长期酒精摄入对雄性大鼠生殖系统的损伤

目的：研究长期酒精摄入对雄性大鼠生殖系统的损伤机制。方法：选用8周龄的SD大鼠,进行随机分组：对照组（5％蔗糖,口服）;酒精组（4g／kg,口服）。连续12周后,分别取附睾考察精子数目、活力;取血清检测睾酮和促黄体生产素（LH）含量;计算睾丸一体重比,并检测睾丸中丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性;同时检测凋亡相关蛋白bax,bcl-2以及caspase．3前体和剪切体的蛋白表达。结果：酒精组12周后,大鼠的睾丸．体重比明显降低（P〈0．05）,精子数目减少（P〈0．01）,精子活力下降（P〈0．01）;血清中睾酮含量下降（P〈0．05）,LH含量增加（P〈0．05）;睾丸中MDA含量增加（P〈0．01）,GSH含量降低（P〈0．05）,GPX和SOD活性下降（P〈0,01）;凋亡相关蛋白bax表达增加（P〈0．05）,caspase-3剪切体与前体的比值增加（P〈O．01）。结论：长期摄入酒精引起的大鼠睾丸内氧化应激水平的增加是其导致其生殖系统损伤的重要因素之一。     

自噬对过氧化氢诱导的2BS早衰细胞具有保护作用

过氧化氢诱导的2BS应激性早衰细胞后,自噬被发现增多.自噬特异抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤（3-MA ）阻断年轻和早衰的2BS细胞的自噬作用36 h,用共聚焦显微镜,分析转染了自噬特异标志GFP-LC3融合质粒的年轻和早衰细胞,发现细胞自噬颗粒均明显减少,且GFP-LC3染色阳性/ 细胞数目也大大减少,说明3-MA有效地阻断了细胞的自噬过程.分别用流式细胞术和荧光显微镜分析年轻和早衰细胞的凋亡情况,发现年轻的2BS细胞自噬阻断后凋亡未见显著变化,而早衰的细胞凋亡明显增加,且有细胞坏死.由此推断,3-AM可使过氧化氢诱导的2BS早衰细胞自噬明显减少,而凋亡被诱导增多,提示自噬对过氧化氢诱导的早衰细胞具有避免凋亡和维持存活的保护作用.     

硒代蛋氨酸对Aβ1-42诱导N2a细胞损伤的保护作用

探索硒代蛋氨酸（Se-Met）的早期干预对Aβ1-42诱导的Neuro-2A（N2a）细胞损伤的保护作用。将N2a细胞分为对照组、Aβ1-42诱导损伤组、Se．Met组和Se—Met预处理的ADl-42组,CCK．8法检测显示不同浓度Se-Met对N2a细胞活力的影响不同,且Se．Met能减弱Aβ1-42诱导N2a细胞活力的降低（P〈0．01）：DCFH．DA标记检测可见Se-Met预处理明显抑制Aβ1-42引起的N2a细胞内总活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平增高,Aβ1-42作用24h组效果更显著（P〈0．05）;Westernblot检测发现,Se-Met可显著回升Aβ1-42引起的N2a细胞synaptophysin和PSD95水平的降低（P〈0．05;P〈0．05）;同时,Se-Met可显著降低Aβ1-42引起的N2a细胞内LC3-II／LC3-I水平的升高（P〈0．05）。因此,Se-Met在一定作用时间和浓度下可以提高N2a细胞的活力,对Aβ1-42引起的N2a细胞ROS水平增高、自噬均有抑制作用,同时缓解Aβ1-42引起的突触损伤;Se-Met对Aβ1-42诱导N2a细胞损伤具有较好的保护作用。     

自噬对高糖诱导的人冠状动脉内皮细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的:研究自噬对高糖诱导的人冠状动脉内皮细胞凋亡的影响。方法:将人冠状动脉内皮细胞,分别用常规培养基(正常对照组)、含30 mmol/L D-葡萄糖的高糖培养基(高糖组)、高糖培养基合并雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA;100 nmol/L)干预(RAPA组)和高糖培养基合并3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-Methyladenine,3-MA,5 mmol/L)干预(3-MA组)培养。利用CCK-8法检测细胞生长活力,使用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平,western blot检测细胞自噬标记蛋白(Beclin1)的表达水平。结果:(1)高糖溶液刺激内皮细胞24 h后,细胞生长活力为正常组的55.0%(P0.01),自噬标记蛋白Beclin1的表达水平明显增加,凋亡水平为正常组的2.0倍;(2)与高糖组相比,RAPA组细胞生长活力明显增加,Beclin1的表达明显升高(P0.01),凋亡水平为高糖组的70.1%;(3)与高糖组相比,3-MA组细胞生长活力明显减少,Beclin1的表达明显降低(P0.01),凋亡水平为高糖组的1.42倍。结论:细胞自噬可能对高糖诱导的人冠状动脉内皮细胞具有凋亡保护作用。     

