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1.
2013年通过对陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区周边地区朱鹮Nipponia nippon调查,发现在城固、西乡、留坝、南郑、佛坪和洋县,朱鹮筑巢25个,其中城固10个巢,繁殖12只雏鸟,西乡10个巢,繁殖21只雏鸟,留坝1个巢,繁殖3只雏鸟,洋县4个巢,繁殖3只雏鸟。游荡期发现朱鹮66只,分布于城固、西乡、留坝、南郑、汉台和洋县6县区。因此,建议建立保护区周边地区朱鹮保护点,林业部门提供朱鹮专项保护经费并积极开展朱鹮的保护宣传工作。  相似文献   

2.
为了扩大朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)种群的数量和分布区,于2018年7月从洋县引进20只朱鹮在北戴河建立了朱鹮野化种群。2020年繁殖期,北戴河共有22只朱鹮,其中成年朱鹮17只,雌雄性比为1.1;实际繁殖密度为37.8只/hm2;人工巢的密度为40.0巢/hm2,人工巢筐内径为50 cm。2020年繁殖期,北戴河朱鹮共配对8对,其中6对繁殖成功,营巢成功率为75%;共产卵33枚,平均窝卵数为(4.1±1.8)枚;出壳18只,孵化率54.5%;出飞13只,出飞率72.2%,繁殖成功率为39.4%,繁殖生产力为2.2±1.2。与洋县饲养种群相比,北戴河种群首枚卵的产卵时间晚17 d,与两地温差相吻合。北戴河朱鹮的窝卵数显著高于洋县种群,这可能是由种内巢寄生所致。监控录像表明,北戴河1巢朱鹮的窝卵数高达6枚,超过野生种群平均窝卵数(2或3枚)的2倍,推测发生了种内巢寄生行为。此外,还观察到8号巢朱鹮同时发生了婚外配和种内巢寄生行为,婚外配雌鸟将卵产在该雄鸟的巢中,使得窝卵数高达7枚。此后在该巢中发现3只朱鹮轮流孵卵,以及2只雌性朱鹮并排孵于同一巢中的异常情况。北戴河朱鹮的种内巢寄生行为可能是因网笼内人工巢址密度较高但隐蔽性较低所致,而婚外配行为可能与种群密度和繁殖密度过高有关。本文有关朱鹮异常繁殖行为的研究结果可为野化网笼内人工巢筐的设置和野化种源的选择提供参考,并提示我们进一步关注朱鹮在环境压力下的表型可塑性和生态适应能力。  相似文献   

3.
2007年3~7月,我们在陕西省洋县华阳镇对野化放飞朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)个体进行监测的过程中,发现3对朱鹮在同一棵树上集群营巢(communal breeding),并繁殖成功。这是自1981年野生朱鹮种群重新发现以来,首次记录到朱鹮集群营巢的现象。3对朱鹮营巢的地点位于洋县华阳镇中学附近,经纬度为107°54′204E,33°59′670N,海拔1113m。营巢树种为油松,树高25m,胸径82cm,据当地村民说已有近百年树龄。3巢的详细信息见表1。表1朱鹮集群繁殖信息巢编号亲鸟环号雄鸟♂雌鸟♀巢高(m)产卵数(枚)出壳数(只)出飞数(只)1红色09红色10162222红色06无环14222…  相似文献   

4.
朱huan(Nipponia nippon)的繁殖习性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
文章概述了朱huan的濒危状况及陕西省洋县1981-1986年的繁殖数量,计6年9窝27幼,已知死亡4只,人工喂养3只。朱huan在洋县为留鸟,越冬期间偶尔返回繁殖地,2月中旬后不再离开。有显著的领域性。3月上旬开始营果,中旬至4月初产卵,多数3枚(1-4枚)。孵卵期30天左右,育雏期约为40,均由雌雄亲鸟共同承担。6月中下旬全窝育成后一起飞离巢区。  相似文献   

5.
中国朱鹮就地保护和易地保护取得的成果使朱鹮分布区的扩大成为可能。2013年6月3日,在陕西汉阴县龙垭镇凤柳村(32°58′N,108°31′E,海拔526 m)发现一对朱鹮(H12♀和B747♂)营巢繁殖,成功出飞3只幼鸟。2014年1月12日,我们又在该地的青泥河畔发现8只朱鹮的越冬觅食群体。其中包括上述繁殖配对及其3只后代、1只来自洋县野生种群的个体(J41)以及2只无法识别身份的个体。同年5月该繁殖配对成功出飞幼鸟4只。自2011年之后,宁陕朱鹮再引入种群的个体与洋县野生个体形成配对,说明两个种群之间存在基因交流。汉阴朱鹮新分布的发现表明,陕西宁陕朱鹮再引入项目的实施增加了朱鹮野生种群(源种群)向秦岭东部地区扩散的速度,还将有利于朱鹮再引入种群(卫星种群)的建立。  相似文献   

