不同淋洗水量下胶州湾养殖池塘土壤盐分淋洗规律

针对养殖池塘严重盐渍化现象,为确保土地资源和水资源的有效利用,通过室内土柱试验探讨不同淋洗水量下胶州湾养殖池塘土壤盐分淋洗规律,并确定最佳用水量。结果表明:随着淋洗水量的增加,土壤及其淋滤液的含盐量均以指数形式下降,为兼顾淋洗效果和节约用水,接近1:1的水土比可以达到较好的改良效果;在脱盐过程中,土壤中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Cl~-含量均呈下降趋势,SO_4~(2-)含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-含量呈上升趋势;淋滤液中各盐离子浓度与土壤各盐离子变化规律类似;土壤各盐离子脱盐率大小大致表现为Cl~-Na~+K~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)SO_4~(2-)HCO_3~-;随着淋洗水量的增加,土壤中离子组成由原来的Cl~-和Na~+为主先转变为以Na~+、K~+和SO_4~(2-)为主,最后转变为Na~+、HCO_3~-和K~+为主。土壤脱盐过程伴随着土壤碱化现象,因此需要对盐渍土脱盐过程中的碱化现象进行进一步研究。     

碳酸酐酶对CO2液相扩散的影响及其与C3植物光合作用的关系

当CO_2进入水溶液时,必然存在CO_2 H_2O?H~ HCO_3~-平衡。根据Henderson-Hasselbach方程pH=pK lg[HCO_3~-]/[CO_2],平衡时溶液中CO_2和HCO_3~-浓度比由溶液中的pH值决定。在大多数生物介质中,尤其是叶绿体基质,处于平衡时,HCO_3~-浓度是CO_2浓度的十几甚至是几十倍。在这种情况下,HCO_3~-的扩散成为无机碳的主要扩散形式。碳酸酐酶(Carbonic Anhydrase EC 4.2.1.1)能够加速CO_2和HCO_3~-之间的平衡。本文对此作些     

集成微管路电位分析及其在生态学研究中的应用

本文介绍了集成微管路电位分析原理,实验装置、分析特点及其在生态学研究中的应用。采用此微型装置测定了土壤、植物、水、血清、药物中的K~ 、Na~ 、Cl~-、pH、NH_3、NO_3~-、Ca~(2 )、Mg~(2 )、F~-、CN~-、I~-、S~-/Ag~ 、阿托品、东茛菪碱等,并和各种标准分析方法进行了比较,结果一致。鉴于集成微管路引入分析领域所提供的优点,它将在生态学研究中发挥重要作用。     

辽西地下水化学影响指标的水岩作用分析

为查明葫芦岛市浅层地下水的水化学特征,对采集的地下水样品进行了测试分析,采用模糊综合评价法和层级阶梯法进行地下水质量与污染综合评价。在此基础上,利用相关系数法筛选出影响地下水化学特征的指标,应用水文地球化学模拟方法分析各指标的成因机制。结果表明:研究区由低山丘陵向沿海冲积平原,地下水化学类型由HCO_3型水过渡至HCO_3·SO_4、HCO_3·Cl型水;Ⅰ~Ⅲ类、Ⅳ和Ⅴ类水质分别占样品总数的44%、4%和52%;中度、重度和极重度污染水样比例分别为48%、36%和16%;影响水质与污染状况的指标有Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、Br、NH_4~+、NO_3~-和Pb,成因机制主要是阳离子交换吸附、蒸发蒸腾和氧化还原作用,地区农业生产、采矿活动和海水入侵现象是造成浅层地下水水质恶化、污染加重的主要因素。     

黄河三角洲柽柳植株周围土壤盐分离子的分布

为探讨柽柳的盐分富集效应及其对不同盐分离子分布的影响,以黄河三角洲盐碱地柽柳为研究对象,分析了离植株不同距离不同土层中的盐分离子组成、含量、离子比及不同离子之间的相关性。研究结果表明:各土层阳离子中Na~+含量最高,其次是Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),K~(+)最低,Cl~(-)在阴离子中的含量最高,SO_4~(2-)次之,HCO_3~-最低,而未检测到CO_3~(2-)。在柽柳植株周围,尤其是表层土壤中,离植株越近盐分含量越高,显示出柽柳对盐分的富集效应,其中对不同阳离子的富集程度表现为K~+Na~+Mg~(2+)Ca~(2+),而对阴离子的富集程度表现为HCO_3~-Cl~-SO_4~(2-)。冠层下凋落物中盐分的释放和树干径流可能是导致盐分在柽柳植株周围水平方向上存在差异的主要原因。土壤总可溶性盐含量随着土层的加深而升高。阳离子和阴离子向下迁移程度分别表现为Na~+Mg~(2+)Ca~(2+)K+和Cl~-SO_4~(2-)≈HCO_3~-,因而随土层加深而升高的Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和Cl~-,显示出底聚特征,而K+、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-含量则随着土层的加深而降低,具有表聚特征。降水淋溶、盐分离子迁移速率的差别和各土层中不同生物量根系对盐分吸收的差异可能是造成盐分在垂直方向上含量变化的主要因素。     

