不同虫态烟蚜对杀虫剂敏感性及其与解毒酶活力关系

为更好地指导生产,本文研究了不同虫态烟蚜Myzus persicae对吡虫啉和丁硫克百威敏感性及其与羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶比活力相关性。结果表明,3龄若虫对吡虫啉敏感性水平最低,4龄若虫对丁硫克百威敏感性水平最低。不同虫态烟蚜解毒酶活力随龄期逐渐增强,之后逐渐减弱,3龄若虫高于其他任何虫态,且多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶比活力与杀虫剂敏感性间存在强的负相关性。田间最佳防治虫态为1龄若虫、2龄若虫和成虫。     

几丁质合成抑制剂除虫脲对中华稻蝗的毒性效应研究

为研究几丁质合成抑制剂除虫脲对不同龄期中华稻蝗若虫的毒性效应,将除虫脲用丙酮溶解,稀释至不同浓度,点滴法处理试虫.结果表明除虫脲对2、3龄中华稻蝗若虫具有一定的毒性效应,试虫出现因蜕皮困难而死亡的现象,且影响其进食和增重.     

虫龄对蠋蝽捕食斜纹夜蛾幼虫行为参数的影响

捕食行为是评价捕食性天敌控制害虫作用的重要依据,常用的数学模型估计捕食行为参数或者在没有植物存在的微生境中直接观测捕食行为的方法,往往会高估或低估捕食性天敌的控害作用。为评价龄期如何影响蠋蝽(Arma chinensis)对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)幼虫的捕食作用,本研究将蠋蝽不同龄期若虫(2、3、4和5龄)和斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫(1、2、3和4龄)交叉组合为16个处理,接至盆栽大豆(Glycine max)苗上,连续观测蠋蝽若虫的捕食行为,分析在遭遇不同龄期猎物时蠋蝽若虫的捕食行为随自身龄期增大的变化趋势。结果表明:在遭遇1、2或4龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫时,蠋蝽若虫的处理猎物时间随自身龄期增大表现出二次方曲线下降的趋势;在遭遇3龄幼虫时,处理时间表现出三次方曲线性下降的趋势。在遭遇2、3或4龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫时,蠋蝽若虫的捕食量随自身龄期增长表现出直线增大的趋势;在遭遇1龄幼虫时捕食量表现出"中间高两端低"的变化趋势。蠋蝽若虫的刺扎次数不受自身龄期的影响,仅受斜纹夜蛾幼虫龄期的影响。在遭遇2龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫时,蠋蝽若虫的捕食成功率仅随自身龄期增大呈直线上升趋势;在遭遇1、3、4龄幼虫时,捕食成功率与自身龄期无关。研究结果说明,在利用捕食行为参数评价蠋蝽对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用时,需同时考虑蠋蝽和猎物的虫龄大小。     

蒙古寒蝉成、若虫触角形态及若虫龄期判别研究（半翅目：蝉科）

对蒙古寒蝉若虫与成虫的触角感器进行了研究,并结合不同龄期若虫触角的形态特征,采用Dyar法则与“头宽—龄期”的回归曲线验证,初步断定蒙古寒蝉若虫具有4个龄期。不同龄期若虫与成虫的触角形态差异显著,触角感器的种类、数量和分布也明显不同,其差异或与若虫和成虫的生态位不同密切相关。     