顺铂诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞凋亡模型的建立

目的：建立常见凋亡诱导剂顺铂（Cisplatin）诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞（Vero）凋亡的模型,为进一步研究抗凋亡基因在细胞凋亡中的分子机理打下基础。方法：分别以不同浓度的顺铂处理Veto细胞48h,用噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法、Gimesa染色、流式细胞术检测,观察处理后细胞的生长活力和凋亡情况。结果：以未处理的细胞作为对照组,1、2、3、4,5μg／mL的顺铂处理的Vero细胞生存率分别为（79．02±6．10）％、（68．84±4．42）％、（56．66±4．07）％、（46．83±3．76）％、（29．04±5．93）％（P〈0．01）;经顺铂诱导后细胞形态学发生明显改变,出现膜小泡和凋亡小体形成等凋亡细胞特征;流式细胞仪检测,0、1、2、3、4、5μg／mL的顺铂处理的Vero细胞后凋亡率分别为1．66％±0．19％、16．65％±1．26％、24．82％±1．03％、36．22％±1．04％、48．49％±1．24％、43．34％±1．17％（P〈0．01）。结论：本实验成功建立顺铂诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞凋亡模型,将有助于进一步探讨目的基因在Vero细胞凋亡作用的的分子机制。     

自噬抑制剂3-MA上调H2O2损伤的PC12细胞氧化应激水平

为探究自噬抑制剂6-氨基-3-甲基腺嘌呤（3-methyladenine,3-MA）对损伤细胞氧化应激水平的影响,将3-MA作用于H2O2诱导的PC12细胞损伤模型,以自噬增强剂雷帕霉素（rapamycin,Rap）作为对照,探讨自噬与氧化应激的关系。测定线粒体的膜电位和细胞内的活性氧（reactive oxygen species, ROS）与丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性,评价损伤细胞的氧化应激状态。单丹(磺)酰戊二胺（monodansylcadaverine,MDC）染色,观察损伤细胞的自噬情况。蛋白质印迹分析损伤细胞中的自噬相关蛋白质LC3-II/LC3-I比值变化。实验结果显示：与正常组相比,H2O2损伤细胞的ROS水平上升到正常组的141%,MDA含量增加(P<0.001);CAT与SOD酶活力显著降低(P<0.001),差异均有统计学意义,证明损伤细胞氧化应激水平增加;MDC染色结果表明,H2O2组自噬明显增加。Western印迹结果表明,LC3-II/LC3-I值显著升高（P<0.05）;与损伤组相比,3-MA组MDC染色结果表明,自噬水平降低。Western印迹结果表明,LC3-II/LC3-I值下降;细胞内ROS水平升高,增加到正常组的208%。MDA含量增加(P<0.001),CAT、SOD酶活力降低(P<0.001)。综上结果表明,自噬抑制剂可增加H2O2诱导的PC12细胞损伤模型的氧化应激水平,增加细胞凋亡。     

神经胶质瘤U251细胞氧化损伤中自噬和凋亡过程的时间顺序

目的：探讨过氧化氢（H2O2）诱导神经胶质瘤U251细胞损伤中自噬和凋亡发生的时间顺序。方法：实验分为4组：正常对照组、1mmol／L H2O2作用（6h、12h、24h）组。应用MTF法检测H202对神经胶质瘤U251细胞生存率的影响;MDC染色检测自噬空泡的变化;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率变化。Western blot检测Beclin1和胞浆cyt c蛋白的表达。结果：与对照组相比,1mmol／L H2O2作用下,U251细胞存活率明显降低,并呈时间依赖性。与对照组相比,1mmol／L H2O2作用后,6h时U251细胞自噬空泡明显增加,自噬相关蛋白Beclin1表达明显增加,12h、24h细胞自噬水平逐渐增强;而6h时未见细胞凋亡率明显变化及cyt c由线粒体向胞浆的释放,12h、24h时细胞凋亡率明显增加,胞浆中cyt c蛋白表达明显增强（P〈0．05）。结论：氧化损伤能够诱导神经胶质瘤U251细胞发生自噬和凋亡,并且自噬发生于凋亡之前。     

