腹腔镜与开腹胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌的疗效对比及术后肿瘤早期复发的随访研究

摘要 目的：对比腹腔镜与开腹胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌的疗效,并分析术后肿瘤早期复发的影响因素。方法：选择2019年3月~2020年4月期间四川大学华西空港医院普外科收治的15例及四川大学华西医院胰腺外科收治的65例共计80例胰头癌患者,根据手术方式的不同分为开腹组和微创组,例数分别为32例和48例,对比两组围术期相关临床指标、并发症发生率和随访期间的肿瘤早期复发率。采用多因素Logistic回归分析术后早期复发的影响因素。结果：微创组的手术时间长于开腹组,住院费用多于开腹组,术中出血量少于开腹组,下床活动时间、术后排气时间、开始进食时间、术后住院时间短于开腹组（P<0.05）。两组并发症发生率对比无差异（P>0.05）。两组术后肿瘤早期复发率对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。单因素分析结果显示,胰头癌患者术后肿瘤早期复发与年龄、肿瘤最大直径、有无淋巴结转移、有无脉管癌栓、有无神经侵犯、术前白蛋白、术前糖类抗原125（CA125）、术前癌胚抗原（CEA）水平、术后有无放化疗有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：淋巴结转移、脉管癌栓、神经侵犯、术后未放化疗以及术前CA125水平较高是胰头癌患者术后肿瘤早期复发的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：相较于传统开腹手术,腹腔镜下行胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌,可缩短住院时间,促进患者术后恢复,但两者间并发症发生率和术后早期复发率无显著差异。胰头癌术后肿瘤早期复发受到淋巴结转移、脉管癌栓、神经侵犯、术后放化疗、术前CA125水平等多种因素的影响。     

胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌伴壶腹周围癌的近远期疗效及安全性

目的:研究胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌伴壶腹周围癌的近远期疗效及安全性。方法:研究对象选取我院2009年8月到2013年6月间收治的胰头癌伴壶腹周围癌患者82例,采用随机数字法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组各41例。对照组患者接受姑息性手术治疗,观察组患者接受胰十二指肠切除术治疗,比较两组患者的手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量及并发症发生率,术后随访3年,比较两组患者术后1年、2年及3年生存率、术后1年复发率以及肿瘤根除率。结果:观察组的手术时间和术中出血量均明显高于对照组(P0.01),两组的住院时间比较无明显差异(P0.05);观察组的总并发症发生率(41.46%)明显高于对照组(22.96%)(P=0.03),术后2年和3年的生存率明显高于对照组(P0.05),术后1年的复发率明显低于对照组(P=0.04),肿瘤根除率明显高于对照组(P=0.04)。结论:胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌伴壶腹周围癌虽可延长手术时间,提高术中出血量及并发症风险,但肿瘤根治效果更好,可减少术后复发,明显提高远期生存率。     

改良单层胰肠吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术带蒂大网膜包埋中的应用

目的:探讨带蒂大网膜包埋的改良单层胰肠吻合法重建消化道的胰十二指肠术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2012年9月-2014年12月在我院行胰十二指肠切除术带蒂大网膜包埋改良单层胰肠吻合术的34例患者的临床资料。统计患者的手术时间、胰肠吻合时间、术后出血量、住院时间以及并发症的发生情况。结果:(1)手术平均时间(2.9±1.4)h,胰肠吻合平均时间(14±2.1)min,术后平均出血量(380±60)m L。所有患者经治疗后均治愈出院,住院时间平均(13.0±2.4)天。(2)术后并发症发生率为8例(23.5%),其中胰瘘2例(5.8%),为A级胰瘘;腹部感染3例(8.8%);腹腔出血2例(5.8%);胃排空延迟1例(2.9%)。无手术死亡者,无因严重并发症需要再次手术者。术后病理学诊断胰头癌18例,胆总管下癌8例,壶腹部癌5例,十二指肠乳头癌3例。结论:带蒂大网膜包埋的改良单层胰肠吻合能够减少术后胰瘘、出血、感染等并发症,提高手术成功率,值得临床进一步推广。     

