现代生物技术在二元酸发酵菌种改良中的应用

在分析微生物发酵生产二元酸的代谢机理和相关酶系的基础上 ,对基因工程、代谢调控等现代生物技术在长链二元酸发酵菌种改良中应用的最新进展进行了全面的综述 ,对如何将传统的微生物发酵与现代生物技术有机结合作了简要讨论。     

新兴的绿色化学工业──微生物发酵生产长链二元酸

微生物发酵生产长链二元酸是绿色化学生物合成中一个重要研究领域,它研究开发的成功和工业化生产,形成一个新兴的绿色化学工业。 长链二元酸（Ｌｏｎｇ ｃｈａｉｎ ｄｉｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌｉｃ ａｃｉｄｓ）,是指碳链中含有１０个以上碳原子的脂肪族二羧酸,包括饱和及不饱和二羧酸,它们是一系列精细化工产品,有着重要而广泛的用途,是化学工业中合成高级香料、高性能工程塑料、高档热熔胶、高温电介质、高级喷漆和涂料、耐寒性增塑剂、树脂、医药和农药等的重要原料。这些长链二元酸,自然界中不单独存在,大多数饱和长链二元酸,在化学…     

长链二元酸发酵的特点及其控制

微生物发酵生产长链二元酸是以正烷烃为原料 ,它与历来以糖质为原料的发酵不同 ,有其自身的特点 :(1 )四相体系的发酵 :以糖质为原料进行微生物发酵时 ,只有菌体、空气和水三相体系 ,糖质原料易溶于水 ;而烃类发酵却是菌体、空气、烃类(油 )和水四相体系 ,石油烃类形成小油滴 ,微生物才能接触到烷烃 ,利用和氧化烷烃 ,产生二元酸。 (2 )需氧量和放热量大 :微生物发酵正烷烃生成二元酸时 ,增加了四个氧原子 ,因此需氧量大。有人经过试验和计算 ,认为烷烃发酵需氧量和放热量都是糖发酵时的 2～ 3倍。 (3)长链二元酸在水中溶解度小 :长链二元酸…     

尿素对热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)合成长链二元酸途径的调节 Ⅰ.抑制和阻遏作用

尿素明显地影响热带假丝酵母的长链二元酸合成。当存在适量尿素(0.1％)时,长链二元酸大量合成,但当尿素量增加至0.2％以上时,长链二元酸基本上不积聚,但短链二元酸,主要是庚二酸有所增加。 尿素的利用呈S形曲线,说明尿素可能经酶的诱导利用。在发酵中当尿素量增至0.2％以上时,整个发酵过程均残留少量尿素,它对长链二元酸的合成起着调节作用。 发酵中加入和尿素含氮量相当的酒石酸铵或硫酸铵以代替尿素,或在适量尿素的发酵过程中,补加入和0.1％尿素含氮量相当的氨时,均不明显抑制长链二元酸的合成,但在不同时间补加入0.1％尿素时,则受强烈抑制。 适量尿素(0.1％)培养的休止菌体,在不同时间补加尿素都显著抑制长链二元酸的合成,表明尿素对已生成的酶系具有抑制作用。但过量尿素培养的休止菌体,不能转化烷烃生成长链二元酸,说明过量尿素所培养菌体的长链二元酸合成酶系受到显著的阻遏作用。 适量尿素培养的休止菌体,在不同时间加入氨,它的抑制作用远较尿素为低。用适量尿素含氮量相当的铵盐培养的休止菌体,亦具有类似现象,但过量氨培养的休止菌体转化时仍能生成多量长链二元酸。以上均说明尿素对长链二元酸合成的影响不是氨而是尿素分子本身起了抑制和阻遏作用。 尿素分子的化学结构类似物——硫脲和胍也具     