结核分枝杆菌eis基因对鼠巨噬细胞Raw264．7白噬影响的研究

目的探讨结核分枝杆菌eis基因对巨噬细胞自噬的影响。方法将鼠巨噬细胞Raw264．7以自噬体荧光表达质粒GFP-LC3转染,将含eis基因的重组耻垢分枝杆菌MS—pmv261-eis与不含eis基因的耻垢分枝杆菌MS—pmv261分别感染宿主巨噬细胞,透射电镜下观察自噬小体形成情况,荧光显微镜下观察自噬荧光并计数,Westernblot检测如基因表达的蛋白及自噬蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的表达水平。结果结核分枝杆菌eis基因可抑制感染宿主细胞自噬小体的形成,并显著抑制自噬荧光小点形成（P〈0．05）,显著降低了自噬蛋白LC3-Ⅱ表达水平。结论结核分枝杆菌e曲基因对Raw264．7细胞自噬有抑制作用。     

大豆异黄酮对电离辐射小鼠脾脏细胞周期、凋亡与增殖的影响

目的：研究大豆异黄酮对辐射小鼠免疫器官脾脏的影响。方法：90只雄性昆明小鼠,随机分为正常组、对照组和补充0．5％大豆异黄酮组,喂养两周后,4．0Gyγ射线照射;于照射后12、24h和一周、两周杀死部分小鼠取脾脏,测定小鼠的脾脏指数、脾脏细胞周期、细胞增殖指数及细胞凋亡率等指标。结果：辐射使小鼠脾脏明显萎缩。脾脏细胞凋亡率和G0-C1期细胞百分比明显增加（P〈0．05）,脾脏细胞S期的百分比及细胞增殖指数明显降低（P〈0．01）;补充大豆异黄酮,可使上述指标更接近正常组水平,使脾脏细胞G0-C1期百分比较辐射对照组明显减少（P〈0．05）,脾脏细胞的C2-M期百分比和细胞增殖指数较辐射对照组明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论：大豆异黄酮可对脾脏起到辐射防护的作用。     

KI对l染铅近曲肾小管上皮细胞I A 表达及凋亡的影响

目的：研究碘化钾对染铅肾小管上皮细胞XIAP的表达及凋亡的影响,探讨其对抵抗铅导致的近曲肾小管上皮细胞损伤的可能机制。方法：应用流式细胞术检测染铅HK-2细胞及对照组细胞中XIAP的表达及凋亡情况。结果：染铅HK-2细胞中XIAP的表达明显低于对照组,且虽然铅浓度的增高而降低（P〈0．05／P〈0．01）,碘化钾能够减弱上述变化（P〈0．05／P〈0．01）;染铅HK-2细胞的凋亡率明显高于对照组,且虽然铅浓度的增高而升高（P〈0．05／P〈0．01）,碘化钾能够降低染铅细胞的凋亡率（P〈0．05／P〈0．01）。结论：碘化钾能够上调染铅HK-2细胞中抗凋亡蛋白XIAP的表达,降低凋亡率,在一定程度上降低铅对细胞的损伤。     

骨髓瘤细胞中阿霉素诱导的ATP变化与自噬的关系

目的：检测用阿霉素（doxorubicin DOXO）处理的骨髓瘤细胞株NCI-H929中ATP与自噬表达水平的变化,探讨两者之间的关联。方法：分别以DOXO 2umol/l 24h、DOXO 2umol/l联用自噬抑制剂3MA 10mmol/l 24h处理H-929细胞后,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率;ATP生物发光法检测ATP表达量;Western Blot检测靶细胞自噬标志分子LC3蛋白的表达。结果：各组相对未处理组存活率分别为54%、35%;相对未处理组%ATP分别为400%、150%;DOXO 24h LC3表达显著上调。结论：经DOXO处理H-929细胞系自噬形成,进而ATP上升以保护细胞。     

AMP-dependent kinase and autophagic flux are involved in aldehyde dehydrogenase-2-induced protection against cardiac toxicity of ethanol