CT诊断用于胰腺癌侵犯胰周动静脉的临床价值分析

目的：探究CT诊断对于胰腺癌侵犯胰周动静脉的临床价值。方法：随机选取在我院就诊的64例胰腺癌患者,在他们进行手术前全在距离肿瘤边缘1cm内的血管进行分期和诊断进而进行螺旋CT检查。结果：经组织学术后病理切片染色发现胰周动脉29条,静脉48条。运用外科手术探查方法发现86条胰周动脉,89条胰周静脉。在这些血管中,有23条动脉、47条静脉经外科手术证实的确是肿瘤侵犯,并且经过CT诊断,我们最终断定为有25条动脉、46条静脉处于1～4级。结论：胰周动、静脉受到侵犯时,具有不同的CT表现特征,因此在利用CT方法判断胰周动、静脉遭受侵犯时应当根据不同情况不同对待。     

应用奥曲肽预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰漏作用的研究

目的：预防性使用奥曲肽是否能减少胰十二指肠切除术后胰漏发生率存在着争议。本研究旨在研究奥曲肽在不同胰腺情况下预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰漏发生的作用。方法：本研究将＂软胰腺＂、＂细胰管＂作为术后胰漏发生的高危险因素,将184例胰十二指肠切除术病例分为4组：低危险/非奥曲肽组、低危险/奥曲肽组、高危险/非奥曲肽组、高危险/奥曲肽组。观察术后胰漏等术后并发症情况。结果：共发生术后胰漏35例（19%）,其中高危险组胰漏发生率是低危险组2倍以上（27%versus 10%,P〈0.01）。在胰漏发生低危险胰腺情况下,奥曲肽组与非奥曲肽组术后胰漏发生无显著差别;在胰漏发生高危险胰腺情况下,奥曲肽能显著降低术后胰漏发生率。结论：在胰十二指肠切除术围手术期应根据胰腺的具体情况选择性使用奥曲肽既能有效预防术后胰漏的发生,又能避免不必要的浪费。     

胰十二指肠切除术后发生胰瘘的危险因素及血清降钙素原早期预测价值研究

摘要 目的：研究探讨胰十二指肠切除术后发生胰瘘的危险因素及血清降钙素原(PCT)早期预测胰瘘的价值。方法：选取2019年1月~2019年7月间海军军医大学第一附属医院收治的250例胰十二指肠切除术患者,患者均进行胰十二指肠切除术治疗,对患者术后进行随访观察,统计患者术后胰瘘的发生率,依据患者术后是否发生胰瘘将患者分为胰瘘组（n=77）和非胰瘘组（n=173）,对两组患者术后1 d PCT水平进行检测比较。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析的方法对患者的胰瘘发生的影响因素进行分析,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析术后1 d PCT水平对胰瘘发生的早期预测价值,并计算其预测胰瘘发生的曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感度和特异性。结果：250例胰十二指肠切除术后患者中有77例患者术后出现胰瘘,胰瘘发生率为30.80%。胰瘘组与非胰瘘组患者术后1 d的PCT水平均升高,且胰瘘组高于非胰瘘组(P<0.05)。单因素分析显示,胰管直径、胰腺质地、血清胆红素水平、白蛋白水平与患者术后发生胰瘘有关(P<0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析发现,胰管直径＜3 mm、胰腺质软、血清胆红素水平＞170 μmol/L、白蛋白水平＜30 g/L及术后1 d PCT水平＞0.75 μg/L是患者术后胰瘘发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示,术后1 d 检测PCT水平预测术后胰瘘发生的AUC为0.827,敏感度为83.23%,特异度为85.71%,PCT截断值为0.75 μg/L。结论：胰十二指肠切除术患者术后有较高的胰瘘发生率,胰管直径、胰腺质地、血清胆红素水平、白蛋白水平及术后PCT水平与患者术后胰瘘的发生密切相关,术后检测PCT对于胰瘘发生有较高的预测价值。     

3.0T磁共振动态增强检查对乳腺癌的临床应用价值

目的:探讨3.0T磁共振动态增强成像技术在乳腺癌诊断中的表现及诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析21例经手术病理证实的乳腺癌MRI资料,所有病例在术前均行3.0T MR平扫及动态增强扫描.结果:动态增强MRI显示23个病灶中20个病灶形态不规则或有毛刺征;MRI显示腋窝淋巴结肿大7例,内乳淋巴结肿大2例,6例病灶累及胸壁.所有病灶均不均匀强化,其中16个呈环形强化,7个见对比剂填充征;15个病灶呈Ⅲ型曲线,7个呈Ⅱ型曲线,1个呈Ⅰ型曲线.结论:边缘不光整、毛刺征及环状强化、冲刷型曲线、肿块周边异常增多的粗大扭曲血管影强烈提示乳腺癌;3.0TMRI能较清楚的显示乳腺癌及其与周围邻近组织的关系及部分淋巴结情况,有很高的临床应用价值.     