尿素对热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)多倍体变种形成微体的影响

对热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)多倍体变种NP_(co)N22的超显微形态、结构和长链二元酸合成的关系进行了研究。烷烃能诱导热带假丝酵母微体(microbody)的形成。在适量尿素(0.1％)存在下的烷烃发酵能合成大量长链二元酸,同时菌体内有很多微体出现,但在过量尿素(0.2％)存在下,则长链二元酸的合成和微体的形成均受抑制,说明微体的存在是长链二元酸合成的必要条件。由于微体对烷烃的利用和长链二元酸的合成有关,ω氧化酶系也可能定位于微体上。 在过量尿素(0.2％)存在下,微体的形成和长链二元酸的合成都被抑制,尿酸氧化酶也明显降低,但过氧化氢酶和D-氨基酸氧化酶都比适量尿素(0.1％)培养的菌体显著增加。这些结果指出,微体的出现和这三种所谓微体的“标志酶”的活力是不平行的。因此“标志酶”的提法值得商榷。     

生产长链二元酸菌株的诱变筛选

能用于正烷烃发酵生产长链二元酸的较好微生物都是酵母菌,尤其是假丝酵母属中的热带假丝酵母（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌｉｓ）和阴沟假丝酵母（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ｃｌｏａｃａｅ）。 关于二元酸,知道Ｃ１０以下的短链二元酸在自然界广泛存在,确立起来的工业制造方法也多,而Ｃ１０以上的长链二元酸,天然存在的少,化工上难以合成。迄今为止,对二元酸的研究主要集中在Ｃ１０以上的长链二元酸。但是,所有野生菌株都难以积累和基质链长相同的长链二元酸,也就是说,它们的β-氧化能力太强。 Ｕｃｌｉｏ等研究了阴沟假丝酵母３１０…     

发酵法生产长链二元酸研究进展

发酵法生产长链二元酸相对于化工法而言有着无可比拟的优势。本文综述了发酵法生产长链二元酸的微生物源、产酸机理、产酸条件和产物分离技术等方面的研究进展 ,并简要介绍了其工业应用前景。     

发酵法生产长链二元酸研究进展

发酵法生产长链二元酸相对于化工法而言有着无可比拟的优势。本文综述了发酵法生产长链二元酸的微生物源、产酸机理、产酸条件和产物分离技术等方面的研究进展,并简要介绍了其工业应用前景。     

高产十四碳二元酸的新菌株

中国科学院微生物研究所陈远童教授在石油微生物领域 ,微生物正烷烃代谢产物和代谢途径的基础理论研究以及微生物发酵正烷烃生产长链二元酸系列产品的应用开发研究中 ,取得优异成绩 ,尤其通过国家“八五”和“九五”科技攻关 ,先后培育出高产十五碳二元酸 (DC15)、十二碳二元酸 (DC12 )和十三碳二元酸 (DC13) 3株高产突变株 ,通过代谢调控和过程优化 ,在 2 5吨罐中试和 2 0吨罐规模工业生产试验研究中 ,把DC15、DC12 和DC13的发酵产酸水平稳定在 1 80～ 2 0 0g/L的国际领先水平。并率先在国内建成国际上首家千吨级规模的二元酸生产工…     

吡咯喹啉醌合成及生产工艺研究进展

吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ)是继烟酰胺和核黄素之后发现的第三类氧化还原酶辅因子,普遍存在于生物体中参与呼吸链电子传递,具有促进线粒体产生、清除自由基、增强细胞代谢和预防心肌损伤等生理功能,在医药、食品和农业领域具有广泛的应用前景。微生物发酵法是PQQ生产的主要方式,解析PQQ生物合成途径及其调控机制,通过代谢工程选育短周期、高产量的生产菌是PQQ工业化的研究方向之一。本文综述了PQQ的合成途径、高产菌株选育以及微生物发酵生产与分离纯化的研发工作,为深入阐释PQQ的生物合成机制和工业化生产菌株的选育提供参考。     

