合浦珠母贝珍珠的生物学性能初步检测

本研究报道了合浦珠母贝珍珠的生物学性能初步检测结果。珍珠作为—种天然的生物材料。在医药、化妆品工业等领域中的应用已很广泛。本研究对合浦珠母贝珍珠进行了体外细胞毒性试验、溶血试验和经静脉全身急性毒性试验的研究。实验结果表明,合浦珠母贝珍珠具有较好的细胞相容性,其浸提液对实验动物无明显毒性。在本研究中,合浦珠母贝珍珠的浸提液对兔血红细胞的溶血指数高于对照组。     

合浦珠母贝鳃的显微与超微结构

合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)是典型的滤食性瓣鳃类动物,也是我国重要的海水珍珠养殖贝类。本研究用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了合浦珠母贝鳃的显微和超微结构。结果表明,合浦珠母贝鳃结构属于异丝鳃型,左右两侧各2个鳃瓣,每个鳃瓣由内鳃瓣和外鳃瓣组成。鳃瓣由主鳃丝和普通鳃丝构成,主鳃丝在鳃瓣中主要起支架作用,每2根主鳃丝之间的9～12根普通鳃丝由\"簇内连接\"(intrabunchial junction)相连成簇。普通鳃丝之间通过\"丝间连接\"(interfilament junction)相连,丝间连接的上皮细胞与普通鳃丝的扁平细胞结构一样,为鳃的呼吸上皮。丝间连接的存在扩大了鳃的表面积,这种结构有助于进行气体交换。主鳃丝和普通鳃丝表面有前纤毛和侧纤毛,与食物运送和气体交换有关。普通鳃丝表面的纤毛为典型的\"9+2\"型微管结构。     

合浦珠母贝三个养殖群体微卫星遗传多样性

以广东徐闻金碧公司养殖场、广西北海营盘镇养殖场和南海水产研究所海南实验基地3个合浦珠母贝养殖群体为对象,利用8个微卫星位点M1、M2、M3、M4、M5、M6、M7、M8的引物进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明:8个微卫星标记位点在3个养殖群体中共检测到58个等位基因,观测等位基因数为2～9个,平均有效等位基因数3.72～5.06,平均观察杂合度0.41～0.56,平均期望杂合度0.67～0.75,3个群体的平均多态信息含量PIC值为0.62～0.70,全部为高度多态(PIC≥0.5),表明这几个合浦珠母贝养殖群体目前仍具有较高的遗传多样性,遗传信息丰富,遗传变异大,可以作为良好的育种材料;在这3个养殖群体中,南海水产研究所海南实验基地的养殖群体的遗传多样性最高,广西北海营盘镇养殖群体遗传多样性最低,这一结果可以为今后选择育种、种质保护提供可资借鉴的资料.

Abstract：

By using eight mierosatellite loci (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7 and MS), the genetic diversity of three Pinctada fucata populations from the pearl farms in Xuwen of Guang-dong and Beihai of Guangxi, and from the experimental base of South China Sea Fisheries Re-search Institute in Hainan was studied. A total of fifty eight alleles of these eight microsatellite lo-ci were detected, among which, the observed allele number was 2-9, average effective allele number was 3.72-5.06, average observed population heterozygosity was 0. 41-0. 56, and aver-age observed expected heterozygosity was 0. 67-0. 75. All the three populations had a polymor-phie information content (PIC) of 0. 62-0.70, suggesting their high polymorphism (PIC > 0. 5). Among the three populations, the cultured population from the experimental base of South China Sea Fisheries Institute had the highest polymorphism, and that from Beihai of Guangxi had the lowest one. These results provided useful information for the selective breeding and germplast conservation of P. Fucata.     

合浦珠母贝IGF2BP1基因的克隆与表达分析

胰岛素样生长因子2信使核糖核酸结合蛋白(insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein,IGF2BP)在脊椎动物体内功能很多,但在贝类中研究很少。为研究IGF2BP1是否参与了贝类的生物矿化过程,本研究通过RACE技术克隆获得合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)IGF2BP1基因cDNA序列,命名为PfIGF2BP1。该基因全长2 980 bp,其中开放阅读框长1 737 bp,预测编码579个氨基酸,有4个KH结构域和2个RRM结构域。多重序列分析发现各物种的IGF2BP1氨基酸序列非常保守。实时定量PCR结果显示PfIGF2BP1在肠等8个组织和壳顶期等5个胚胎发育时期中均有表达,表达量最高的组织为珍珠囊(p0.05),说明Pf IGF2BP1可能参与了珍珠形成过程。Pf IGF2BP1在眼点期表达量最高,其次为壳顶期,说明PfIGF2BP1可能参与次生壳的形成过程。原位杂交表明PfIGF2BP1在外套膜边缘的外褶中表达,推测其可能参与棱柱层的形成。本研究为以后探讨IGF2BP1在贝类生物矿化过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