头颈部木村病的CT、MRI影像学表现

目的:探讨头颈部木村病的CT、MRI的影像学表现。方法:对6例经手术或活检病理证实的头颈部木村病的CT及MRI影像学表现进行回顾性分析。结果:本组6例以中青年男性患者多见,病灶位于耳周2例、颊面部1例、颌下区1例,腮腺区1例、头皮下1例,均表现为无痛性肿块。3例CT表现为单侧或双侧、单发或多发等或略高密度软组织肿块,密度均或不均,边缘清楚或局部欠清,伴邻近皮下组织受累;增强扫描病灶表现为不同程度强化。3例MRI表现为对比邻近肌肉信号,病灶在T1WI上为等、稍高信号,在T2WI上为高信号,大部分病灶中等至明显强化。本组6例病变均伴有周围多发淋巴结肿大及实验室检查外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多,可伴病侧局部皮下脂肪层萎缩。结论:头颈部木村病的CT、MRI影像表现有一定特征性,结合临床病史及实验室检查,可提高木村病的诊断准确率。     

磁共振胰胆管成像联合增强扫描在壶腹周围病变中的价值

目的探讨磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）在壶腹周围病变中的应用价值。方法采用重T2加权MR水成像技术对63例患者行MRCP检查,图像经三维最大信号强度投影（3DMIP）后处理。结果63例患者中,3例为正常,60例发现不同程度病变,其中肿瘤患者36例（9例肝门区原发性胆管细胞癌、2例肝门转移癌、5例原发性肝癌、4例肝外胆管癌、5例壶腹癌、8例胰头癌、3例十二指肠癌）,灵敏度为93．2％;结石患者16例（6例胆总管结石、6例胆囊结石、4例肝总管结石）,灵敏度为89．5％;炎症患者8例（3例胆管炎、3例胰腺炎、2例十二指肠憩室合并感染）,灵敏度为83．2％。均与病理或临床诊断无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论MRCP可准确显示胆管梗阻部位,明确病变性质,对非梗阻性胆胰疾病,MRCP可显示病变与周围脏器的毗邻关系,但不能脱离MRI平扫和增强,是后者的一种有效补充。     

磁共振血管造影对颈部静脉系统疾病诊断的应用价值

目的：探讨三维动态增强磁共振血管成像（30 DCE MRA）对于颈部静脉系统疾病的临床应用价值。方法：对7例疑有颈部静脉病变的病人进行了3D DCE MRA检查,观察对病变血管及正常血管显示情况。结果：7例检查图像都能清晰显示正常血管结构及病变情况。其中2例正常,2例颈静脉血栓,1例颈静脉癌栓,1例颈静脉扩张,2例动静脉瘘。所有病例均经手术及（或）DSA证实。结论：3D DCE MRA是一种简便,易行,有效的血管检查方法,分辨率高,假阳性率低,在临床上已广泛应用,但临床上多限于动脉系统疾病的诊断。只要选择合适的序列、扫描时间及对比剂的剂量就能较好显示静脉血管情况。此项技术的应用,在颈部静脉病变诊断中有很大的实用价值。     

Alstrom syndrome (OMIM 203800): a case report and literature review

Hereditary chronic pancreatitis (HCP) is a very rare form of early onset chronic pancreatitis. With the exception of the young age at diagnosis and a slower progression, the clinical course, morphological features and laboratory findings of HCP do not differ from those of patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. As well, diagnostic criteria and treatment of HCP resemble that of chronic pancreatitis of other causes. The clinical presentation is highly variable and includes chronic abdominal pain, impairment of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function, nausea and vomiting, maldigestion, diabetes, pseudocysts, bile duct and duodenal obstruction, and rarely pancreatic cancer. Fortunately, most patients have a mild disease. Mutations in the PRSS1 gene, encoding cationic trypsinogen, play a causative role in chronic pancreatitis. It has been shown that the PRSS1 mutations increase autocatalytic conversion of trypsinogen to active trypsin, and thus probably cause premature, intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation disturbing the intrapancreatic balance of proteases and their inhibitors. Other genes, such as the anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2), the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) have been found to be associated with chronic pancreatitis (idiopathic and hereditary) as well. Genetic testing should only be performed in carefully selected patients by direct DNA sequencing and antenatal diagnosis should not be encouraged. Treatment focuses on enzyme and nutritional supplementation, pain management, pancreatic diabetes, and local organ complications, such as pseudocysts, bile duct or duodenal obstruction. The disease course and prognosis of patients with HCP is unpredictable. Pancreatic cancer risk is elevated. Therefore, HCP patients should strongly avoid environmental risk factors for pancreatic cancer.     

