昆虫与植物的协同进化:寄主植物-铃夜蛾-寄生蜂相互作用

近数10年内,Ehrlich和Raven于1964年提出的协同进化理论及Jermy于1976年提出的顺序进化理论极大地促进了对昆虫与植物相互作用的研究。文章首先简要介绍有关理论,对植食性昆虫与植物关系研究的若干核心问题进行评述。主要问题包括(1)植食性昆虫如何选择寄主植物?(2)植物次生物质是否作为植物防御昆虫取食的重要屏障?(3)昆虫能否适应植物的化学防御?(4)植食性昆虫寄主范围是否是从广到专演化的?随之,作者结合对铃夜蛾Helicoverpa系统研究取得的结果,对上述问题做了进一步的论证和阐述。最后,在继承协同进化、顺序进化等理论精髓的基础上,根据当今三营养级相互作用领域的研究新进展,提出一个新的假说,即多营养级协同进化假说。该假说肯定植物次生物质在植物防御和昆虫识别寄主植物上的重要作用,同时把其他营养级并列放入交互作用的系统,特别强调第三营养级在昆虫与植物关系演化过程中的参与和寄主转移与昆虫食性专化和广化的联系。     

植食性昆虫寄主植物嗅觉搜寻述介

植食性昆虫与寄主植物关系的本质是化学。植食性昆虫搜寻寄主的嗅觉媒介是植物气味即化学信息物质。在介绍植物气味构成及其扩散模型基础上，阐述了植物气味在地上植食性昆虫成虫、幼虫和地下植食性昆虫搜寻寄主过程中的嗅觉导向作用，并指出了今后相关研究需要注意的问题。从植物与环境因子的关系来看，植物气味包括构成性气味和诱发性气味两类，这两类气味的概念既相联系而又不同。构成性气味组分及构成因植物分类地位等而不同。诱发性气味组分因植食性昆虫取食、植物病原微生物、机械致伤等因子的胁迫而变化，这种变化性状随植物属和/或种、植株生长发育阶段、胁迫因子性质及其作用方式而不同。无论是哪种植物气味，其释放均具有节律性。气味扩散过程比较复杂，扩散状态可用数学模型表征。对于地上植食性昆虫成虫，植物气味对其寄主搜寻行为具有导向特异性，重点分析了这种特异性形成的两个假说；鳞翅目昆虫幼虫，能够利用植物化学信息物质趋向寄主植物或回避非寄主植物；地下植食性昆虫搜寻寄主，既与寄主植物地下组织释放或分泌的次级代谢物有关，又与一些初级代谢物有关。初级代谢物中的CO₂,起着“搜寻触发器”作用。有助于增强人们对昆虫与植...     

植物与植食性昆虫化学互作研究进展

植物与植食性昆虫之间存在着复杂的化学相互作用。一方面,当遭受植食性昆虫为害时,植物能识别植食性昆虫相关分子模式,触发早期信号事件和激素信号转导途径,并由此引起转录组与代谢组重组、直接和间接防御化合物含量升高,最后提高对植食性昆虫的抗性。另一方面,植食性昆虫也能识别植物的防御反应,并能通过分泌效应子、选贮、解毒以及降低敏感性等反防御措施抑制或适应植物的化学防御。深入剖析植物与植食性昆虫的化学互作,不仅可在理论上丰富对昆虫与植物互作关系的理解,而且可在实践上为作物害虫防控新技术的开发提供重要的理论与技术指导。     

非嗜食植物中的昆虫产卵驱避物及其利用

产卵是植物性昆虫生命周期中的一个重要环节,它能反映昆虫与植物相互作用的某些特点以及植食性昆虫对植物利用的策略.植物中的驱避物质在调节昆虫产卵行为过程中起着十分重要的作用.大量研究结果表明:许多非嗜食植物含有对昆虫产卵有驱避作用的次生化合物.研究植物中的昆虫产卵驱避物质不仅能在理论上加深对植食性昆虫产卵机制,植食性昆虫与植物间的相互关系以及昆虫群落构建机制等的认识,同时在害虫综合治理中有广泛的应用前景.     