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) alleviates ethanol toxicity although the precise mechanism is unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ALDH2 on ethanol-induced myocardial damage with a focus on autophagy. Wild-type FVB and transgenic mice overexpressing ALDH2 were challenged with ethanol (3 g/kg/day, ip) for 3 days and cardiac mechanical function was assessed using the echocardiographic and IonOptix systems. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate essential autophagy markers, Akt and AMPK, and the downstream signal mTOR. Ethanol challenge altered cardiac geometry and function as evidenced by enlarged ventricular end systolic and diastolic diameters, decreased cell shortening and intracellular Ca²⁺ rise, prolonged relengthening and intracellular Ca²⁺ decay, as well as reduced SERCA Ca²⁺ uptake, which effects were mitigated by ALDH2. Ethanol challenge facilitated myocardial autophagy as evidenced by enhanced expression of Beclin, ATG7, and LC3B II, as well as mTOR dephosphorylation, which was alleviated by ALDH2. Ethanol challenge-induced cardiac defect and apoptosis were reversed by the ALDH2 agonist Alda-1, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, and the AMPK inhibitor compound C, whereas the autophagy inducer rapamycin and the AMPK activator AICAR mimicked or exacerbated ethanol-induced cell injury. Ethanol promoted or suppressed phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt, respectively, in FVB but not ALDH2 murine hearts. Moreover, AICAR nullified Alda-1-induced protection against ethanol-triggered autophagic and functional changes. Ethanol increased GFP-LC3 puncta in H9c2 cells, the effect of which was ablated by Alda-1 and 3-MA. Lysosomal inhibition using bafilomycin A1, E64D, and pepstatin A obliterated Alda-1- but not ethanol-induced responses in GFP-LC3 puncta. Our results suggest that ALDH2 protects against ethanol toxicity through altered Akt and AMPK signaling and regulation of autophagic flux.     

小豆蔻明调控自噬抑制卵巢癌SKOV3细胞增殖的研究

目的：卵巢癌为女性常见病,死亡率高,分子靶向治疗药物较少,研发高效低毒的靶向新药意义重大。细胞自噬（autophagy）维持着细胞内稳态和生长,是抗癌药物作用的关键靶部位。本课题旨在明确小豆蔻明（Cardamonin,CAR）调控自噬对卵巢癌SKOV3细胞增殖的影响。方法：体外培养卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,不同药物分组处理,荧光显微镜下观察单黄酰戊二胺（MDC）染色后细胞自噬囊泡,WesternBlot法检测细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3的表达,四氮唑蓝（MTT）法观察SKOV3细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测SKOV3细胞凋亡的变化。结果：自噬抑制剂3-MA显著性降低SKOV3细胞内MDC染色的荧光颗粒数目、LC3II蛋白表达,抑制细胞增殖;而CAR（高、中剂量）、雷帕霉素和AZD8055与3-MA联用后细胞内MDC荧光颗粒数目增多、LC3II蛋白表达增加、细胞增殖抑制率及凋亡率明显升高;且高剂量CAR（10^-6mol·L^-1）的作用比低剂量CAR（10^-6mol·L^-1）明显。结论：CAR能够抑制SKOV3细胞增殖,诱导细胞自噬,促进细胞凋亡。CAR有望成为卵巢癌药物治疗的先导化合物。本研究为进一步研发此类化合物提供了实验依据及一定的理论基础。     

不同程度内质网应激对巨噬细胞自噬的影响

目的：采用ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞泡沫化模型,通过不同剂量衣霉素诱导巨噬细胞不同程度内质网应激,观察对其自噬的影响。方法：不同剂量衣霉素作用于小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264．7,通过TUNEL染色检测其凋亡率,Westernblot检测内质网应激蛋白GRP78,以及自噬标志蛋白P62的表达水平。结果：与ox-LDL组和大剂量衣霉素组相比,小剂量衣霉素组可以显著减少巨噬细胞的凋亡（P〈0．01）;与ox-LDL组相比,小剂量衣霉素组上调内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达的同时,自噬标志蛋白P62适度下降（P〈0．01）;大剂量衣霉素组更为显著地上调了内质网应激蛋白GRP78表达,但同时自噬标志蛋白P62也显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：小剂量衣霉素引起一定程度的内质网应激,可以激活适度的自噬,从而减少巨噬细胞的凋亡,可能有助于降低动脉粥样硬化的程度。     

Beclin-1-mediated autophagy protects spinal cord neurons against mechanical injury-induced apoptosis