小型猪慢性胰腺炎模型的建立

目的建立小型猪慢性胰腺炎（CP）模型。方法西双版纳小型猪28头,随机分两组,6头为正常对照．22头经剖腹行胰管不全结扎。术后2～12周处死取出胰腺,同时取出正常组胰腺行组织学检查,进行病理分期,观察分期与喂养周数间关系。结果胰管结扎的22头小猪存活18头,15头胰腺体尾部形成CP,成功率68．2％。CP严重程度随胰管结扎后喂养周数增加而增加（r=0．39,P〈0．05）。结论小型猪胰管部分结扎能形成CP．其严重程度与胰管结扎后喂养周数间呈部分相关关系。     

Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals that proteins differentially expressed in chronic pancreatitis are also frequently involved in pancreatic cancer

The effective treatment of pancreatic cancer relies on the diagnosis of the disease at an early stage, a difficult challenge. One major obstacle in the development of diagnostic biomarkers of early pancreatic cancer has been the dual expression of potential biomarkers in both chronic pancreatitis and cancer. To better understand the limitations of potential protein biomarkers, we used ICAT technology and tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomics to systematically study protein expression in chronic pancreatitis. Among the 116 differentially expressed proteins identified in chronic pancreatitis, most biological processes were responses to wounding and inflammation, a finding consistent with the underlining inflammation and tissue repair associated with chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore 40% of the differentially expressed proteins identified in chronic pancreatitis have been implicated previously in pancreatic cancer, suggesting some commonality in protein expression between these two diseases. Biological network analysis further identified c-MYC as a common prominent regulatory protein in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Lastly five proteins were selected for validation by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Annexin A2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 were overexpressed in cancer but not in chronic pancreatitis, making them promising biomarker candidates for pancreatic cancer. In addition, our study validated that cathepsin D, integrin beta1, and plasminogen were overexpressed in both pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. The positive involvement of these proteins in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer will potentially lower the specificity of these proteins as biomarker candidates for pancreatic cancer. Altogether our study provides some insights into the molecular events in chronic pancreatitis that may lead to diverse strategies for diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.     

MR弥散加权成像对鉴别诊断良恶性椎体压缩性骨折的临床价值研究

目的：探讨MR弥散加权成像（DWI）鉴别诊断良恶性椎体压缩性骨折的临床价值。方法：对57例经临床或病理证实的椎体良恶性压缩性骨折患者行矢状位T1M、T2WI、T2WI／FS及DWI扫描,研究其在常规序列和DWI序列上的表现,将常规MR序列和DWI序列检出率进行比较,测量正常椎体及病变椎体的表观弥散系数（ADC）值,并进行统计学分析。结果：（1）MR常规序列和DWI序列（b=500s／mm2）表现：良性椎体压缩性骨折呈长T1长或等T2改变,T2WI／FS呈高信号,DWI可以呈高信号、等信号及低信号;恶性椎体压缩性骨折呈长T1长T2信号,大部分病灶T2WUFS及DWI呈高信号,少数变现为低信号;（2）MR常规序列和DWI序列（b=500s／mm2）病灶检出率的比较：T1WI、T2WI／FS及DWI序列病灶检出率均高于T2WI序列,其间的差别有显著性意义（P〈0．01）,T1WI、T2WI／FS及DWI序列病灶检出率之间无显著性差异（P〉0．01）;（3）ADC值比较：在DWI（b=500s／mm2）上,良性组ADC值为（2．03±0．83）×10^3mm^2/s,恶性组ADC值为（1．37±0．75）×10^-3mm^2/s,正常组ADC值为（0．36±0．21）×10^-3mm^2／s,成像条件相同时,良性组高于恶性组,两组间有明显的统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：DWI可较好的反映椎体的弥散特征,ADC值作为量化指标可对良恶性椎体压缩性骨折进行可靠鉴别。     