合浦珠母贝幼虫变态中的形态、器官变化及运动与摄食观察

为揭示合浦珠母贝幼虫至稚贝生长发育过程中其外部形态变化及内部器官改变的内在规律, 掌握其形态和器官与运动和摄食行为之间的关联。在光学显微镜下对整个幼虫生长发育及变态过程中的外部形态、内部器官特征进行了系列观察和性状测量; 利用非线性回归参数拟合, 描述各形态性状生长特点及不同属性之间的联系; 观察不同发育阶段其运动与摄食过程。结果显示, 幼虫在正常生长过程中, 其壳长生长方式为加速正增长、壳高为减速正增长、绞合线长为加速负增长, 壳高相对于壳长的生长为快速生长、绞合线长相对于壳长为慢速生长。幼虫生长至壳长为(209.26±9.22) μm时, 内部器官发生改变, 面盘开始逐渐退化从而发育成鳃, 斧足逐渐形成; 壳长生长至(234.30±14.00) μm时, 次生壳开始长出, 外部形态逐渐向稚贝转变。稚贝阶段, 其鳃丝长、鳃丝间距和鳃丝数量相对于壳长的生长均表现为慢速生长。幼虫在水中的运动和摄食过程主要依靠面盘外周纤毛的摆动来完成, 俯视观幼虫绕不规则圆沿顺时针方向运动, 垂直观幼虫螺旋上升或下降。稚贝阶段, 依靠斧足的往复伸缩来完成爬行, 依靠鳃的过滤完成摄食。在幼虫变态过程中, 面盘退化至鳃具备滤食功能期间, 变态幼虫运动功能降低, 摄食能力丧失, 依靠自身能量储备来完成生长和器官发育, 这一过程是苗种培育中的重要关键点。     

合浦珠母贝PU3基因的克隆及功能鉴定

目的:克隆获得合浦珠母贝PU3基因的序列,并研究其在生物矿化中的功能。方法:使用RACE获得PU3基因的全长;利用实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测PU3基因在不同组织中的表达分布;利用实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测贝壳损伤修复过程中PU3基因的表达量的变化;通过RNAi实验,抑制PU3基因的表达,之后用扫描电子显微镜观察合浦珠母贝贝壳表面的变化。结果:合浦珠母贝PU3基因的cDNA全长为2361bp,编码618个氨基酸。氨基酸序列的功能结构域分析表明其含有4个FN3结构域。该基因在外套膜中高表达,且在外套膜边缘区的表达量高于外套膜中心区。在贝壳损伤修复的过程中,该基因的表达水平呈现上升的趋势。利用RNAi技术抑制PU3基因的表达后,贝壳的棱柱层结构发生了变化,缝隙变宽,且出现空洞。结论:PU3基因所表达的蛋白作为正调控因子参与生物矿化的过程,并主要作用于贝壳的棱柱层,抑制其表达会影响棱柱层的框架结构。     

合浦珠母贝SOX9对Prismalin-14基因的调控研究

目的:研究合浦珠母贝转录因子SOX9对Prismalin-14的转录调控机制。方法:应用在线预测软件PROMO分析Prismalin-14的启动子序列,以预测Prismalin-14启动子上可能的转录因子与其结合位点;运用细胞共转染实验和双荧光素酶报告系统以检测SOX9对Prismalin-14启动子的激活作用;构建Prismalin-14启动子截短体的荧光素酶报告载体,并和SOX9的真核载体共转到HEK-293T细胞中,再进行双荧光素酶报告系统检测Prismalin-14启动子的活性;构建SOX9截短体的真核表达载体,并与Prismalin-14启动子的荧光素酶报告载体共转到HEK-293T细胞中,再进行双荧光素酶报告分析Prismalin-14启动子的活性。结果:SOX9能激活Prismalin-14的启动子的活性,并具有剂量效应;对Prismalin-14启动子进行截短后,不包含结合位点的Prismalin-14启动子的活性是野生型Prismalin-14启动子活性的49%,推测Prismalin-14启动子上的-415bp到-405bp区域是SOX9激活作用的关键区域;对SOX9的SRY-related HMG结构域进行截短后,其对Prismalin-14启动子的激活作用显著减少,因此SOX9结构的完整对Prismalin-14启动子活性的激活作用是必须的。结论:Prismalin-14的转录可能受SOX9调控,为进一步研究合浦珠母贝的转录调控机制提供基础,将有助于从分子水平上理解贝壳形成的上游调控机理。     

