蝙蝠蛾幼虫肠道真菌复合体中的多菌种与中国被毛孢分生孢子联合侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫提高侵染效能

应用真菌特异性引物PCR测序、克隆测序和SNP质谱基因分型法,鉴定2株蝙蝠蛾幼虫活体肠道的真菌分离株(CH1和CH2)中的多种菌物。应用这2株分离株与中国被毛孢分生孢子联合侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫,观察其协同侵染活性。结果表明这2株分离株呈现中国被毛孢的体外培养生长和显微形态特征。通用引物ITS4/5和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉特异性引物Pp4/5扩增子测序检出蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢ITS序列。扩增子克隆-测序和SNP基因分型法证实多种转换和颠换点突变基因型在2株分离株中共存。反复固体、液体培养证实蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢ITS序列共存,并非真菌间DNA片段漂移。应用子囊孢子或中国被毛孢侵染4~5龄蝙蝠蛾幼虫,幼虫染菌率为1.37%~3.52%,幼虫变僵时间为35~50 d。应用2株分离株与中国被毛孢分生孢子联合侵染,幼虫变僵时间为5~8 d,染菌率达55.2%(P0.001),侵染效能提高15~39倍。蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和多种点突变基因型冬虫夏草菌(包括中国被毛孢)在蝙蝠蛾幼虫肠道以天然真菌复合体形式共存;多种菌物组成的侵染源联合侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫大幅度提高侵染效能,呈现多菌协同侵染的共生关系。     

两种昆虫激素对鹿儿岛被毛孢表观形态的影响

昆虫激素不仅能调控昆虫的生长发育,而且也是昆虫免疫系统的重要调节因子,因此当虫生真菌入侵昆虫寄主体腔并定殖时可能会受其影响。但定殖过程中虫生真菌与昆虫激素之间的直接作用关系尚不清楚。本研究利用不同浓度的蜕皮激素(20E)和保幼激素(JH)模拟鳞翅目昆虫家蚕体内的主要激素水平,对虫生真菌鹿儿岛被毛孢Hirsutella satumaensis进行培养,观察其表观形态特征的变化。结果表明,两种昆虫激素对鹿儿岛被毛孢的表观形态均有不同程度的影响。添加20E和JH培养后,鹿儿岛被毛孢菌落直径和菌丝生物量的变化差异不大;孢子的萌发率稍有下降;而菌落产生的色素和产孢量与对照组相比则呈现显著性变化。菌落色素圈和分生孢子的粘液厚度会随两种激素浓度的增加而增大,而产孢量随激素浓度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,这说明鹿儿岛被毛孢定殖昆虫血体腔的过程中两种昆虫激素会抑制真菌的生长,而虫生真菌会适应性地做出应答反应,这对于进一步理解虫生真菌在昆虫血体腔中的定殖机理有重要意义。     

梨形短梗蠕孢的分生孢子发育研究

采用玻片培养法对梨形短梗蠕孢(Trichocladium achrasporum)的分生孢子发育类型进行了研究。观察结果表明,梨形短梗蠕孢分生孢子既可以在菌丝顶端形成(顶生式),也可以在菌丝中间形成(间生式),其发育方式是全壁芽生式产孢。     

短柄链蠕孢分生孢子发育的研究

短柄链蠕孢(Dendryphion nanum)为暗色丝孢菌,其分生孢子棒状,5～20个隔膜,暗褐色,串生。试验通过玻片培养观察研究了该菌分生孢子的产生方式及发育类型。结果表明:该菌的分生孢子是由产孢细胞的顶端向外突起并生长膨大而形成,因而属于全壁芽生式产孢方式。     

冬虫夏草菌无性阶段的分离和鉴定

分离工作在四川康定及北京进行。方法是将康定收集的14批新鲜冬虫夏草,经整体灭菌后,分别割取子座、柄和虫体三部,然后将各部再切割成绿豆大小样的接种体,置于含1％胨的PDA上,在20℃温箱中让其生长;也少量地进行了子囊孢子分离,结果获得90％以上是同一种分生孢子阶段真菌的培养物。而且对该培养物的鉴定表明,是被毛孢属(Hirsutella)一新种——中国被毛孢(Hirsutella sinensis sp.nov.)。并根据这些多批次且大数量接种体(1000个以上)、多途径且重复持续分离,连同子囊孢子分离以及1988年康定点上再次分离的相互验证,皆得到同一种真菌——中国被毛孢这一事实,我们初步结论:中国被毛孢是冬虫夏草菌[Cordyceps sinensis(Berk.)Sacc.]的无性阶段。     

毛霉菌油对被孢霉产花生四烯酸的影响

研究了不同浓度毛霉菌油对被孢霉产花生四烯酸（AA）的影响,发现0.3%毛霉菌油可以显著提高花生四烯酸产量,并研究了0.3%毛霉菌油在整个发酵过程中对被孢霉产花生四烯酸的影响。结果表明,毛霉菌油对被孢霉生长和油脂产量基本上没有影响,毛霉菌油可以提高被孢霉的AA产量,主要是因为其能提高AA在油脂中的含量。     

发酵过程中球孢白僵菌As69的生长特征与甾体11a羟化活性的关系

本文报直球孢白僵菌在摇瓶、发酵罐的不同培养条件过程中,通过分生孢子、芽生孢子、节生孢子、内生孢子和菌丝体断裂等方式进行无性繁殖。它的生活史属多孢类型,在不同的培养条件下,孢子生殖的类型也不同。在斜面上是产分生孢子,在液体发酵中是以芽生孢子为主,还有部份类似分生孢子的内生孢子。根据白僵菌在发酵过程中细胞的分化规律我们设计出球孢白僵菌对甾体化合物Reichstein’s转化发酵规律,获得转化的最佳效果。     

中国土壤中小镰孢属的两个新种

报道分离自土壤中的小镰孢属Fusariella二新种:棘柄小镰孢Fusariellaechinulata和中华小镰孢Fusariellasinensis。棘柄小镰孢与坎斯小镰孢F.kansensis、间型小镰孢F.intermedia和侧弯小镰孢F.obstipa形态近似,它们的如下区分:新种的分生孢子明显要比F.intermedia的宽,比F.kansensis的小,其产孢瓶体具棘刺与F.obstipa光滑的产孢瓶体可以区分。中华小镰孢与F.obstipa近似,但其产孢瓶体色泽较暗且明显粗糙,而后者的产孢瓶体无色,光滑,另外,新种的分生孢子较后者的要小,二者容易区分。二新种的模式标本(干制培养物)保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

冬虫夏草的微循环产孢及其无性型的分离*

从采自云南德钦白马雪山的冬虫夏草子实体上,利用改进的子囊孢子弹射法获得其无性型中国被毛孢,并利用冬虫夏草子囊孢子的微循环产孢和无性型菌丝的载片培养,证明我们获得纯培养是冬虫夏草的无性型。     

冬虫夏草的微循环产孢及其无性型的分离

从采自云南德钦白马雪山的冬虫夏草子实体上,利用改进的子囊孢子弹射法获得其无性型中国被毛孢,并利用冬虫夏草子囊孢子的微循环产孢和无性型菌丝的载片培养,证明我们获得纯培养是冬虫夏草的无性型。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.