中国番荔枝科省级分布新记录

报道了11种番荔枝科植物在我国6个省区的新分布,其中福建分布新记录是喙果皂帽花(Dasymaschalon rostratum);广东分布新记录是海南鹰爪(Artabotrys hainanensis);海南分布新记录是上思瓜馥木(Fissistigmas,Shangtzeense)和天堂瓜馥木(F.tientangense)：广西分布新记录是海南鹰爪、喙果鹰爪(A．rhynchocarpus)、云南澄广花(Orophea yunnanensis)、陵水暗罗(Polyalthia nemoralis)和腺叶暗罗(P.simiarum);云南分布新记录是天堂瓜馥木、澄广花(O．hainanensis)和瘤果紫玉盘(Uvara kweichowensis);西藏分布新记录是云南野独活(Miliusa tenttistipitata)。     

中国瓜馥木属植物叶片结构的解剖观察

采用叶片表皮离析法、扫描电镜和石蜡制片法,研究了中国分布的番荔枝科瓜馥木属19种植物叶片的形态结构。结果表明:瓜馥木属叶片形态和结构具有较多的相似性,如叶片表皮均具有2-多个细胞的单列丝状毛,表皮细胞内具有一个晶簇,气孔器均为平列型,只分布在叶片的远轴面,远轴面的表皮细胞平周壁形成一个乳突,叶片主脉的维管组织除具有正常的维管组织外,还具有一个小的副维管束等,这些特征有助于区分番荔枝科植物的属间关系,支持瓜馥木属是一个很自然的类群。但叶片表皮毛的形态及分布,表皮细胞的形状、叶肉中栅栏组织和海绵组织的结构、远轴面的乳突大小以及叶主脉维管组织的细微结构则具有种间差异。尤其有助于区分小萼瓜馥木和黑风藤、广西瓜馥木和独山瓜馥木、上思瓜馥木和东方瓜馥木等形态相似、难以区分的植物种类。该研究结果为该属的系统研究和种间正确区分提供了重要资料。     

上思瓜馥木精油的化学成分

上思瓜馥木(Fissistigma shantzeense Tsiang et P. T. Li)系番荔枝科瓜馥木属植物,分布于广西和云南西南部,鲜花具有浓郁的香气。为开发利用这一香料资源提供依据,我们对其化学成分进行了分析。     

独山瓜馥木提取物促休眠型结核杆菌复苏的活性研究（英文）北大核心CSCD

结核杆菌具有休眠的特性,休眠型结核杆菌对现有抗痨药物均不敏感,因此研发抗休眠型结核杆菌药物对根治结核病具有重要意义。本试验采用Wayne模型,发现独山瓜馥木根的乙醇提取物能复苏休眠型结核杆菌,独山瓜馥木的促复苏作用可能与刺激休眠型结核杆菌利用C10化合物作为能量来源有关。在体外试验时,独山瓜馥木根的乙醇提取物(2 mg/m L)与异烟肼(8μg/m L)联合用药,可杀死休眠型结核杆菌。结果提示,传统抗痨药物与促进休眠型结核杆菌复苏的药物联合用药可能是根治结核病的一种新策略。     

大孔树脂纯化瓜馥木总黄酮工艺及抗抑郁活性研究

本文采用大孔树脂纯化瓜馥木总黄酮,并评价其抗抑郁活性。以大孔树脂AB-8、HPD-600、HPD-826、X-5和D4006对瓜馥木总黄酮的吸附率和解吸率为指标筛选树脂种类,并对优选树脂的吸附特性和各影响因素进行研究,优化工艺条件。利用小鼠强迫游泳、小鼠悬尾和小鼠开野实验对瓜馥木总黄酮的抗抑郁活性进行了评价。结果表明AB-8具有较好的吸附率和解吸率,最佳纯化工艺为:上样流速为1.0 m L/min,树脂床用7 BV 5%乙醇除杂,再用8 BV 50%乙醇洗脱,洗脱流速1.0 m L/min,经AB-8大孔树脂纯化1次后,瓜馥木总黄酮含量为57.3%。瓜馥木总黄酮100 mg/kg剂量给药组能明显缩短小鼠强迫游泳和悬尾的不动时间,且该给药组小鼠的自主运动情况与阳性对照和空白之间没有显著差异。AB-8大孔树脂能较好地用于瓜馥木总黄酮的纯化,瓜馥木总黄酮具有明确的抗抑郁活性。     