中华稻蝗不同龄期的形态多样性研究

【目的】中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis的个体发育中经历体型渐变发育过程,随着龄期增加,一些功能器官逐渐发育完善,并执行相应的功能。研究中华稻蝗的个体发育规律,对于充分认识蝗虫体型的形成规律,机体结构与功能的关系,具有重要意义。【方法】本研究运用几何形态测量学方法分析不同虫龄的中华稻蝗身体结构的发育过程,探讨各器官结构的形成规律以及其功能的实现。【结果】研究结果表明:中华稻蝗不同龄的后翅、前胸背板、腹板、颜面、后足股节大小存在显著差异,随着虫龄的增加,各结构呈线性增大。PCA法和薄板样条法结果表明后翅从4龄到6龄,翅型结构呈渐变规律,成虫时肘脉域变小,轭脉域及臀脉域扩大,后翅的形状随其功能的实现显著不同于翅芽时期。前胸背板、颜面和后足股节随虫龄的增加在PC1轴呈渐变规律,随着取食和运动能力的增强,前胸背板变得更加宽阔、颜面的颊侧更加宽大,后足股节更加细长。腹板的形状在低龄阶段差异不大,成虫时在后足股节的着生区大而且向外突出。【结论】中华稻蝗不同虫龄间在后翅、前胸背板、腹板、颜面、后足股节等功能器官上存在显著差异。随着龄期的增加,各功能器官的形态呈渐变规律,然而这些功能器官的形成并非等比例扩大,而是形成特定的形态来实现其功能。     

甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性及其与酶活力的关系

【目的】明确甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)不同龄期幼虫对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和毒死蜱的敏感性及其与羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的相关性。【方法】采用室内生物测定方法检测甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性,并检测了不同龄期幼虫体内羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力。【结果】在所测定的5个龄期中,随龄期增加,敏感性逐渐降低,其中1~5龄幼虫对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的LC50分别为0.1010、0.3561、0.7568、1.4325和8.4390 mg/L,对毒死蜱的LC50分别为27.4632、46.8495、87.5222、129.3217和1 356.6770 mg/L。单头幼虫的羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力随虫龄的增加而提高,与龄期间对药剂的敏感性呈负相关(由于外源化合物摄入量减少,5龄单头幼虫的多功能氧化酶活力略有降低)。【结论】甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫对药剂的敏感性存在非常明显的差异,在田间防治中,应选择对杀虫剂敏感性较高的低龄幼虫作为最佳防治时期。     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择性(英文)

双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明:两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1~4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。     

B型烟粉虱与温室白粉虱不同虫态的碱性磷酸酶性质比较

为了探明B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci B-biotype 和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum体内的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase，ALP)在两者竞争替代中所起的作用，以对硝基苯磷酸二钠 (pNPP)为底物，采用个体测定和群体测定的方法，研究比较了2种粉虱不同虫态中该酶的性质。结果表明：2种粉虱的碱性磷酸酶比活力在整个发育历期均逐渐增加，成虫期达到最大。温室白粉虱2至4龄若虫（伪蛹）期的碱性磷酸酶比活力分别是B型烟粉虱对应龄期酶比活力的2.58、2.68和3.14倍； B型烟粉虱雌雄成虫的碱性磷酸酶比活力分别是温室白粉虱雌雄成虫酶比活力的1.24和1.26倍，且2种粉虱雌虫的酶比活力显著大于其雄虫。2种粉虱2龄若虫到成虫的碱性磷酸酶最适pH均为7.8，最适温度均为47℃；在1龄若虫中均未能检测到该酶活性。测定并比较2种粉虱不同虫态碱性磷酸酶动力学特征参数的结果显示，温室白粉虱碱性磷酸酶在3、4龄若虫的亲和力以及在2, 3, 4龄若虫的酶蛋白浓度均显著大于B型烟粉虱的对应值，而在成虫期2种粉虱的亲和力、酶蛋白浓度无差异，B型烟粉虱的活化能显著小于温室白粉虱。据此推测，B型烟粉虱利用碱性磷酸酶在若虫期进行组织骨化和生长发育不如温室白粉虱，但羽化为成虫后利用其进行解毒代谢则可能强于温室白粉虱。     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择性（英文）

双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明: 两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1～4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。     

亚洲小车蝗食量测定

我们采用人工饲养与自然发育相对照的方法,对亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus B.-Bienko的食量进行了测定。若虫期平均1.844g(最大3.38g,最小1.1g);成虫期平均8.395g(最大10.568g,最小6.735g);一生平均10.239g(最大13.948g,最小7.835g)。成虫期因寿命判断较难,故以自然发育期校正。 亚洲小车蝗若虫食量3龄期明显增加,约占一生食量的2.19％,1或2龄前的4倍,1、2龄总和的2.3倍;雌若虫食量约为雄虫的2倍;若虫期食量约占总食量的1/5,成虫期约占4/5。故防治应在3龄前进行,最晚到羽化前。     