对食性分类的商榷

昆虫的食性很复杂,但目前常用的分类,是按昆虫所取食物的性质分为:植食性、肉食性和杂食性。取食活植物的为植食性,取食动物的为肉食性,既能取食动物又能取食植物的为杂食性。植食性昆虫,又以选择食物种类多寡而分为单食性,寡食性和多食性。昆虫仅取食一种植物的为单食性。寡食性是指以某一类群的植物为食的昆虫。多食性是以多种不同类群的植物为食的昆虫。     

虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其对寄生蜂的招引作用

在植物-植食性昆虫-寄生蜂三级营养系统中,虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质是当前害虫生物防治、化学生态学和昆虫行为学研究的热点之一.本文概述了虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质的特性及其对寄生蜂的招引作用,可望为害虫生物防治研究提供参考.     

植物气味多样性与昆虫关系的研究进展

植物气味是多种挥发物组成的混合物,具有丰富的多样性。由于植物气味多样性在植食性昆虫及其天敌与植物的关系中起着决定性作用,近年来将昆虫化学生态学、昆虫行为学与景观生态学研究相结合,探讨田间和不同景观尺度上植物气味多样性与昆虫嗅觉行为的关系受到关注。本文从植物气味多样性相关概念的分析、植物气味多样性与植食性昆虫的关系、植物气味多样性与天敌昆虫的关系、植物气味多样性研究方法等方面,介绍了国内外最新的研究进展,期望为推进我国该领域研究提供参考。     

虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发与信号转导途径

植物通过产生和释放挥发性物质增加植食性昆虫的天敌对其寄主或猎物的定位，减少植食性昆虫对植物的取食，从而达到间接防御的目的。植物对植食性昆虫所做出间接防御反应激发因子和信号转导途径的研究，对应用虫害诱导植物挥发物引诱害虫天敌，并进一步从植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌间三级营养关系，研究动植物协同进化机理和病虫害防治具有深远意义。本文根据国内外最新研究进展，对虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发因子，昆虫取食信号的转导途径及对植物间接防御相关基因的激活等方面进行了系统地综述。     

植食性昆虫对植物的反防御机制

本文综述了植食性昆虫对植物的反防御机制.一方面,植食性昆虫可通过其快速进化的寄主选择适应性,改变取食策略,调节生长发育的节律,以及规避自然天敌等抑制、逃避或改变植物的防御,即行为防御机制;另一方面,植食性昆虫可适应植物蛋白酶抑制剂、逃避植物防御伤信号、解毒植物次生物质,以及抑制植物阻塞反应来对植物防御进行反防御,即生理和生化防御机制.其中,昆虫抑制植物伤信号,防止植物阻塞反应是反防御机制的研究热点.昆虫反防御的研究有助于提高对昆虫-植物间协同进化关系的认识,并为害虫治理和抗虫植物的培育提供新的思路.     

植食性昆虫适应植物防御反应的研究进展

在植物与植食性昆虫协同进化过程中,植物在不断完善其防御反应,同时植食性昆虫也在选择压下不断适应植物防御反应。植食性昆虫适应植物防御反应存在多样性。昆虫能够利用其唾液中的效应因子抑制或弱化植物防御反应,激活其肠道中的某些特异性蛋白阻断植物防御性次生代谢物的产生或者将其直接降解,以及通过其携带微生物间接抑制植物防御反应。此外,昆虫还能够通过产卵、虫害诱导植物挥发物、识别植物防御物质等方式适应植物的防御反应。本文综述了植食性昆虫如何利用各种效应因子适应寄主植物防御反应的研究进展。     

Modification of isoprene synthesis to enable production of curcurbitadienol synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology - Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids such as mogrosides and cucurbitacins that are present in the plants of Cucurbitaceae are widely used in Asian...     

Divergence of defensive cucurbitacins in independent Cucurbita pepo domestication events leads to differences in specialist herbivore preference

Crop domestication and improvement often concurrently affect plant resistance to pests and production of secondary metabolites, creating challenges for isolating the ecological implications of selection for specific metabolites. Cucurbitacins are bitter triterpenoids with extreme phenotypic differences between Cucurbitaceae lineages, yet we lack integrated models of herbivore preference, cucurbitacin accumulation, and underlying genetic mechanisms. In Cucurbita pepo, we dissected the effect of cotyledon cucurbitacins on preference of a specialist insect pest (Acalymma vittatum) for multiple tissues, assessed genetic loci underlying cucurbitacin accumulation in diverse germplasm and a biparental F₂ population (from a cross between two independent domesticates), and characterized quantitative associations between gene expression and metabolites during seedling development. Acalymma vittatum affinity for cotyledons is mediated by cucurbitacins, but other traits contribute to whole-plant resistance. Cotyledon cucurbitacin accumulation was associated with population structure, and our genetic mapping identified a single locus, Bi-4, containing genes relevant to transport and regulation – not biosynthesis – that diverged between lineages. These candidate genes were expressed during seedling development, most prominently a putative secondary metabolite transporter. Taken together, these findings support the testable hypothesis that breeding for plant resistance to insects involves targeting genes for regulation and transport of defensive metabolites, in addition to core biosynthesis genes.     