生物技术生产丁酸的研究进展

丁酸作为一种重要的化工原料,已经广泛应用于食品添加剂与医药等领域。目前,工业上生产丁酸主要是从石油中提取有机化合物进行化学合成。与有机化合物合成法相比,微生物发酵产丁酸的优势有：所用的原料来源非常广,发酵过程低能耗,不污染环境,而且可以持续添加原料发酵生产丁酸。因此,通过生物技术发酵生产丁酸越来越受到人们的重视。介绍了丁酸的性质、产丁酸菌株的特点、微生物发酵产丁酸的细胞代谢途径及其调控、发酵法生产丁酸的工艺运行方式和产丁酸菌株及其代谢产物的生理功能这五部分内容,以期为今后开展发酵法产丁酸的微生物基因工程改造以及生产工艺的优化提供参考。     

Biotechnological production of bio-based long-chain dicarboxylic acids with oleogenious yeasts

Long-chain α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) are versatile chemical intermediates of industrial importance used as building blocks for the production of polymers, lubricants, or adhesives. The majority of industrial long-chain DCAs is produced from petro-chemical resources. An alternative is their biotechnological production from renewable materials like plant oil fatty acids by microbial fermentation using oleogenious yeasts. Oleogenious yeasts are natural long-chain DCA producers, which have to be genetically engineered for high-yield DCA production. Although, some commercialized fermentation processes using engineered yeasts are reported, bio-based long-chain DCAs are still far from being a mass product. Further progress in bioprocess engineering and rational strain design is necessary to advance their further commercialization. The present article reviews the basic strategies, as well as novel approaches in the strain design of oleogenious yeasts, such as the combination of traditional metabolic engineering with system biology strategies for high-yield long-chain DCA production. Therefore a detailed overview of the involved metabolic processes for the biochemical long-chain DCA synthesis is given.     

微生物发酵生产辅酶Q10的研究进展

利用微生物发酵生产辅酶Q1 0 产物活性好 ,并可通过规模放大提高生产能力 ,因而颇受国内外学者的关注。文章综述菌种的选择和遗传改造 ,发酵条件的优化及其分离纯化     

L-鸟氨酸发酵菌种的代谢工程研究进展

L-鸟氨酸是一种非蛋白类氨基酸参与尿素代谢及生物多胺类的合成,其对人体具有治疗肝脏疾病、增强免疫力等作用,被广泛应用于医疗、保健、食品等领域。工业上生产鸟氨酸主要有化学法、酶法及工业发酵法。其中,发酵法因其生产成本及环境保护等方面的优势而逐渐成为研究的焦点。本文归纳了近年来采用基因工程技术选育鸟氨酸高产菌种最新研究进展,重点讨论了产鸟氨酸谷氨酸棒杆菌的代谢工程改造策略,并对未来的研究方向进行了预测。     

Development of GRAS strains for nutraceutical production using systems and synthetic biology approaches: advances and prospects

Nutraceuticals are food substances with medical and health benefits for humans. Limited by complicated procedures, high cost, low yield, insufficient raw materials, resource waste, and environment pollution, chemical synthesis and extraction are being replaced by microbial synthesis of nutraceuticals. Many microbial strains that are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) have been identified and developed for the synthesis of nutraceuticals, and significant nutraceutical production by these strains has been achieved. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in nutraceutical research in terms of physiological effects on health, potential applications, drawbacks of traditional production processes, characteristics of production strains, and progress in microbial fermentation. Recent advances in systems and synthetic biology techniques have enabled comprehensive understanding of GRAS strains and its wider applications. Thus, these microbial strains are promising cell factories for the commercial production of nutraceuticals.     