Developmental response of the brown-winged green bug, Plautia stali (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), to food shortage

To study developmental response of the brown-winged green bug, Plautia stali Scott, to food shortage we reared nymphs under restricted feeding conditions produced by shortening the feeding period after molt or withholding food from second to fifth instars. For second instars, molting rates were significantly reduced as the feeding period was shortened. Shortening the feeding periods for third to fifth instars also reduced molting rates, but less so; some nymphs were able to complete their developments even if no food was given to any of the instars. Compared with controls for which feeding was not restricted, nymphs that successfully reached the next instar had reduced postmolt body size as a result of restricted feeding for all instars except the fifth (2-day feeding for second instar, and 1-day feeding for third and fourth instars), whereas instar duration was unchanged or only slightly prolonged for all instars. These results suggest that only nymphs with nutritional accumulation over a specific threshold in each instar can progress to the next instar, and that, particularly for second to fourth instars, nymphs develop on schedule without prolonging instar durations to compensate for reduced growth under conditions of food shortage.     

Suitability of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) instars for the parasitization by Encarsia bimaculata and Eretmocerus sp. nr. furuhashii (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on glabrous and hirsute host plants

The host instar preferences of Encarsia bimaculata and Eretmocerus sp. nr. furuhashii parasitizing Bemisia tabaci and their development on four host plants, collard, eggplant, cucumber and tomato, were studied in the laboratory. Both of the parasitoids accepted all nymphal stages of B. tabaci, but E. bimaculata preferred third and fourth instars while Er. sp. nr. furuhashii preferred second and third instars under both choice and no choice conditions. Regardless of host stage parasitized, adults of parasitoids emerged only from fourth instars. When given the simultaneous choice of all instars, E. bimaculata reduced parasitization of first and second instars (3.73 and 4.76%, respectively) while increasing parasitization of third and fourth instars (5.44 and 6.93%, respectively), in contrast Er. sp. nr. furuhashii increased its parasitization of second and third instar nymphs (1.27 and 3.17%, respectively) and decreased that of first and fourth instars (7.0 and 3.06%, respectively). Host plants did not significantly influence instar preference for either parasitoid. Developmental periods of both the parasitoids from egg to adult emergence were longest when first instars were parasitized and shortest when fourth instars were selected. Parasitoid developmental time was generally shorter on glabrous plants than on hirsute plants.     

角倍蚜越冬若蚜的生物学特性

【目的】角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis是五倍子蚜的主要生产种,深入了解角倍蚜越冬若蚜的生物学习性,揭示田间无土植藓条件下越冬若蚜的种群动态,可以为进一步降低若蚜越冬的死亡率,提高五倍子产量提供依据。【方法】在田间以无纺布为基质种植侧枝匐灯藓Plagiomnium maximoviczii培育越冬若蚜,定期采集带不同龄期角倍蚜的藓块带回实验室,利用数码显微系统连续观测和记录越冬期间若蚜的行为习性、形态特征、种群动态和龄期分布等,并连续测量越冬期间侧枝匐灯藓的藓层厚度和覆盖率。【结果】角倍蚜秋迁蚜以卵胎生方式产生若蚜,若蚜在侧枝匐灯藓的拟叶基部分泌蜡丝包裹自身并形成蜡球,在蜡球内取食和越冬。每个蜡球内通常有1头若蚜。越冬若蚜从1-4龄,体色由淡黄色逐渐加深至深褐色,体长和体宽随龄期的增加而增加,分别从1龄若蚜552.92±16.95和94.70±11.52μm增加到4龄若蚜的1 205.25±10.75和593.15±7.66 μm。越冬期间若蚜的平均种群密度从10月中旬的13.10×10⁴头/m²降至翌年3月的1.05×10⁴头/m²,总死亡率高达91.98%。越冬若蚜个体间的发育进度很不整齐,并与当地的气温变化密切相关。若蚜越冬期间侧枝匐灯藓的厚度和覆盖率逐步增加。【结论】越冬若蚜体长和体宽可作为角倍蚜龄期鉴别的主要指标。田间越冬期间角倍蚜若蚜的总死亡率很高,其中越冬初期和中期若蚜转移寄生期的死亡率较其他阶段高。     

Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) instar effects on rate of parasitism by Eretmocerus mundus and Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Studies were conducted to compare preference among Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, biotype B instars for parasitization by Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and Encarsia pergandiella Howard when provided one instar only, two different instars, and four different instars simultaneously. In the single‐instar no choice treatment, Er. mundus was more successful in parasitizing the younger host instars, while En. pergandiella parasitized a greater proportion of the older instars. Similar results were observed when parasitoids were provided a choice of two instars in six different pair combinations. When all four instars were provided simultaneously, the numbers of first, second, and third instars parasitized by Er. mundus were not significantly different from each other (range 10.3–16.4%), but all were significantly higher than parasitism of fourth instar nymphs (2.1%). The highest percentage parasitization by En. pergandiella was in third instar (17.2%), and the lowest in first instar (2.8%).     

Ontogenetic shifts in the functional response and interference interactions of Rhyacophila dorsalis larvae (Trichoptera)

1. Ontogenetic shifts in predator behaviour can affect the assessment of food‐web structure and the development of predator–prey models. Therefore, it is important to establish if the functional response and interference interactions differ between life‐stages. These hypotheses were tested by (i) comparing the functional response of second, third, fourth and fifth larval instars of Rhyacophila dorsalis, using three stream tanks with one Rhyacophila larva per tank and one of 10 prey densities between 20 and 200 larvae of Chironomus sp.; (ii) using other experiments to assess interference within instars (two to five larvae of the same instar per tank), and between pairs of different instars (one, two or three larvae per instar; total predator densities of two, four or six larvae per tank). 2. The first hypothesis was supported. The number of prey eaten by each instar increased with prey density, the relationship being described by a type II model. The curvilinear response was stronger for fourth and fifth instars than for second and third instars. Mean handling time did not change significantly with prey density, and increased with decreasing instar number from 169 s for fifth instars to 200 s for second instars. Attack rate decreased progressively with decreasing instar number. Handling time varied considerably for each predator–prey encounter, but was normally distributed for each predator instar. Variations in attack rate and handling time were related to differences in activity between instars, fourth and fifth instars being more active and aggressive than second and third instars, and having a higher food intake. 3. The second hypothesis was partially supported. In the interference experiments between larvae of the same instar or different instars, mean handling time did not change significantly with increasing predator density, and attack rate did not change for second and third instars but decreased curvilinearly for fourth and fifth instars. Interference between some instars could not be studied because insufficient second instars were available at the same time as fourth and fifth instars, and most third instars were eaten by fourth and fifth instars in the experiments. Prey capture always decreased with decreasing attack rate. Therefore, interference reduced prey consumption in fourth and fifth instars, but not in second and third instars. The varying feeding responses of different instars should be taken into account when assessing their role in predator–prey relationships in the field.     

Locomotion ability variation among instars of the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Alydidae) nymphs

The nymphal locomotion ability (walking distance) of the stenophagous bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) was studied in each instar. We measured the walking distance using two systems. The walking distance in photophase was measured for 6 h using a tracking system with a charge coupled device (CCD) camera and computer software. The daily activity of nymphs was measured by an actograph system counting the number of infrared beam intercepts. The actograph data were converted to distance using a linear regression against the data of the tracking system. The longevity of nymphs without food was also studied to estimate the potential walking distance. Using both the tracking and actograph systems, it was determined that first instars walked less than the other instars (only 10.7 m within 6 h). The second to fifth instars could move 20-25 m within 6 h, and this distance did not differ among instar. This indicates that first instars seldom move after hatching in the field. The walking distance for 24 h varied and was greatest for the third instars (80.8 m). The potential longevity of nymphs was found to increase with instar age. Potential locomotion ability (walking distance for 24 hxpotential longevity) was high in the third to fifth instars (approximately 340 m). The potential locomotion ability for the second instars was relatively low compared with the elder instars (approximately 180 m). From these results, nymphs of R. pedestris seem to adapt by identifying feeding site locations after hatching and elder instars may be able to find a novel feeding site after the degradation of previous habitat.     