对植物矿质营养两个概念的思考

1 生理酸性盐和生理碱性盐理论植物矿质营养盐的生理酸性和生理碱性理论是1881年由A. Mayer提出的,至今已有110年的历史了。这期间矿质营养理论有了长足的进步。因此有必要在新的研究成果的基础上,更深入地了解这一理论。 1.1 根诱生的根际pH变化是怎样发生的植物根际土壤pH变化是由根系活动产生的,原因主要有三个:(1)根排泌H~+或HCO_3~-(OH~-当量);(2)根释放CO_2;(3)根的分泌物(有机酸、氨基酸)。后两种情况不是主要原因,因为在通气的土壤中,CO_2通过充气孔隙迅速扩散掉,而且HCO_3~-仅局限于土壤     

碱性土壤盐化过程中阴离子对土壤中镉有效态和植物吸收镉的影响

镉是土壤环境中对土壤质量有着极其重要影响的污染物之一,低含量下就能对人体和动物产生危害.镉在土壤中的有效态既决定了它的生物有效性及对环境的危害程度,又是人们对受污染土壤进行治理和修复的基础.作为盐化土壤中的典型组分,无机盐不可避免对镉的有效态及生物有效性等地球化学行为产生明显影响.研究了碱性土壤盐化过程中无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉有效态和植物吸收镉影响.研究方法为:以钠盐为例,实验研究了碱性土壤盐化过程中无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉有效态的影响;通过油菜种植试验,分析了无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉生物有效性的影响.研究结果表明,土壤盐化过程中,土壤溶液中Cl-浓度较低时,土壤中镉的有效态含量随Cl-浓度增加而增大,但当土壤中Cl-/Cd的比值大于100∶1时,土壤中镉的有效态含量达到最大值.土壤溶液中SO42-含量对土壤中镉有效态含量的影响不明显;随着土壤溶液中HCO3-含量的增加,土壤中镉的有效态含量明显减少.由于Cl-、SO42-是土壤溶液中的主要成分,随着盐度的增加,镉的有效态含量增加.油菜种植试验显示,当土壤中Cl-的含量增加时,土壤中镉的有效态含量增加,有利于植物对镉的吸收,因此油菜中镉的含量随土壤中Cl-的含量增加而增加,但当土壤有效态含量超过2 mg/kg后,油菜吸收镉已经达到最大.随着土壤溶液中SO42-浓度的增加,油菜中镉含量基本不变;土壤溶液中HCO3-的含量增加,植物中镉的含量随土壤中HCO3-含量增加而减少.这些特征与土壤镉有效态变化相吻合.通过各种措施控制土壤盐度和调节阴离子类型和含量,有利于降低土壤中镉的有效态含量,减轻镉的活化;农业生产中适当调整无机肥料的种类,可以减少农作物对镉的吸收.     

盘锦红海滩湿地沉积物常量元素化学成分调查

为了探究翅碱蓬死亡原因,开展了对红海滩湿地沉积物中常量化学成分研究。实验结果表明,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、HCO_3~-含量随着沉积物深度的增加而逐渐降低,分析可能是由于海水在沉积物表面蒸发导致的盐分积累所致。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-由河口下游向河口上游方向均出现了不同程度降低的变化趋势;4月份沉积物中镁钙比从河口下游向河口上游显著下降,5月份则没有显著的变化规律。沉积物中5月份的含盐量与4月份相比有上升趋势,沉积物中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-含量也有相同变化趋势。沉积物中Cl~-的变化趋势与含盐量的变化趋势相同,呈现正相关关系。本研究为红海滩湿地生态修复理论研究提供了基础数据支持。     