四碳有机酸生物合成的代谢工程研究进展

四碳有机酸作为重要的平台化学品,广泛应用于食品、化工、农业、医药和生物材料等领域。与传统的石化法相比,利用微生物发酵生产四碳有机酸具有反应条件温和、过程绿色环保等优势,具有广泛的应用前景。文中总结了四碳有机酸的生物合成途径和代谢机制,着重讨论了天然菌株生产四碳有机酸以及基于菌种选育和代谢工程改造策略提高四碳有机酸合成能力的研究进展及挑战,为四碳有机酸的高效生物合成提供广阔的参考方向。     

L-丙氨酸厌氧发酵关键技术及产业化

传统氨基酸制造主要是通过化学合成或好氧发酵实现。相对于化学合成,微生物发酵可以实现以可再生资源为原料直接生产氨基酸,减少了对石油基原料的依赖,解决了化学合成高污染、高能耗等问题。好氧发酵具有生长快、产量高等特点,但好氧发酵中大量碳源用于细胞生长容易造成糖酸转化率低、能耗高等问题。厌氧发酵是近年来新出现的氨基酸生产模式,具有操作简单、无需通氧、糖酸转化率高容易接近理论最大值等优势。L-丙氨酸是国际上首个实现厌氧发酵产业化生产的氨基酸。本文以L-丙氨酸为例,综述了氨基酸厌氧发酵过程中的关键问题及其在产业化实施中的应用。未来,随着厌氧发酵关键技术在更多化合物生物制造技术中的突破,这种低成本、高效、低碳环保型发酵方式将会带来更大的经济价值和社会效益。     

Biological production of 2,3-butanediol

2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDL), which is very important for a variety of chemical feedstocks and liquid fuels, can be derived from the bioconversion of natural resources. One of its well known applications is the formation of methyl ethyl ketone, by dehydration, which can be used as a liquid fuel additive. This article briefly reviews the basic properties of 2,3-BDL and the metabolic pathway for the microbial formation of 2,3-BDL. Both the biological production of 2,3-BDL and the variety of strains being used are introduced. Genetically improved strains for BDL production which follow either the original mechanisms or new mechanisms are also described. Studies on fermentation conditions are briefly reviewed. On-line analysis, modeling, and control of BDL fermentation are discussed. In addition, downstream recovery of 2,3-BDL and the integrated process (being important issues of BDL production) are also introduced.     

Recent advances in production of succinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass

Production of succinic acid via separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) are alternatives and are environmentally friendly processes. These processes have attained considerable positions in the industry with their own share of challenges and problems. The high-value succinic acid is extensively used in chemical, food, pharmaceutical, leather and textile industries and can be efficiently produced via several methods. Previously, succinic acid production via chemical synthesis from petrochemical or refined sugar has been the focus of interest of most reviewers. However, these expensive substrates have been recently replaced by alternative sustainable raw materials such as lignocellulosic biomass, which is cheap and abundantly available. Thus, this review focuses on succinic acid production utilizing lignocellulosic material as a potential substrate for SSF and SHF. SSF is an economical single-step process which can be a substitute for SHF — a two-step process where biomass is hydrolyzed in the first step and fermented in the second step. SSF of lignocellulosic biomass under optimum temperature and pH conditions results in the controlled release of sugar and simultaneous conversion into succinic acid by specific microorganisms, reducing reaction time and costs and increasing productivity. In addition, main process parameters which influence SHF and SSF processes such as batch and fed-batch fermentation conditions using different microbial strains are discussed in detail.     

Recent advances in microbial production of mannitol: utilization of low-cost substrates,strain development and regulation strategies

Mannitol has been widely used in fine chemicals, pharmaceutical industries, as well as functional foods due to its excellent characteristics, such as antioxidant protecting, regulation of osmotic pressure and non-metabolizable feature. Mannitol can be naturally produced by microorganisms. Compared with chemical manufacturing, microbial production of mannitol provides high yield and convenience in products separation; however the fermentative process has not been widely adopted yet. A major obstacle to microbial production of mannitol under industrial-scale lies in the low economical efficiency, owing to the high cost of fermentation medium, leakage of fructose, low mannitol productivity. In this review, recent advances in improving the economical efficiency of microbial production of mannitol were reviewed, including utilization of low-cost substrates, strain development for high mannitol yield and process regulation strategies for high productivity.