中华稻蝗两地理种群酯酶特性的比较研究

对采自江苏徐州和山西临猗两个种群中华稻蝗进行了马拉硫磷敏感性的生物测定,同时对两个种群的酯酶特性进行了比较研究。生物测定结果表明,徐州种群的LD₅₀值（13.00 μg/g虫重）是临猗种群（4.64 μg/g虫重）的2.8倍;用对氧磷、马拉氧磷、西维因及毒扁豆碱等四种抑制剂对该两个种群的酯酶的体外抑制研究表明,两个种群所含酯酶大都为B型酯酶;酯酶动力学研究结果表明,徐州种群动力学参数米氏常数（K_m值）和最大反应速度（V_max值）均较临猗种群为高;用α-乙酸萘酯（α-NA）、α-丁酸萘酯（α-NB）和β-乙酸萘酯（β-NA）三种底物测定酯酶活性,在雌性稻蝗中,徐州种群比临猗种群分别高2.02、1.58和1.28倍,雄性中则分别高2.71、1.67和1.33倍;对两个种群酯酶活性频率分布进行比较,徐州种群中酯酶活性高的个体数远大于临猗种群。我们推测徐州种群酯酶的生化特性可能不同于临猗种群,这可能与地理分布、生态环境和食物条件不同有关,杀虫剂选择压力不同可能也起一定的作用。     

黑胸散白蚁幼期不同品级的发育和分化

在黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermeschinensis发育和分化过程中 ,发现有假工蚁、假若蚁两种虫态。假工蚁由 6龄和 7龄工蚁转化发育而来 ,假若蚁由 4龄和 5龄若蚁转化发育而来。显微测量结果表明 ,黑胸散白蚁的胚后发育主要包括 2个龄期的幼蚁期、 6个以上龄期的工蚁期、 4个龄期的若蚁期和有翅成虫。在此基础上分析了其他虫态的分化来源 ,发现兵蚁由 3～7龄工蚁分化发育而来 ,翅鳞型和长翅芽型补充生殖蚁由 6龄若蚁转化发育而来 ,短翅芽型补充生殖蚁由 4龄和 5龄若蚁转化发育而来 ,微翅芽型补充生殖蚁既可由 4～ 6龄工蚁转化发育而来 ,又可由假工蚁和假若蚁转化发育而来 ,无翅型补充生殖蚁由 3～ 7龄工蚁转化发育而来。提出了黑胸散白蚁群体中不同品级个体的可能分化途径     

Body‐color and behavioral responses by the mid‐instar nymphs of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to crowding and visual stimuli

The effects of crowding and isolation on body color and behavior were observed for the mid‐instar nymphs of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Some of the solitarious (isolation‐reared) nymphs that were crowded for 1 or 4 h during the third instar developed black patterns at the fourth instar, but most individuals remained unaffected. Black patterns appeared in all individuals that were crowded for 1 day or longer, but even after 4 days of crowding the black patterning for some individuals was not as intense as that for the gregarious (crowd‐reared) controls. Isolation of gregarious nymphs caused the black patterns to recede or disappear at the last (fifth) nymphal instar, but it was necessary to isolate the nymphs from the beginning of the first instar to obtain body coloration looking like solitarious nymphs in most individuals. Solitarious nymphs that were allowed to see gregarious nymphs developed different intensities of black patterns depending on the body size and number of nymphs shown. The behavioral phase shift from one phase to another was observed when the nymphs were crowded or isolated for 2 days or longer, as previously reported for the last nymphal instars of the same strain. Behavioral gregarization was induced for isolated nymphs that were allowed to see a group of nymphs through a transparent double wall. These results suggested that body‐color phase shift occurred more rapidly for mid‐instar nymphs than for late instar nymphs but the rate of behavioral phase shift was similar for the two instars.