独山瓜馥木提取物促休眠型结核杆菌复苏的活性研究（英文）

结核杆菌具有休眠的特性,休眠型结核杆菌对现有抗痨药物均不敏感,因此研发抗休眠型结核杆菌药物对根治结核病具有重要意义。本试验采用Wayne模型,发现独山瓜馥木根的乙醇提取物能复苏休眠型结核杆菌,独山瓜馥木的促复苏作用可能与刺激休眠型结核杆菌利用C10化合物作为能量来源有关。在体外试验时,独山瓜馥木根的乙醇提取物(2 mg/m L)与异烟肼(8μg/m L)联合用药,可杀死休眠型结核杆菌。结果提示,传统抗痨药物与促进休眠型结核杆菌复苏的药物联合用药可能是根治结核病的一种新策略。     

中国瓜馥木属(番荔枝科)一新记录

在对中国科学院植物研究所、华南植物研究所、昆明植物研究所、西双版纳热带植物园以及中山大学、西南林学院等地标本馆番荔枝科Annonaceae标本研究的基础上,笔者又详细研究了阔叶瓜馥木Fissistigma chloroneurum (Hand._Mazz.) Tsiang的模式照片(IBSC)和李秉滔(1965)引证为阔叶瓜馥木的张宏达1097、毛品一3915和5295、王孝等100017、高锡朋55422、陈少卿12648和156、曾怀德26659等标本,后又在网上查阅了纽约植物园标本馆F. petelotii Merr.的模式,认为毛品一3915、5295是F. petelotii Merr.在中国的新分布,现予以报道,并作了果的拉丁文补充描述.     

广西瓜馥木的新黄酮成分

从广西瓜馥木茎皮的乙醇提取物中分到６个黄酮成分,其中瓜馥木甲素为一新黄酮,经各种波谱解析及化学转换方法,其结构鉴定为８－羟基－５,６,７－三甲氧基双氢黄酮（１）。     

头序瓜馥木化学成分研究

综合运用硅胶柱色谱、反相硅胶柱色谱和Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱以及制备型高效液相等色谱方法对番荔枝科瓜馥木属植物头序瓜馥木Fissistigma retusum枝叶中的化学成分进行了系统研究,从其枝叶的95%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了12个化合物,根据化合物的理化性质及其波谱学数据将它们分别鉴定为:原儿茶酸乙酯(1)、(S)-甲氧基-(3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟苯基)乙二醇(2)、2-顺式-4-反式-脱落酸(3)、山萘酚-3-O-а-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(4)、柚皮素(5)、香树素(6)、圣草酚(7)、(2R,3S)-5,7,3'-三甲氧基表儿茶素(8)、5,6,8-三甲氧基-7-羟基二氢黄酮(9)、丁香脂素(10)、epiyangambin(11)、seartemin(12)。其中化合物1和2为2个酚酸类化合物,3和4为2个萜类化合物,5~9为5个黄酮类化合物,化合物10~12为3个木脂素类化合物,化合物1~12为首次从番荔枝科瓜馥木属植物中分离得到。     

中国番荔枝科植物三新异名

报道了3个新异名,即西藏暗罗Polyalthia chinensis S．K．Wu ＆ P．T．Li、Enicosanthellum plagioneurum var．oblanceolatum Ban和桂南瓜馥木Fissistigma guinanense Y．Wan,分别并入疣叶暗罗P.verrucipes C．Y．Wu ex P．T．Li、云桂暗罗P.petelotii Merr．和凹叶瓜馥木Fissistigma retusum（Lev1．）Rehd．。     

Effects of constant light on circadian rhythmicity in mice lacking functional <Emphasis Type="Italic">cry</Emphasis> genes: dissimilar from <Emphasis Type="Italic">per</Emphasis> mutants

Mutations in each of the genes mPer1, mPer2, mCry1 and mCry2 separately cause deviations from the wild type circadian system. Differences between these mutant strains have inspired the hypothesis that the duality of circadian genes (two mPer and two mCry genes involved) is related to the existence of two components in the circadian oscillator (Daan et al., J Biol Rhythms 16:105–116, 2001). We tested the predictions from this theory that the circadian period (τ) lengthens under constant illumination (LL) in mCry1 and mPer1 mutant mice, while it shortens in mCry2 and mPer2 mutants. mCry1 ^−/− and mCry2 ^−/− knockout mice both consistently increased τ with increasing light intensity, as did wild type mice. With increasing illumination, rhythmicity is reduced in mCry1, mCry2 and mPer1, but not in mPer2 deficient mice. Results for mPer mutant mice are in agreement with data reported on these strains earlier by Steinlechner et al. (J Biol Rhythms 17:202–209, 2002), and also with the predictions from the model. The increase in cycle length of the circadian system by light in the mCry2 deficient mice violates the predictions. The model is thereby rejected: the mCry genes do not play a differential role, although the opposite responses of mPer mutants to light remain consistent with a functional Evening–Morning differentiation.     

Molecular analysis of theBg-rbg transposable element system ofZea mays L.