Apoptosis has been widely reported to be involved in the pathogenesis associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). Recently, autophagy has also been implicated in various neuronal damage models. However, the role of autophagy in SCI is still controversial and its interrelationship with apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we used an in vitro SCI model to observe a time-dependent induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Mechanical injury induced autophagy markers such as LC3 lipidation, LC3II/LC3I conversion, and Beclin-1expression. Injured neurons showed decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. To elucidate the effect of autophagy on apoptosis, the mechanically-injured neurons were treated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and 3-methyl adenine (3-MA), which are known to regulate autophagy positively and negatively, respectively. Rapamycin-treated neurons showed the highest level of cell viability and lowest level of apoptosis among the injured neurons and those treated with 3-MA showed the reciprocal effect. Notably, rapamycin-treated neurons exhibited slightly reduced Bax expression and significantly increasedBcl-2 expression. Furthermore, by plasmid transfection, we showed that Beclin-1-overexpressing neuronal cells responded to mechanical injury with greater LC3II/LC3I conversion and cell viability, lower levels of apoptosis, higher Bcl-2 expression, and unaltered Bax expression as compared to vector control cells. Beclin-1-knockdown neurons showed almost the opposite effects. Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy may serve as a protection against apoptosis in mechanically-injured spinal cord neurons. Targeting mTOR and/or enhancing Beclin-1 expression might be alternative therapeutic strategies for SCI.     

Autophagy decreases alveolar epithelial cell injury by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators

To research the impact of autophagy on alveolar epithelial cell inflammation and its possible mechanism in the early stages of hypoxia, we established a cell hypoxia–reoxygenation model and orthotopic left lung ischemia–reperfusion model. Rat alveolar epithelial cells stably expressing GFP-LC3 were treated with an autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) or an autophagy promoter (rapamycin), followed by hypoxia–reoxygenation treatment for 2, 4, and 6 hr in vitro. In vivo, 20 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (model group: No blocking of the hilum in the left lung; control group: Blocking of the hilum in the left lung for 1 hr with dimethyl sulfoxide lavage; 3-MA group: Blocking of the hilum in the left lung for 1 hr with 100 ml/kg of 3-MA (5 μmol/L) solution lavage; and rapamycin group: Blocking of the hilum in the left lung for 1 hr with 100 ml/kg of rapamycin (250 nmol/L) solution lavage) to establish an orthotopic left lung ischemia model. This study demonstrated that rapamycin significantly suppressed the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway and limited the expression of proinflammatory factors. A contrary result was found after the 3-MA pretreatment. These findings indicate that autophagy reduces ischemia–reperfusion injury by repressing inflammatory signaling pathways in the early stages of hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy could be a new protective method for application in lung ischemia–reperfusion injury.     

赫赛汀联合姜黄素对卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3的抑制作用

目的：探讨赫赛汀联合姜黄素对HER2阳性卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3增殖能力的影响。方法：体外培养至对数生长期的人卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3细胞分为对照组、赫赛汀治疗组、姜黄素治疗组以及赫赛汀联合黄素治疗组,利用四唑盐（MTT）比色法和平板集落形成试验比较各组细胞增殖能力,利用Annexin V—FITC／PI染色比较各纽细胞凋亡。结果：赫赛汀联合姜黄素治疗组SKOV3细胞活力明显低于对照组及单一药物处理纽,平板集落形成试验结果表明各组细胞集落形成率分别为83．4％、36．8％、59．2％和24．7％。赫赛汀联合姜黄素处理组SKOV3细胞集落形成能力显著低于另外3组（P〈0．01）,Annexin V-FITC／PI染色并用流式细胞仪分析表明各组SKOV3细胞早期凋亡率分别为1．3％、26．4％、9．3％和39．1％,赫赛汀联合姜黄素处理组细胞早期凋亡率显著低于其余3组（P〈0．01）。结论：赫赛汀联合姜黄素能够抑制卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3的增殖,这种抑制作用是通过促进肿瘤细胞凋亡实现的。     

Celecoxib-Induced Cytotoxic Effect Is Potentiated by Inhibition of Autophagy in Human Urothelial Carcinoma Cells

Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, can elicit anti-tumor effects in various malignancies. Here, we sought to clarify the role of autophagy in celecoxib-induced cytotoxicity in human urothelial carcinoma (UC) cells. The results shows celecoxib induced cellular stress response such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, phosopho-SAPK/JNK, and phosopho-c-Jun as well as autophagosome formation in UC cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), bafilomycin A1 or ATG7 knockdown potentiated celecoxib-induced apoptosis. Up-regulation of autophagy by rapamycin or GFP-LC3B-transfection alleviated celecoxib-induced cytotoxicity in UC cells. Taken together, the inhibition of autophagy enhances therapeutic efficacy of celecoxib in UC cells, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy against UC.