施污土壤重金属有效态分布及生物有效性

以城市污泥为研究对象,将城市污泥与土壤按照一定的质量比配成污泥混合土壤.采用6种不同性质提取剂(0.05mol/L EDTA、0.1 mol/L CH3 COOH、0.01 mol/L CaC12、1 mol/L CH3COONH4,0.05 mol/L NaHCO3和0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl)分别对污泥混合土壤中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的螯合态、酸溶态、中性交换态、中性结合态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态进行提取,考察污泥的添加对土壤中不同形态重金属的消长规律.通过黑麦草盆栽试验,探究污泥混合土壤中不同形态重金属的植物可利用性.结果表明:污泥混合土壤中重金属螯合态比例较大,占总量的20.3％-40.0％;其次为酸溶态和中性结合态,而中性交换态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态的含量较低.污泥的添加促进了黑麦草对Cd、Cu和Zn的吸收,在污泥添加率为44.4％时根部对其吸收量达最大,分别较CK处理增加了0.3、2.3和6.5倍.抑制了对Pb的吸收,在污泥添加率为37.5％时,根部对Pb的吸收较CK处理下降0.4倍.Pearson相关系数分析结果表明:污泥混合土壤中以螯合态、酸溶态和中性结合态存在重金属可被黑麦草吸收利用.     

工业污染土壤中镉的化学形态及植物修复研究

对工业污染地中重金属镉的分布及存在的化学形态进行了系统研究.结果表明,土壤中吸附的镉可被水所溶出,pH值越低（酸度越强）,镉的溶出率越大,移动性越强,越容易被作物所吸收.中性条件下,此类污染土壤可溶态（水溶态、交换态和络合态）镉含量较低,分别为0.68%、12.70%和12.40%;不可溶态镉（颗粒态）约为74.40%.箩卜的茎部为此类镉污染地中镉的超富集植物器官.     

Labile pool of cadmium in sludge-treated soils

The labile pool of cadmium in sludge-treated soils was determined by application of isotopic dilution principle under laboratory and green house conditions using moong (Phaseolus aureus L.) as test crop. The laboratory indices like isotopic distribution coefficient (Kd) of 115Cd in 0.1 M CaCl2, labile pool (LP) of Cd in DTPA–CaCl2–Na acetate (adjusted to pH 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and supply parameter (SP) using Kd as intensity and LP as capacity factor of Cd in soils, were computed to compare these values with actual uptake of Cd by the crop to test them as indices of Cd availability. The path-ways of transfer of soil Cd from the discrete chemical pools to plants were also computed. The LP (pH 7.0) and the SP were significantly correlated with the concentration of Cd in plants and its uptake by the crop. They are, therefore, good indices of Cd availability in sludge treated vertisol soils and can be used as reference indices for standarization of chemical extractants. The water soluble + exchangeable Cd and the 0.05 M EDTA extractable Cd were observed to be the two major chemical pools of Cd in soils responsible for supply of this element to plants. As substantial part of 0.1 M Na4P2O7 extractable Cd applied to the soils remains in same form, they are not transfered into the food chain. The amounts of soil Cd extracted by DTPA–CaCl2–TEA (pH 7.3), EDTA–NH4OAC (pH 7.3) and Mg(NO3)2 (pH 6.0) were significantly correlated with concentration of Cd in plants and with uptake of Cd by moong crop.     

Carbamyl phosphate synthetase of Escherichia coli uses the same diastereomer of adenosine-5'-[2-thiotriphosphate] at both ATP sites.

Carbamyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli has been shown to use only the A isomer of adenosine-5'-[2-thiotriphosphate] in both the ATPase reaction (MgATP HCO3- leads to MgADP + Pi) and the carbamyl phosphate synthesis reaction (2MgATP + HCO3- + L-glutamine leads to 2MgADP + Pi + carbamyl-P + L-glutamate). The B isomer was less than 5% as reactive. In the reverse reaction, only the A isomer of adenosine-5'-[2-thiotriphosphate] is synthesized from adenosine-5'-[2-thiodiphosphate] and carbamyl-P as determined by 31P NMR and a coupled enzymatic assay with Cd2+- hexokinase. It is therefore proposed that carbamyl phosphate synthetase uses the same diastereomer of MgATP at both ATP sites.     

