栽培与野生黄花蒿中化学组分的FTIR表征及青蒿素含量比较分析

本研究运用FTIR技术,对栽培和野生黄花蒿不同部位化学成分的红外光谱特征进行指认,并比较分析两者不同部位青蒿素含量差异.结果显示:酰胺、芳香类物质均以栽培黄花蒿茎和叶片中多;可溶性多糖和糖苷类物质,栽培与野生黄花蒿茎中含量相近,但是,叶片中含量以栽培黄花蒿高;纤维素类物质,栽培茎少于野生茎,而两种黄花蒿叶片的纤维素含量相近.与青蒿素标准品比较,栽培和野生黄花蒿不同部位青蒿素含量有一定差异,其中栽培叶最高,其次是野生叶,栽培茎的含量最低.所以,运用FTIR技术可以快速判断栽培和野生型黄花蒿主要化学成分的差异,本研究对黄花蒿的引种驯化和良种选育工作有一定指导意义.     

生物技术在青蒿素合成中的应用

青蒿素是迄今为止治疗疟疾的有效成分,主要从青蒿(黄花蒿)中提取获得。然而黄花蒿中青蒿素的含量很低,难以满足临床用药需求。本文归纳并总结了近年来用于提高青蒿素产量的生物技术方法,包括提高野生青蒿中青蒿素产量、使用转基因手段提高青蒿素产量以及青蒿素在其他生物中合成等方面的研究进展,为青蒿素合成相关研究提供理论依据,开拓研究思路。     

黄花蒿中青蒿素含量的RP-HPLC法测定

建立黄花蒿中青蒿素的高效液相色谱测定方法,采用柱前衍生RP-HPLC法测定黄花蒿中青蒿素的含量,采用ZORBAXXDB-C18(4.6mm×150mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-0.01mol/L醋酸钠-醋酸缓冲液(pH5.8,体积比62∶38)为流动相;检测波长:260nm;流速:0.8mL/min;柱温:30℃。对广西、沈阳、北京、郑州、苏州和杭州等不同产地的野生黄花蒿样品、以及同一产地不同采集时间黄花蒿样品进行检测,结果表明不同地区青蒿素含量差异很大,同一地区不同采集时间黄花蒿样品的青蒿素含量也有差异。该法准确可靠、重现性好,能准确地反映青蒿素含量的检测。     

不同土壤环境对黄花蒿生长和青蒿素含量的影响研究

通过田间小区试验,比较研究了施肥与不施肥条件下,4种土壤环境（沙土、旱地土、水稻土和棕色石灰土）对黄花蒿的生长、生物量分配和青蒿素含量的影响。结果表明：黄花蒿对土壤养分的适应性较强,在沙土、旱地土、水稻土和石灰土上均能生长发育,养分水平低时,分配更多的生物量到根,根生物量分数和根/冠比增大;养分水平高时,分配更多的生物量到叶,叶生物量分数增加。黄花蒿的生长和青蒿素含量显著受土壤养分的影响,不施肥时,石灰土和水稻土栽培黄花蒿的株高、地径、总生物量、叶生物量和青蒿素含量显著大于旱地土,而旱地土又显著大于沙土。但在施肥条件下,以上参数不同土壤间无显著差异,且显著高于不施肥。因此,只要根据土壤养分状况合理施肥,黄花蒿在不同养分土壤栽培均能获得较高的青蒿素产量。     

盐胁迫对黄花蒿生长及其挥发性成分的影响

对黄花蒿植株进行Na Cl盐胁迫(2~8 g/L)处理一个月,分析植株生长、光合作用和抗氧化生理指标,考察盐胁迫对青蒿素合成及挥发性成分累积的影响。Na Cl盐胁迫可抑制黄花蒿植株的生长,引起叶片氧化损伤,同时降低叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率。但盐胁迫诱导青蒿素含量提高44.3%,且主要挥发性代谢物成分如邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、白菖油萜、脱氧青蒿素、α-萜品醇的相对含量增加。盐胁迫是提高黄花蒿植株药用价值的栽培调节方法。     

野生阿魏与栽培阿魏植物不同部位的挥发油及阿魏酸含量测定

目的:为了提高新疆阿魏资源储量分布和种植面积,保护野生资源,对阿魏药材的人工栽培品与野生品进行质量对比分析,为人工栽培环境采收的阿魏药材的质量评价提供参考依据。方法:采用挥发油测定法以及高效液相色谱法,对新疆不同产地野生阿魏和栽培品阿魏的挥发油和阿魏酸进行了含量测定。结果:人工压榨阿魏树脂,测得的挥发油含量中,各地野生品均符合药典标准(挥发油含量≥10%),栽培品中,阜康阿魏和伊宁产新疆阿魏达到药典标准。阿魏酸含量测定结果中,阿勒泰栽培品,阜康栽培品和伊宁栽培品的根和叶的阿魏酸含量,均大于野生品阿魏酸含量。结论:人工栽培环境采收的阿魏药材前景可观,不同部位均可以作为提取物的制备原料。     