合浦珠母贝外套膜细胞engrailed、BMP2和Smad3的mRNA表达水平的相关性

软体动物engrailed蛋白和骨形成相关蛋白对胚胎贝壳区域边界形成可能具有重要作用,engrailed还被推测为调节基质蛋白在外套膜组织区域化表达的重要调控因子．因此,弄清调控engrailed在软体动物中特征表达的分子机制有着重要的研究意义．但是,由于贝类基因组测序尚不完整,目前也没有建立获得贝类细胞系,以致于许多预测可能参与调控的基因需要通过克隆来鉴定,而且经典的研究细胞信号通路的方法也很难得到应用．目前,在中国南海广泛养殖的合浦珠母贝中,已获知其BMP2和Smad3的cDNA全长,以该贝的基因组为模板,PCR扩增获得了一段engrailed编码区片段．经软件分析,该片段含有EH4结构域,且与其他物种engrailed蛋白具有很高的同源性．研究的贝中,特别是外套膜组织中,engrailed、BMP2和Smad3三者表达之间的相关性,将有助于我们理解贝壳形成的分子机制．贝壳缺刻后半定量PCR试验结果表明,三者均参与贝壳修复,且在贝壳缺刻后的修复过程中,engrailed和Smad3的mRNA表达变化规律非常相似,提示它们之间可能存在相互影响的联系．用地塞米松(DXM)和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)分别处理原代培养的贝外套膜组织迁出细胞,实时相对定量PCR检测engrailed、BMP2和Smad3的mRNA表达水平,统计分析结果表明,三者具有显著的相关性．上述所有结果为进一步研究贝类生物矿化的发育和信号转导机制提供了新的思路和基础．     

射肋珠母贝生殖腺变化的观察

本文报道了射肋珠母贝生殖腺周年变化情况。观察发现该贝生殖腺变化经历五个时期,其中滤泡期持续时间极短。     

合浦珍珠母贝的养殖和研究新进展

北部湾是我国养殖海水珍珠的海域之一,民间曾流传着“东珠不如西珠,西珠不如南珠”的说法,广西北海市合浦县营盘乡则是著名的“南珠之乡”.据清康熙年间成书的〈粤闽巡视纪略〉就有7个古珠池的记载：“相传有七：曰青莺、曰断望、曰杨梅、曰白沙、曰平江、曰海渚、曰乌泥,俱在冠头岭外大海中,上下相去约一百八十三里.”     

小鼠原生殖细胞建系过程及其分化特性的研究

以小鼠8.5dpc、10.5dpc、12.5dpc胚胎为材料,分离其中包含PGC的胚胎组织,使其生长于饲养层细胞上,在生长因子LIF、SCF和bFGF的共同作用下存活增殖,形成PGC克隆,经过几次分散转移至新的饲养层细胞,产生稳定增殖的EG干细胞克隆,共建成5株EG细胞系,AKP染色以及oct-4基因表达产物的免疫荧光检测均显示阳性。EG1、EG2、EG3、EG4、EG5,分别来自8.5、10.5dpc的胚胎,没有得到长期培养的12.5dpc的EG细胞系。EG细胞系在有饲养层细胞或添加LIF的环境中可稳定传代,保持不分化状态,至少15代内正常核型细胞所占比例80%以上。去除抑制分化因素的前提下,悬浮培养的EG细胞形成胚体,分化出类似胚胎内胚层和外胚层的细胞结构;贴壁生长的胚体能产生不同类型的分化细胞,包括上皮细胞、成纤维细胞、神经细胞等。EG细胞在裸鼠体内形成畸胎瘤。以上结果证实我们建立的EG细胞系具发育多能性,为研究早期胚胎和生殖细胞生长分化提供了模型。     

Molecular and biological aspects of early germ cell development in interspecies hybrids between chickens and pheasants