颈髓损伤的常规MRI表现与DTI技术临床应用

目的：比较不同时期颈髓损伤的MRI表现及DTI的应用价值。方法：收集急性颈髓压迫病例15例、慢性颈髓压迫病例23例、颈髓慢性压迫合并急性压迫病例12例。15例健康志愿者作为对照组。进行常规MRI检查,应用DTI检查测量表现扩散系数（ADC）值和各向异性分数（FA）。比较各组间ADC值和FA值,并进行统计学分析。结果：急性颈髓迫病例,常规MRI显示颈髓增粗,呈等T1长T2信号;慢性颈髓压迫病例,9例呈长T1长T2信号,14例呈等T1长T2信号;慢性颈髓压迫并急性压迫病例颈髓明显增粗,呈等、长T1明显长T2信号。与对照组比较：急性颈髓压迫组的ADC值和FA值均明显降低,两组的差异有显著性;慢性颈髓压迫组的FA值降低,ADC值增高,两组的差异有显著性;慢性脊髓压迫合并急性脊髓压迫组ADC值与对照组比较无差异,FA值低于对照组。颈髓压迫各组间ADC值及FA值比较差异显著。结论：不同时期颈髓损伤常规MRI图像缺乏特异性,根据ADC值及FA值可判断颈髓损伤的时期。     

Inflammation and Cancer V. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic inflammation appears to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. This observation is striking in the hereditary pancreatitis kindreds but also occurs in alcoholic, idiopathic, and tropical chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. However, the mutations associated with hereditary pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis are not found in sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinomas, suggesting that the effects are indirect by causing recurrent pancreatitis and chronic inflammation. The process of mutation accumulation and clonal expansion that is required for development of invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma must therefore be accelerated in chronic pancreatitis to account for the high incidence of pancreatic cancer in these patients.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC术）致胆管损伤的诊治体会

目的：总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopiccholecystectomy,LC术）中胆管损伤的诊治体会。方法：回顾19例LC术致胆管损伤病例的临床资料,分析其发生的类型及原因,并总结其诊断和治疗要点。结果：19例患者中,1例发生在左右肝管汇合以上处损伤,2例发生胆总管缺损伤,3例发生胆总管横断伤,5例发生胆总管侧面伤,3例发生胆总管钳夹但未切断,1例发生右肝管损伤,4例发生胆囊管残端漏。治疗方法应视胆管损伤类型的不同而不同。采用断端处胆管端端吻合,同时放置T管引流、单纯胆总管T管引流、开腹去除误夹夹子、ERCP检查放置鼻胆管引流及胆肠Rouxeny吻合术。胆肠Rouxeny吻合术是临床上最常用的修补胆道损伤的手术方法。随访6个月～18年,恢复好,无1例死亡。结论：胆管损伤是LC术最常见的并发症之一,规范的操作及手术适应症的掌握能减少其发生。一旦出现胆管损伤,及时诊断及正确处理能减少其不良后果。     

A concept on the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in autoimmune pancreatitis

Autoimmune pancreatitis, an inflammatory process of the pancreas due to an autoimmune mechanism establishing etiology of chronic pancreatitis, is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, pancreatic enlargement, pancreatic duct strictures, and pathologic features of fibrotic changes with intense, mainly lymphocytic infiltrations, which may contribute to tissue destruction probably by apoptosis. In almost 60% of the cases, this type of pancreatitis coexists with other autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome, sclerosing extrahepatic cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, or other extrapancreatic disorders, and recently with gastric peptic ulceration. The diversity of extrapancreatic lesions with similar histopathologic findings suggests general involvement of the digestive system in this disease, although the presence of such involvement has not been fully elucidated. Similarly, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, a well known cause of gastric ulcer, has been associated, via molecular mimicry of host structures by its constituents with the same autoimmune conditions, also characterized by fibrotic changes and/or lymphoplasmacytic inflammations, accompanied by aberrations of T cell apoptosis that contribute to hepatobiliary- or extrahepatic-tissue destruction. Considering that H. pylori is involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of these autoimmune disorders, we propose that this organism might trigger autoimmune pancreatitis through induction of autoimmunity and apoptosis.     

Combined use of brushing cytology and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for the early detection of pancreatic cancer

Seventy-two cases of pancreatic cancer were examined by brushing cytology combined with endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. The results of this combined method were better than those reported for the exfoliative cytologic study of pancreatic fluid. The method detected a minute cancer of the main pancreatic duct that was not detected with any other method. The cells obtained by this technique had very well-preserved cytoplasm and nuclear chromatin, which facilitated making a correct diagnosis. Though this method can be applied only to the main pancreatic duct, it is effective for the diagnosis of ductal cell carcinoma, especially those located at the head of the pancreas, which is the most common site for pancreatic cancer. It is a safe procedure, with no complications seen in this series. The differentiation of carcinoma cells from the benign atypical cells of chronic pancreatitis is illustrated and emphasized.