重金属对土壤中萝卜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的生态毒性

高等植物是生态系统中的基本组成部分。一个平衡、稳定的生态系统生产健康、优良的高等植物。反之 ,一个不稳定或受到外来污染的生态系统 ,对高等植物的生长可带来不利和可见的负面影响。因此 ,利用高等植物的生长状况监测土壤污染程度 ,是从生态学角度衡量土壤健康状况 ,评价土壤质量的重要方法之一[4 ,6] 1) 。土壤生态毒理学评价方法是对化学分析方法的重要补充。目前已建立的高等植物毒理试验有三种方法 ,即 1根伸长试验 ;2种子发芽试验 ;3早期植物幼苗生长试验[3 ,5,6,10 ] 。最初 ,这类试验主要用于纯化学品的毒性检验 ,但随着对土壤…     

重金属对土壤中小麦种子发芽与根伸长抑制的生态毒性

测定了4种土壤（红壤、草甸棕壤、暗棕壤和栗钙土）条件下,Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd单一污染对小麦种子发芽与根伸长抑制主及其复合污染效应（暗棕壤条件下）。结果表明,同一浓度下,重金属对小麦根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率,植物根对金属污染的生态毒性比种子发芽敏感,土壤有机质和土壤N含量与Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd污染对小麦根伸长抑制率显著负相关（R^2OR=0.91,R^2K-N=0.92),土壤PH和阳离子交换量与Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd污染对小麦根伸长抑制率的相关性不显著（R^2PH=0.62,R^2CEC=0.60),在单一污染对小麦根伸长为刺激作用浓度（较低浓度）或为抑制作用浓度下（较高浓度）,复合污染均表现为协同作用。^     

Remediation of Pb and Cd Polluted Soils Using In Situ Immobilization and Phytoextraction Techniques

In situ immobilization and phytoextraction techniques have been used for remediation of Pb and Cd polluted soils. Three rates (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%) of seven immobilizing agents (cement, slag, phosphate rock, bitumen, Fe- and Al-gels, and δ-MnO₂) were tested on three soils containing various levels of Pb (48–192.0 ug/g) and Cd (0.75–3.45 ug/g). All immobilizing agents reduced the plant available Pb and Cd as extracted by DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). The effectiveness of the various agents in immobilizing Pb and Cd followed the descending order: bitumen > cement > slag > Fe-gel > Al-gel > phosphate rock > δ -MnO₂. Cement and phosphate rock fixed Pb and Cd mainly in the carbonate form, whereas the slag, bitumen, Fe-gel, Al-gel and δ -MnO₂ fixed the metals mainly in the oxide form.

The results of pot experiment proved the high ability of barnyard grass (Echinnochloa stagninum) to accumulate elevated amounts of Pb and Cd (ranging from 291–2421 and 6.1–45.9 ug metal/g dry matter, respectively). These amounts are higher than those reported for hyperaccumulators, particularly for Pb. The amounts of Pb and Cd removed by barnyard grass represent, on average, 46 and 72% of their initial total contents in the soils, respectively. These results proved that, without any other soil treatments, barnyard grass is highly efficient in removing considerable amounts of Pb and Cd from polluted soil within a reasonably short period of time. Therefore, use of barnyard grass for the phytoremediation of Pb and Cd polluted soils is feasible and recommended as an environmentally safe and cheap method. The most significant finding of this study is to name the barnyard grass as an efficient lead accumulator plant.     

Soil pH Effects on Uptake of Cd and Zn by Thlaspi caerulescens

For phytoextraction to be successful and viable in environmental remediation, strategies that can optimize plant uptake must be identified. Thlaspi caerulescens is an important hyperaccumulator of Cd and Zn, whether adjusting soil pH is an efficient way to enhance metal uptake by T. caerulescens must by clarified. This study used two soils differing in levels of Cd and Zn, which were adjusted to six different pH levels. Thlaspi caerulescens tissue metal concentrations and 0.1 M Sr(NO₃)₂ extractable soil metal concentrations were measured. The soluble metal form of both Cd and Zn was greatly increased with decreasing pH. Lowering pH significantly influenced plant metal uptake. For the high metal soil, highest plant biomass was at the lowest soil pH (4.74). The highest shoot metal concentration was at the second lowest pH (5.27). For low metal soil, due to low pH induced Al and Mn toxicity, both plant growth and metal uptake was greatest at intermediate pH levels. The extraordinary Cd phytoextraction ability of T. caerulescens was further demonstrated in this experiment. In the optimum pH treatments, Thlaspi caerulescens extracted 40% and 36% of total Cd in the low and high metal soils, respectively, with just one planting. Overall, decreasing pH is an effective strategy to enhance phytoextraction. But different soils had various responses to acidification treatment and a different optimum pH may exist. This pH should be identified to avoid unnecessarily extreme acidification of soils.     