Identification of triterpene biosynthetic genes from Momordica charantia using RNA-seq analysis

Cucurbitaceae plants contain characteristic triterpenoids. Momordica charantia, known as a bitter melon, contains cucurbitacins and multiflorane type triterpenes, which confer bitter tasting and exhibit pharmacological activities. Their carbon skeletons are biosynthesized from 2,3-oxidosqualene by responsible oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC). In order to identify OSCs in M. charantia, RNA-seq analysis was carried out from ten different tissues. The functional analysis of the resulting four OSC genes revealed that they were cucurbitadienol synthase (McCBS), isomultiflorenol synthase (McIMS), β-amyrin synthase (McBAS) and cycloartenol synthase (McCAS), respectively. Their distinct expression patterns based on RPKM values and quantitative RT-PCR suggested how the characteristic triterpenoids were biosynthesized in each tissue. Although cucurbitacins were finally accumulated in fruits, McCBS showed highest expression in leaves indicating that the early step of cucurbitacins biosynthesis takes place in leaves, but not in fruits.

Abbreviations: OSC: oxidosqualene cyclase; RPKM: reads perkilobase of exon per million mapped reads     

An ecological cost of plant defence: attractiveness of bitter cucumber plants to natural enemies of herbivores

Plants produce defences that act directly on herbivores and indirectly via the attraction of natural enemies of herbivores. We examined the pleiotropic effects of direct chemical defence production on indirect defence employing near‐isogenic varieties of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) that differ qualitatively in the production of terpenoid cucurbitacins, the most bitter compounds known. In release–recapture experiments conducted in greenhouse common gardens, blind predatory mites were attracted to plants infested by herbivorous mites. Infested sweet plants (lacking cucurbitacins), however, attracted 37% more predatory mites than infested bitter plants (that produce constitutive and inducible cucurbitacins). Analysis of the headspace of plants revealed that production of cucurbitacins was genetically correlated with large increases in the qualitative and quantitative spectrum of volatile compounds produced by plants, including induced production of (E )‐β‐ocimene (3E )‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene, (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, and methyl salicylate, all known to be attractants of predators. Nevertheless, plants that produced cucurbitacins were less attractive to predatory mites than plants that lacked cucurbitacins and predators were also half as fecund on these bitter plants. Thus, we provide novel evidence for an ecological trade‐off between direct and indirect plant defence. This cost of defence is mediated by the effects of cucurbitacins on predator fecundity and potentially by the production of volatile compounds that may be repellent to predators.     

Plant exudates trigger leaf-trenching by cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae)

Cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, cut a narrow trench across leaves of plants that release exudate, then feed distal to the trench in an area of reduced exudation. The larvae do not normally trench plant species such as plantain, Plantago lanceolata, that lack exudate. To determine what cues elicit trenching, I reared larvae to the final instar on plantain, then applied test solutions to their mouthparts during feeding. Loopers that received latex from Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) or phloem exudate from watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris (Cucurbitaceae), often responded by cutting a trench in plantain, even though these larvae had not previously encountered exudate nor previously trenched. Loopers that were allowed to trench and feed on L. serriola for 1 day prior to the assay subsequently cut trenches in plantain more frequently and in response to more fluids, including a viscous solution of polyethylene glycol and latex from a non-host, poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima). Subsequent bioassays with larvae reared entirely on plantain tested whether bitter cucurbitacins or gelation are essential cues for trenching. Sap from non-bitter cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) caused larvae to trench, showing that cucurbitacins are not required to induce trenching. Loopers also trenched after receiving cucumber sap that did not gel due to the addition of mercaptoethanol. An extract of sap lacking the proteins that cause gelation likewise triggered trenching. Further fractionation revealed that cucumber sap and also butternut squash sap (Cucurbita moschata) contain trenching stimulants that are small (molecular weight < 3,000) water-soluble molecules. Received: 13 January 1997 / Accepted: 6 June 1997     