人工栽培与野生种抱茎獐牙菜矿物元素和氨基酸对比分析

抱茎獐牙菜又称藏茵陈,是藏药中常用草药,广泛应用于肝胆疾病的治疗。近年来,为满足日益增加的需求量,发展了人工栽培抱茎獐牙菜,研究比较人工栽培与野生抱茎獐牙菜之间的各种成分含量,对人工栽培抱茎獐牙菜替代野生抱茎獐牙菜用药有重要意义。本文对人工栽培及野生抱茎獐牙菜的矿物元素及氨基酸进行测定比较发现,人工栽培抱茎獐牙菜的矿物元素绝大多数比野生抱茎獐牙菜含量高,人工栽培抱茎獐牙菜氨基酸大多比野生抱茎獐牙菜含量高。     

青蒿素含量与土壤、植株养分含量关系的研究

调查和分析测定同一产区不同土壤类型的黄花蒿土壤和植株不同部位的养分含量及青蒿素含量,并对其进行相关分析和因子分析,结果表明,青蒿素含量与土壤Ca的含量有显著的正相关关系,与根N、茎N素含量以及植株地下部和地上部的N素含量比有显著的负相关关系,与茎部和叶部的N素含量比有极显著负相关关系;黄花蒿植株叶片的N含量与土壤P含量有显著的正相关关系;影响青蒿素含量的主要因子是黄花蒿植株体内的养分含量,其次是土壤的养分含量以及土壤和植株等综合因子。通过施肥、适当补充土壤中的Ca和P素营养,改善土壤养分状况等各种途径来调节植株体内的养分,降低地下部和地上部的N素含量比值,茎叶部N素含量比值,提高青蒿素的含量,增施K肥,有利于黄花蒿的生长。     

中药青蒿的生态生理及其综合利用

中药青蒿即黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)是抗疟药的原料,青蒿素是其有效抗疟成分。本文对青蒿的生物学特性、资源分布、生长栽培和生理生态进行了分析,指出了提高青蒿素含量的可能途径及其综合利用的前景。     

加工方法对黄花蒿提取青蒿素含量的影响

通过对采收后的黄花蒿植株进行适当的处理及干燥温度和贮藏时间对比试验,采用HPLC法测定,探讨提高青蒿素含量的加工新方法。结果表明:整株立式阴晾一定时间后晒干的处理随着阴晾时间的增加青蒿素含量呈抛物线状变化,4～5d最高,达显著水平,之后逐渐下降;随着干燥温度的升高青蒿素含量呈下降趋势,40℃时叶片青蒿素含量较高;随着贮藏时间的延长青蒿素含量逐渐下降,贮藏100 d后下降明显。采收后整株立式阴晾4～5 d后再晒干方法能提高黄花蒿叶片的青蒿素含量。40℃的干燥温度能使叶片中青蒿素含量损耗较少。黄花蒿叶片的保质贮藏时间约90 d。     

ENZYMIC ACTIVITIES IN DISSOCIATED NEURONS DIFFERENTIATED IN CULTURES IN VITRO

Abstract— The appearance of the enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in cultures of dissociated spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and cerebellum removed at different stages of development have been studied. The neurons differentiated in vitro have morphological and cytochemical characteristics similar to those of the normally developing neurons. On the basis of the results obtained, it is argued that in this experimental model the histogenetic determination of the neuroblasts at the time of the explant may start and bring to an end the morphological and biochemical differentiation of the various types of neurons even under conditions extremely different from those of normal development.     

被子植物多胚苗的研究进展

本文综述了被子植物多胚苗的研究进展。在被子植物中多胚苗材料的种类很多,而只有特定起源的多胚苗材料在作物杂种优势固定中才具有比较大的实用价值。关于被子植物多胚苗的发生机理目前还没形成统一的定论。单倍性、二倍性和多倍性多胚苗在作物育种上具有各自不同的意义。     

荔枝胚珠中多胺含量变化与胚胎发育的关系

荔枝胚胎发育与胚珠中３种多胺（ＰＡｓ）含量及其比例变化关系密切。试验结果表明：正常发育的胚珠中腐胺（Ｐｕｔ）、亚精胺（Ｓｐｄ）和精胺（Ｓｐｍ）的含量在胚胎发育的各个阶段均高于败育胚珠,并在花后７ｄ即达到最高值,其中Ｐｕｔ的含量最高,随后都呈下降趋势。但正常胚珠中Ｓｐｍ含量在花后２２至３１ｄ（球形胚至心形胚发育阶段）均有所回升,而败育胚珠无此现象。败育胚珠中的Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ在胚胎败育期的下降速度显著     

中国蜱螨学研究进展概况

<正> 我国蜱螨学的研究起步较晚,解放前只有一些零星报道,比较系统的研究是从50年代开始。1963年在长春召开了第一届全国蜱螨学术讨论会,至今已有30年。近十几年来,蜱螨学的研究进展较快,中国经济昆虫志中有关蜱     