Interspecific hybrids provide insights into fundamental genetic principles, and may prove useful for biotechnological applications and as tools for the conservation of endangered species. In the present study, interspecies hybrids were generated between the Korean ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and the White Leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). We determined whether these hybrids were good recipients for the production of germline chimeric birds. PCR-based species-specific amplification and karyotype analyses showed that the hybrids inherited genetic material from both parents. Evaluation of biological function indicated that the growth rates of hybrids during the exponential phase (body weight/week) were similar to those of the pheasant but not the chicken, and that the incubation period for hatching was significantly different from that of both parents. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) of hybrids reacted with a pheasant PGC-specific antibody and circulated normally in blood vessels. The peak time of hybrid PGC migration was equivalent to that of the pheasant. In late embryonic stages, germ cells were detected by the QCR1 antibody on 15 d male gonads and were normally localized in the seminiferous cords. We examined the migration ability and developmental localization of exogenous PGCs transferred into the blood vessels of 63 h hybrid embryos. Donor-derived PGCs reacted with a donor-specific antibody were detected on 7 d gonads and the seminiferous tubules of hatchlings. Therefore, germ cell transfer into developing embryos of an interspecies hybrid can be efficiently used for the conservation of threatened animals and endangered species, and many biotechnological applications.     

CpG methylation modulates tissue-specific expression of a transgene in chickens

The use of genetically modified germ cells is an ideal system to induce transgenesis in birds; the primordial germ cell (PGC) is the most promising candidate for this system. In the present study, we confirmed the practical application of this system using lentivirus-transduced chicken gonadal PGCs (gPGCs). Embryonic gonads were collected from 5.5-d old Korean Oge chickens (black feathers). The gPGC population was enriched (magnetic-activated cell sorting technique) and then they were transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), under the control of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter. Subsequently, the eGFP-transduced PGCs were transplanted into blood vessels of 2.5-d-old embryonic White Leghorn (white feathers). Among 21 germline chimeric chickens, one male produced transgenic offspring (G₁ generation), as demonstrated by testcross and genetic analysis. A homozygous line was produced and maintained through the G₃ generation. Based on serum biochemistry, there were no significant physiological differences between G₃ homozygotes and non-transgenic chickens. However, since eGFP transgene expression in G₃ chickens varied among tissues, it was further characterized by Western blotting and ELISA. Furthermore, there were indications that DNA methylation may have affected tissue-specific expression of transgenes in chickens. In conclusion, the PGC-mediated approach used may be an efficient tool for avian transgenesis, and transgenic chickens could provide a useful model for investigating regulation of gene expression.     

Nanos3 maintains the germ cell lineage in the mouse by suppressing both Bax-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways

Cell death in the germ line is controlled by both positive and negative mechanisms that maintain the appropriate number of germ cells and that prevent the possible formation of germ cell tumors. In the mouse embryo, Steel/c-Kit signaling is required to prevent migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs) from undergoing Bax-dependent apoptosis. In our current study, we show that migrating PGCs also undergo apoptosis in Nanos3-null embryos. We assessed whether the Bax-dependent apoptotic pathway is responsible for this cell death by knocking out the Bax gene together with the Nanos3 gene. Differing from Steel-null embryos, however, the Bax elimination did not completely rescue PGC apoptosis in Nanos3-null embryos, and only a portion of the PGCs survived in the double knockout embryo. We further established a mouse line, Nanos3-Cre-pA, to undertake lineage analysis and our results indicate that most of the Nanos3-null PGCs die rather than differentiate into somatic cells, irrespective of the presence or absence of Bax. In addition, a small number of surviving PGCs in Nanos3/Bax-null mice are maintained and differentiate as male and female germ cells in the adult gonads. Our findings thus suggest that heterogeneity exists in the PGC populations and that Nanos3 maintains the germ cell lineage by suppressing both Bax-dependent and Bax-independent apoptotic pathways.     

