells have a dense cytoplasm with many extremely small vacuoles. Many ribosomes are present along with ER, dictyosomes, and mitochondria. The parenchyma cells have large vacuoles and a small amount of peripheral cytoplasm. Between 2 and 6 weeks after germination, epithelial cells still retain the dense cytoplasm and many organelles appear: glyoxysomes, large lipid bodies, amyloplasts, large osmiophilic bodies, and abundant rough and smooth ER which appear to merge into the plasmalemma. A thin electron-transparent inner wall layer with many small internal projections is added to the cell walls. Starch grains appear first in the subsurface and internal parenchyma and subsequently in the epithelium. Lipid bodies, glyoxysomes, protein, and osmiophilic bodies occur in the epithelial and subepithelial cell layers but not in the internal parenchyma. At 8 weeks after germination, the cytoplasm becomes electron transparent, vacuolation occurs, lipid bodies and osmiophilic bodies degrade, and the endomembranes disassemble. After 10 weeks, the cells are empty. These data support the hypothesis that the major functions of the haustorium are absorption and storage.     

Importance of biological and abiotic factors for geochemical cycling in a freshwater eutrophic lake

Here we report the results of a comprehensive biogeochemical monitoring of Rostherne Mere in 1998, including changes in dissolved oxygen, organic carbon and nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite, ammonia, Al, Na, S, K, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, Mn, orthophosphate, particulate N & P, suspended solids, temperature, pH, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton. The results demonstrated the major influence of primary producers on the overall geochemical cycling of N, P and Si, and suggested that the significance of zooplankton might have been previously underestimated. For major anions and cations, however, the influence of biota on lake water concentrations appeared to be negligible, reflecting the fact that these chemicals were present far in excess of plankton requirements. Thus changes in concentrations of Ca, K, Na, Mg and S were rather limited and must have reflected changes in hydrological and meteorological parameters. K, however, demonstrated a transitional pattern, reflecting some influence of biological uptake. During the stratification period, the slow processes of bacterial decomposition in the hypolimnion gradually released chemicals contained in the materials accumulated in the bottom layer, remarkably increasing the concentrations of dissolved compounds of those elements present in amounts comparable with the pool stored in the sedimenting detritus (e.g. orthophosphate P, ammonia N, Si and DOC). The decomposition also resulted in a drop in the redox potential, followed by partial denitrification and chemical release from the sediments. The hypolimnion of the Mere was confirmed to remain at the stage of Mn release, characterised by accumulation of DOC, orthophosphates, ammonia and initial stages of denitrification. High levels of P released from the sediments during the stratification period suggest that the lake’s recovery after sewage diversion might be further delayed.     

Le peuplement humain en Eurasie : l’Asie centrale montagneuse et les piémonts sous-himalayens du Plio-Pléistocène à l’Holocène, origines, évolution humaine et migrations

During the years 1996 and 1997, a team of the Laboratory of Prehistory, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, and of the Departments of Archaeology, Karachi and Peshawar University, Pakistan, leads the first prehistoric field investigation in the District of Chitral, Hindu Kush, close to the Wakhan Corridor (the Amu Daria course in the Pamir). Problematics are the origins and the becoming of the Epipaleolithic/Neolithic hunters-gatherers known in the Pamir Plateau and the Gissar Range, the lithics tradition of which share common roots with the Sub-Himalayan Soanian tradition (Mode 1). A second field investigation has been conduced in the North West India, where Soan developed from Early Pleistocene, in the Frontal Range of the Siwaliks and Himachal Pradesh during the years 2003, 2005 and 2006 in cooperation with the Department of Archaeology and Museums of Punjab, India. New discoveries in both countries support new hypothesis for the understanding of human evolution in Asia and Homo sapiens origins.     

Estrogen-regulated development and differentiation of the prostate

Abstract Both androgens and estrogens play a significant role in the prostate and are critical for normal prostate growth and development, as well as the maintenance of adult prostatic homeostasis throughout life. It is the balance of these two hormones, rather than each individually, that is important for prostatic development and differentiation. Estrogen action is mediated by the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. ERα is expressed throughout the prostatic tissue during fetal and early neonatal life, and if activated inappropriately, produces late-life disease, including inflammation and emergence of pre-malignant pathologies. In contrast, ERβ expression is initiated after ERα, is localized primarily to the epithelium, and appears to be important during later periods of development such as puberty and adulthood, acting to regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in the adult tissue. Therefore, there is also a spatial and temporal balance between ERα and ERβ that is critical for development. Together with the shifting balance between androgens and estrogens themselves, the subtle, yet critical, balance between the activity of ERα and ERβ is what ultimately determines the response of the prostate to estrogen, and is crucial for prostate health.     

Pre-slaughter conditions, animal stress and welfare: current status and possible future research

The present paper describes the main procedures used to slaughter fowl, pigs, calves and adult cattle, sheep, and farmed fish, starting on the farm and ending with the death of the animal at the abattoir. It reviews the currently known causes of stress, indicated by behavioural and physiological measurements on the animal level, and by post-mortem muscle metabolism. During the pre-slaughter period, psychological stress is due to changes of environment, social disturbances and handling, and physical stress is due to food deprivation, climatic conditions, fatigue, and sometimes pain. The exact causes of stress depend, however, on the characteristics of each species, including the rearing system. For fowl, bird catching and crating, duration and climatic conditions of transport and of lairage and shackling are the main known pre-slaughter stress factors. For pigs, stress is caused by fighting during mixing of pens, loading and unloading conditions, and introduction in the restrainer. Handling and novelty of the situation contribute to the stress reactions. For veal calves and adult cattle, disruption of the social group, handling, loading and sometimes unloading conditions, fatigue, novelty of the situation and for calves mixing with unfamiliar animals are known stress factors. Gathering and yarding of extensively reared lambs and sheep causes stress, particularly when shepherd dogs are used. Subsequent transport may induce fatigue, especially if sheep are commercialised through auctions or markets. In farmed fish, stress is predominantly related to environmental aspects such as temperature, oxygen, cleanliness of the water and, to a certain extent, stocking density and removal of the fish from the water. If transport and lairage conditions are good and their durations not too long, they may allow pigs, calves and adult cattle, sheep, and fish to rest. For certain species, it was shown that genetic origin and earlier experience influence reactions to the slaughter procedure. Stunning techniques used depend on the species. Pigs and fowl are mostly electrically or gas-stunned, while most adult cattle are stunned with a captive bolt pistol. Calves and sheep may be electrically stunned or with a captive bolt pistol. Various stunning methods exist for the different farmed fish species. Potential causes of stress associated with the different stunning procedures are discussed. The paper addresses further consequences for meat quality and possible itineraries for future research. For all species, and most urgently for fish, more knowledge is needed on stunning and killing techniques, including gas-stunning techniques, to protect welfare.