TILLING在水稻育种中的应用前景

TILLING(Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes)是功能基因组研究中应用的一种反向遗传学技术。它能高通量低成本地在EMS诱变群体中鉴定出发生在特定基因上的点突变。在其基础上发展出的EcoTILLING技术则可发现种质资源中的SNP位点及小插入或缺失多态性位点。水稻是非常重要的粮食作物, 也是已经完成了全基因组序列测定,有丰富的生物信息学资源可以利用的基因组研究模式植物。水稻的分子标记辅助育种将在育种中扮演越来越重要的角色。在这样的背景下,本文从基于特定基因的种质资源鉴定、EMS诱变育种、及水稻功能标记开发等方面论述了其在水稻育种中的应用前景。     

VARIATION IN DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS IN SIGMODON

Developmental constraints can be interpreted as factors of developmental origin responsible for covariation among measured variables. Several hypotheses have been proposed to link the possession of such constraints to subsequent evolution. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we compare developmental factors across selected taxa of cotton rats, genus Sigmodon. Three factors explain well the covariation among orofacial measurements: (1) responses to body size variation, (1) coordinated growth of traits of the occluding-tooth complex, and (3) responses to musculoskeletal interactions. Sigmodon taxa share these factors, but differ in the variance-covariance matrix of factors, and the unique variances of individual traits. Patterns of covariation among measurements of the neurocranial complex reflect responses to body size variation, and perhaps also responses to fetal brain growth. While there are no significant differences across taxa in factorpattern, variance-covariance matrix of factors, or unique variance of measured neurocranial variables, the neurocranium is only weakly constrained. We doubt that even the relatively stronger developmental constraints on the orofacial complex would prevent evolutionary divergence because differences in the variances and covariances of factors, and in levels of unique variance of individual traits can provide different opportunities for selection to act in different Sigmodon taxa.     

中国鲸类动物的人工饲养

我国从1965年由青岛海产博物馆首次开始饲养江豚和宽吻海豚。以后中国科学院水生生物研究所等单位先后饲养白暨豚和长江江豚成功。1995年以后,由于外国资本和技术的介入,使我国鲸类动物的人工饲养水平很快赶上世界先进水平,但由于发展速度太快,布局也不尽合理,因此,必须认真研究和探讨,使我国鲸类动物的人工饲养得到健康有序的发展。     

LATITUDINAL VARIATION IN SPECIATION MECHANISMS IN FROGS

Speciation often has a strong geographical and environmental component, but the ecological factors that potentially underlie allopatric and parapatric speciation remain understudied. Two ecological mechanisms by which speciation may occur on geographic scales are allopatric speciation through niche conservatism and parapatric or allopatric speciation through niche divergence. A previous study on salamanders found a strong latitudinal pattern in the prevalence of these mechanisms, with niche conservatism dominating in temperate regions and niche divergence dominating in the tropics, and related this pattern to Janzen's hypothesis of greater climatic zonation between different elevations in the tropics. Here, we test for latitudinal patterns in speciation in a related but more diverse group of amphibians, the anurans. Using data from up to 79 sister-species pairs, we test for latitudinal variation in elevational and climatic overlap between sister species, and evaluate the frequency of speciation via niche conservatism versus niche divergence in relation to latitude. In contrast to salamanders, we find no tendency for greater niche divergence in the tropics or for greater niche conservatism in temperate regions. Although our results support the idea of greater climatic zonation in tropical regions, they show that this climatic pattern does not lead to straightforward relationships between speciation, latitude, and niche evolution.     

云南栽培大麻的化学类型

本文报道了云南17个县的23个主要大麻品种的化学类型?发现药用型、中间型和纤维型的品种分别占43.5,26.1和30.4%;大麻的化学类型主要取决于遗传因素。作者讨论了以往大麻化学类型分类标准存在的缺点,提出单用四氢大麻酚(THC)含量来划分大麻化学类型的观点,并建议,大麻的发展对策应以“依法管理,兴利避害,因地制宜,区别对待”作为指导思想。     

MYCORRHIZAE IN RECENT VOLCANIC SUBSTRATES IN HAWAII

Plants colonizing 8- and 14-year-old lava flows, a 28-year-old cinder fall, a 137-year-old volcanic soil, and a geothermic volcanic soil were sampled for mycorrhizae. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae were present in all sites, and the frequency of occurrence and intensity of root colonization increased with increasing age of the site. In the youngest site, 57% of the sampled species were mycorrhizal, and this increased to 84% in the cinder fall and 100% in the old soil. Orchid and ericoid mycorrhizae also were present in some sites. Native Hawaiian species tended to more frequently form mycorrhizae and have more intense mycorrhizal infection than did alien species. Plant succession on the Hawaiian volcanic sites differed somewhat from a predictive model in the lack of dominance by nonmycotrophic species in the early seral stages. The difference apparently results from 1) the arrival of mycorrhizal fungi soon after the volcanic substrates cool and 2) the paucity of nonmycotrophic species available to invade very recent volcanic sites.