Summary The two components of theBg-rbg transposable element system of maize have been cloned. TheBg element, isolated from the mutable allelewx-m32 :: Bg is inserted in the intron of theWaxy (Wx) gene between exons 12 and 13. The length of the element is of 4869 bp.Bg has 5 by terminal inverted repeats, and generates upon insertion an 8 by direct duplication of the target sequence. Both ends of theBg element contain a 76 by direct repeat adjacent to the terminal inverted repeats. The hexamer motif TATCG_kC ^G is here repeated several times in direct or inverse orientation. Therbg element was isolated from the mutable alleleo2m(r) where it is located in the promoter region of theOpaque-2 (O2) gene.rbg is approximately 4.5 kb in length, has terminal inverted repeats identical to those of theBg element, and is also flanked by an 8 by direct duplication at the target site. LikeBg, rbg carries the 76 by direct repeats. Restriction enzyme analysis reveals that, compared toBg, the receptor element is distinguishable by small deletion and insertion events. Sequence data indicate that not more than 75% homology exists at the DNA level between therbg element and the autonomousBg element.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 limit both the size of the otic placode and hindbrain Wnt8a by antagonizing FGF signaling

Multiple signaling molecules, including Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Wnt, induce two patches of ectoderm on either side of the hindbrain to form the progenitor cell population for the inner ear, or otic placode. Here we report that in Spry1, Spry2 compound mutant embryos (Spry1^−/−; Spry2^−/− embryos), the otic placode is increased in size. We demonstrate that the otic placode is larger due to the recruitment of cells, normally destined to become cranial epidermis, into the otic domain. The enlargement of the otic placode observed in Spry1^−/−; Spry2^−/− embryos is preceded by an expansion of a Wnt8a expression domain in the adjacent hindbrain. We demonstrate that both the enlargement of the otic placode and the expansion of the Wnt8a expression domain can be rescued in Spry1^−/−; Spry2^−/− embryos by reducing the gene dosage of Fgf10. Our results define a FGF-responsive window during which cells can be continually recruited into the otic domain and uncover SPRY regulation of the size of a putative Wnt inductive center.     

The rust fungi (Uredinales) on ferns in South Africa

The rust fungi (Uredinales, basidiomycota) occuring on ferns (Pteridophyta) in South Africa are described, illustrated and keyed out. All species belong to the pucciniastraceous genera Milesina (M. blechni), Uredinopsis (U. pteridis) or to the related uredinial anamorph genus Milesia (M. nervisequa, M. cf. magellanica, M. silvae-knysnae). Milesia silvae-knysnae on Polystichum pungens is new to science; it probably belongs to the teleomorph genus Milesina. Milesina blechni is reported from South Africa for the first time on the new hosts Blechnum punctulatum and Rumohra adiantoides; it has hitherto been known only from the Northern Hemisphere on Blechnum spicant. Rust specimens collected on Asplenium aethiopicum and A. rutifolium were tentatively assigned to Milesia magellanica which has been known so far only from southern Chile. Hyalopsora neocheilanthis, Milesina neoexigua and M. neovogesiaca are proposed as new names for Hyalopsora cheilanthis, Milesia exigua and M. vogesiaca. It is discussed that the pucciniastraceous fern rusts could have reached South Africa either by migration (M. blechni) or by long-distance air dispersal. In the absence of their gametophyte hosts, species of Abies (Pinaceae), the rusts have to propagate in South Africa by urediniospores infecting fern to fern. Taxonomical novelties Milesia silvae-knysnae R. Berndt Milesina neoexigua R. Berndt Milesina neovogesiaca R. Berndt Hyalopsora neocheilanthis R. Berndt     

Effects of Polycomb Group Mutations on the Expression of Ultrabithorax in the Drosophila Visceral Mesoderm

The Polycomb group (PcG) genes encode repressors of many developmental regulatory genes including homeotic genes and are known to act by modifying chromatin structure through complex formation. We describe how Ultrabithorax (Ubx) expression is affected by the PcG mutants in the visceral mesoderm. Mutant embryos of the genes extra sex combs (esc), Polycomb (Pc), additional sex combs (Asx) and pleiohomeotic (pho) were examined. In each mutation, Ubx was ectopically expressed outside of their normal domains along the anterior-posterior axis in the visceral mesoderm, which is consistent with the effect of PcG proteins repressing the homeotic genes in other tissues. All of these four PcG mutations exhibit complete or partial lack of midgut constriction. However, two thirds of esc mutant embryos did not show Ubx expression in parasegment 7 (PS7). Even in the embryos showing ectopic Ubx expression, the level of Ubx expression in the PcG mutations was weaker than that in normal embryos. We suggest that in PcG mutations the ectopic Ubx expression is caused by lack of PcG repressor proteins, while the weaker or lack of Ubx expression is due to the repression of Ubx by Abd-B protein which is ectopically expressed in PcG mutations as well.