鸡胚不同发育时期原始生殖细胞的分离方法

采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法和EDTA-胰酶酶解法两种方法,分别提取第14期(孵化53h)血液、第19期(孵化72h)和第28期(孵化132h)生殖腺中的PGCs,以比较两种分离方法对3个发育时期的鸡胚原始生殖细胞在相同体外培养条件下存活时间的差异。结果发现,两种分离方法均能分离到一定数量的原始生殖细胞,但是酶解法分离到的原始生殖细胞的相对数量较Ficoll密度梯度离心法的多,存活时间较长,是一种适宜的分离方法;对鸡胚发育第14、19、28期3个时期提取的原始生殖细胞进行体外培养,存活时间分别为：72h、88h和80h,三者之间差异显著。结果表明：在鸡胚孵化的第19期,因原始生殖细胞大量聚集在肢体后端的生殖嵴原基处,因而较容易收集,体外培养较为适宜,具有较强的可操作性[动物学报49(6)：835～842,2003]。     

Ectopic formation of primordial germ cells by transplantation of the germ plasm: Direct evidence for germ cell determinant in Xenopus

In many animals, the germ line is specified by a distinct cytoplasmic structure called germ plasm (GP). GP is necessary for primordial germ cell (PGC) formation in anuran amphibians including Xenopus. However, it is unclear whether GP is a direct germ cell determinant in vertebrates. Here we demonstrate that GP acts autonomously for germ cell formation in Xenopus.EGFP-labeled GP from the vegetal pole was transplanted into animal hemisphere of recipient embryos. Cells carrying transplanted GP (T-GP) at the ectopic position showed characteristics similar to the endogenous normal PGCs in subcellular distribution of GP and presence of germ plasm specific molecules. However, T-GP-carrying-cells in the ectopic tissue did not migrate towards the genital ridge. T-GP-carrying cells from gastrula or tailbud embryos were transferred into the endoderm of wild-type hosts. From there, they migrated into the developing gonad. To clarify whether ectopic T-GP-carrying cells can produce functional germ cells, they were identified by changing the recipients, from the wild-type Xenopus to transgenic Xenopus expressing DsRed2. After transferring T-GP carrying cells labeled genetically with DsRed2 into wild-type hosts, we could find chimeric gonads in mature hosts. Furthermore, the spermatozoa and eggs derived from T-GP-carrying cells were fertile. Thus, we have demonstrated that Xenopus germ plasm is sufficient for germ cell determination.     

Heterogeneity in imprinted methylation patterns of pluripotent embryonic germ cells derived from pre-migratory mouse germ cells

Pluripotent stem cells, termed embryonic germ (EG) cells, have been generated from both human and mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs). Like embryonic stem (ES) cells, EG cells have the potential to differentiate into all germ layer derivatives and may also be important for any future clinical applications. The development of PGCs in vivo is accompanied by major epigenetic changes including DNA demethylation and imprint erasure. We have investigated the DNA methylation pattern of several imprinted genes and repetitive elements in mouse EG cell lines before and after differentiation. Analysed cell lines were derived soon after PGC specification, “early”, in comparison with EG cells derived after PGC colonisation of the genital ridge, “late” and embryonic stem (ES) cell lines, derived from the inner cell mass (ICM). Early EG cell lines showed strikingly heterogeneous DNA methylation patterns, in contrast to the uniformity of methylation pattern seen in somatic cells (control), late EG cell and ES cell lines. We also observed that all analysed XX cell lines exhibited less methylation than XY. We suggest that this heterogeneity may reflect the changes in DNA methylation taking place in the germ cell lineage soon after specification.     

鸡鸭异种间嵌合体的制备

本研究采集孵化14期鸡胚血液中的原始生殖细胞,在液氮中冷冻保存三个月后,解冻成活率达80％以上。以Ficoll密度梯度离心将其从血液中分离纯化,分离获得纯度为27.5%,平均每枚胚胎可获得近50个PGCs。将分离的PGCs 100-200个以微注射法转移至15期早期麻鸭胚胎中制备了鸡鸭种间嵌合体,孵出8（6♂,2♀）只雏鸭,总孵化率为7.3%（8／110）。以鸡W染色体特异性DNA探针原位杂交法在早期鸭胚性腺中检测鸡PGCs。在被检测的21个鸭胚的性腺中,16个有不同程度的阳性信号,嵌合率达76.2%(16/21)。实验结果表明鸡原始生殖细胞能够迁移并定居到鸭胚性腺中,并有可能在鸭性腺中增殖分化成有功能的配子。     

Characterization of 31 EST-derived microsatellite markers for the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii (Dunker)

We developed and characterized 31 microsatellite markers from expressed sequence tags of Pinctada martensii (Dunker). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 18 as determined in 44 individuals from a wild population. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.4121 to 0.9436, while the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.4054 to 0.7273. Most of the loci are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These markers should be useful for population genetics studies, parentage and genome mapping in this species.