The role of CO2 in cobalt-catalyzed peroxidations

Augmentation, by CO(2)/HCO(3)(-), of Co(II)-catalyzed peroxidations was explored to clarify whether the rate enhancement was due to CO(2) or to HCO(3)(-). The rate of oxidation of NADH by Co(II) plus H(2)O(2), in Tris or phosphate, was markedly enhanced by CO(2)/HCO(3)(-). Phosphate was seen to inhibit the Co(II)-catalyzed peroxidation, probably due to its sequestration of the Co(II). When CO(2) was used, there was an initial burst of NADH oxidation followed by a slower linear rate. The presence of carbonic anhydrase eliminated this initial burst; establishing that CO(2) rather than HCO(3)(-) was the species responsible for the observed rate enhancements. Both kinetic and spectral data indicated that Co(II) was converted by H(2)O(2) into a less active form from which Co(II) could be regenerated. This less active form absorbed in both the UV and visible regions, and is assumed to be a peroxy bridged binuclear complex. The rate of formation of this absorbing form was increased by HCO(3)(-)/CO(2). A minimal mechanism consistent with these observations is proposed.     

Localization and some properties of phosphate-dependent glutaminase in disrupted liver mitochondria.

1. Glutaminase activity in frozen and thawed liver mitochondria was activated by NH4+, phosphate and HCO3-ions and also by ATP . 2. NH4+ and HCO3-ions decreased the requirement of the enzyme for phosphate. The activation by ATP was observed only in the presence of NH4+ or HCO3-ions. 3. In frozen-and-thawed mitochondria, the enzyme was loosely bound to the inner membrane, the Arrhenius plot showing a break at 23 degrees C. On sonication, glutaminase was detached from the membrane and the Arrhenius plot became linear. 4. The apparent Km for glutamine of the membrane-bound form was 6 mM, and that of the soluble form was 21 mM. 5. It is likely that the properties of glutaminase in the intact cell are dependent on the association of this enzyme with the mitochondrial membrane.     

Cadmium availability at different soil pH to transgenic tobacco overexpressing ferritin

Knowledge on physiological mechanisms and plant metabolism can be used to enhance metal uptake. The capacity to uptake metals of transgenic tobaccos overexpressing ferritin in plastids (P6) or in cytoplasm (C5) and a control tobacco (A) is assessed in three polluted soils from the same soil series, with a similar Cd content, but displaying pH from 5.8 to 7 (8b2, 8b3, S11). Differences in dry leave weight were not significant between the three tobaccos growing on each soil. Iron concentration in ferritin overexpression either in P6 or in C5 tobaccos increased only on the S11 soil, which had a soil pH 7, in comparison to A tobacco. In both 8b2 and 8b3 soils at pH lower than 7, the leaf Fe content was not different between the three tobaccos. Only the P6 tobacco growing in the S11 soil accumulated more Cd, Zn and Mn compared with the A and C5 tobaccos. This increase represents, compared to A tobacco, 88% for Fe, 120% for Mn, 30% for Cd, 80% for Zn. In soils with a pH higher than 7, the ferritin synthesis is over-expressed in the P6 tobacco cells inducing a iron deficiency. These metal accumulations were increased, owing to a rhizosphere modification. The A and P6 tobaccos uptake Cd in the same soil pool. The Cd totality in the 8b2 soil is labile and in the S11 soil, the labile Cd represents 86–88% of the total Cd.     

不同污染负荷土壤中镉和铅的吸附－解吸行为

采用一次平衡法,对3种不同污染负荷土壤Cd2 和Pb2 的吸附-解吸行为进行了比较.结果表明,低污染负荷土壤对Cd2 和Pb2 的吸附能力高于高污染负荷土壤.3种土壤对Cd2 的吸附等温线与Freundlich方程有较好的拟合性,Pb2 的等温吸附过程可用Langmuir方程与Freundlich方程来描述.双常数方程是描述这3种不同污染负荷土壤中Cd2 和Pb2 吸附动力学行为的最优模型,其次为Elovich方程,最差模型是一级动力学方程.Pb2 的解吸滞后现象较Cd2 明显.高污染负荷土壤的吸附态Cd2 、Pb2 解吸率高于低污染负荷土壤,Cd2 、Pb2 解吸量与其初始吸附量之间的关系符合二次幂方程.3种土壤Cd2 、Pb2 的解吸速率随重金属初始浓度的增加而增加,随解吸时间的延长而降低.