Effects of age, sex, and dietary history on response to cucurbitacin in Acalymma vittatum

The chrysomelid Acalymma vittatum is stenophagous, subsisting almost entirely on plants in the Cucurbitaceae, which generally contain cucurbitacins. Cucurbitacins are extremely bitter tetracyclic triterpenoids that are toxic to most organisms. As do other diabroticite beetles, A. vittatum sequester cucurbitacins, which have been shown to act as phagostimulants and arrestants. Our results reveal, however, that for A. vittatum the response to cucurbitacin diminishes with continued sequestration. Colony-reared A. vittatum were fed only roots (as larvae) and foliage of either `Marketmore 76' (which contains a normal amount of cucurbitacin, `bitter') or `Marketmore 80' (a near isogenic line that contains no cucurbitacin, `non-bitter') cucumber. Over 1200 individual beetles from the day of adult emergence to 15 days following emergence were placed in choice and no-choice arenas containing potted cotyledons of the two cucumber varieties for 24 h. In choice tests, overall preference for the bitter cucumber cultivar was maintained, but degree of preference changed with age and became significantly less for beetles reared on bitter diets. Furthermore, in no-choice tests, age, sex, dietary history, and interactions among these variables all significantly affected the feeding response to cucurbitacin. For A. vittatum reared without cucurbitacin, total consumption of the bitter cultivar increased over time. For beetles reared with cucurbitacin, total foliage consumption of the bitter cultivar declined, within nine days, to equal that of the non-bitter cultivar. Feral A. vittatum, unexpectedly, consumed more of the non-bitter than the bitter cultivar in no-choice tests. Ecological and applied implications of this variation in response to cucurbitacin are discussed.     

昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其对昆虫抗药性的意义

植物次生物质(plant secondary metabolites)对昆虫的取食行为、生长发育及繁殖可以产生不利影响,甚至对昆虫可以产生毒杀作用。为了应对植物次生物质的不利影响,昆虫通过对植物次生物质忌避取食、解毒代谢等多种机制,而对寄主植物产生适应性。其中,昆虫的解毒代谢酶包括昆虫细胞色素P450酶系(P450s)及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)等,在昆虫对植物次生物质的解毒代谢及对寄主植物的适应性中发挥了重要作用。昆虫的解毒酶系统不仅可以代谢植物次生物质,还可能代谢化学杀虫剂,因而昆虫对寄主植物的适应性与其对杀虫剂的耐药性甚至抗药性密切相关。昆虫细胞色素P450s和GSTs等代谢解毒酶活性及相关基因的表达可以被植物次生物质影响,这不仅使昆虫对寄主植物的防御产生了适应性,还影响了昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒代谢,因而改变昆虫的耐药性或抗药性。掌握昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其在昆虫抗药性中的作用,对于明确昆虫的抗药性机制具有重要的参考意义。本文综述了植物次生物质对昆虫的影响、昆虫对寄主植物次生物质的代谢机制、昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应性对昆虫耐药性及抗药性的影响等方面的研究进展。     

Sekundärstoffe – die Geheimwaffen der Pflanzen

Secondary metabolites Already 400 million years ago when land plants evolved, they probably produced secondary metabolites as means of defence against herbivores, microbes and competing plants. Secondary metabolites usually are bioactive agents, which can interfere with molecular targets in animals and microbes. Therefore, many plants and substances isolated from them can serve as valuable drugs in medicine and pharmacy. Some secondary metabolites also serve as signal compounds to attract pollinating animals and seed‐dispersing animals, but also for UV protection, as antioxidants or mobile nitrogen stores. Biology and evolution but also physiological and genetic bases of secondary metabolism are discussed in this overview.     

植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物的研究进展

植物内生菌经过与寄主植物长期的协同进化,成为植物内生态系统的重要组成部分,在植物的生长发育、营养吸收、胁迫应激以及产生次级代谢产物等生理生化行为方面具有显著的作用。利用植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物,可以促进农作物的生长发育、提高抗逆性,对于农业生产具有重大的研究意义和应用价值。综述了植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物生理功能及在农业生产中应用的研究进展。对植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物未来的研究重点和应用前景做出展望。