6.
为了扩大朱鹮Nipponia nippon的种群数量和分布区,自2013年开始在秦岭以北的陕西省铜川市开展了朱鹮的再引入工作。通过彩色数字环观察、无线电遥测和卫星跟踪,对再引入的62只朱鹮在2014—2015年2个繁殖季节的活动状况和繁殖状况进行了监测。2年共记录到8个巢,窝卵数为2.5枚±0.9枚,繁殖成功率达80%,高于野生朱鹮。主要营巢树种为加拿大杨Populus canadensis(n=5)和刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia(n=2),分布在距主要觅食河流沮河300 m以内,巢址特征与野生朱鹮相似。2只卫星跟踪朱鹮的繁殖期活动区面积分别为262.4 km2和20.1 km2,远高于野生朱鹮。铜川单一的河流觅食环境是限制朱鹮种群繁育壮大的主要因素,采取适宜的湿地恢复和繁殖期投食措施可有效改善这一状况。  相似文献   

7.
2007年至今,我国在陕西宁陕、铜川和千阳,以及河南董寨和浙江德清初步建立了朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)野化放归种群。鸟类的繁殖行为是其生活史策略的重要组成部分,可以反映动物个体的营养状态、所处栖息地的质量,以及对栖息地的适应等。本文报道浙江德清朱鹮野化放归种群的繁殖行为,旨在了解其在我国南方的适应情况,为最终建立中国朱鹮南方种群提供科学支撑。本研究于2018年4和5月及2020年3至5月对浙江德清野化放归朱鹮的3个繁殖巢进行实时监测,记录孵卵期和育雏期繁殖行为,总记录时长为134 d,有效数据时长为2 958 h。利用线性混合模型探究朱鹮衔巢材频率、孵卵期以及育雏期行为的影响因子,采用Spearman相关分析检验朱鹮翻卵频率与孵卵进程的关系,建立Logistic回归模型探究朱鹮亲鸟暖雏时长随雏鸟日龄的变化情况,并利用one-way ANOVA分析德清朱鹮与陕西洋县野生种群和其他野化放归种群的换巢频率差异。结果表明,德清朱鹮平均窝卵数3.7 ± 0.3,孵化成功率90.9%,雏鸟出飞率100.0%;繁殖的不同时期、营巢条件和亲鸟性别均显著影响朱鹮的衔巢材频率;朱鹮的翻卵频率随孵卵进程显著下降;亲鸟的暖雏时长在雏鸟11日龄时下降率最大;育雏的不同时期对朱鹮的暖雏时长、换巢频率以及喂雏频率有极显著的影响;环境温度较高可能是导致德清朱鹮比洋县野生种群提前产卵的原因之一;较高的平均窝卵数与出飞成功率表明,朱鹮对我国南方的栖息地较为适应。鉴于本研究发现利用人工巢筐营巢的亲鸟花费更多时间补充巢材,表明人工巢筐的结构和大小有必要优化,建议在今后设计时加大筐壁仰角并减小深度、扩大外径,使人工巢筐更接近于自然巢的盘状结构,同时,应将巢筐底部设计成多孔透气、利于排水的结构,以适应我国长江中下游地区湿热多雨的气候。  相似文献   

8.
1987—1989年在太原市南郊区,灰椋鸟(Sturnuscineraceus)种群密度在繁殖前为5.34只/公顷,繁殖后为17.11只/公顷,鸟巢密度为0.7只/公顷。4月中旬产卵,窝卵数4—9枚,孵卵期13—15天,巢内育雏期13—14天,巢外5—7天。  相似文献   

9.
人工饲养下世界第一只朱鹮出生   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
朱鹮是当今世界最濒危的鸟类。据统计,截止目前现存种数约为48只:其中自然界累计为40只,人工饲养8只(北京动物园6只、日本“朱鹮保护中心”2只);一个鸟种仅有几十只,可以说到了灭绝的边缘。 中国林业部为拯救这一濒危物种,不仅投资在现存朱鹮唯一繁殖地——陕西洋县地区建立了“陕西洋县朱鹮保护观  相似文献   

10.
不同野化训练条件下朱鹮的行为差异   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
2010年7月至201 1年1月,在陕西省洋县朱鹮生态园和华阳镇朱鹮野化训练基地,采用瞬时扫描取样法和行为取样法,对2处野化训练大网笼中朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)(n洋县=30只;n华阳=22只)的行为进行研究,同时调查2处大网笼野化训练条件的不同.结果表明,在觅食行为的时间分配中,秋季洋县群的划动寻觅、探...  相似文献   

11.
Peter  Ward 《Ibis》1965,107(3):326-349
A study of the breeding biology of Quelea quelea in Nigeria, and particularly at a large breeding colony near Lake Chad, showed that losses of eggs and young were extremely small. 95% of eggs laid hatched successfully, and 87% give rise to fledglings. Nestling deaths were density-dependent and apparently due to starvation.
The incubation period was 10 days or less. By day, eggs were heated to 34°- 37° C. by the sun; at night the females incubated. The nestlings were initially fed mainly on insects, their diet gradually changing to one of seeds—mostly of the grass Echinochloa pyramidalis . The deep body temperatures of young birds were determined. It is suggested that the nestlings left the nest after, on average, 111/2 days to escape intolerable temperature conditions in the nest.
Fat reserves were accumulated by nestlings and fledglings, and were utilized when the young became independent. The adults put on fat during the incubation period and lost it during the time spent feeding nestlings.
It is concluded that the most common clutch-size of Q. quelea , which is everywhere three, corresponds to the largest number of young the parents can normally nourish. This conforms to Lack's theory on the significance of clutch-size, and gives no support to Skutch's opinion that the theory does not apply to tropical birds.  相似文献   

12.
NESTING OF THE PURPLE-THROATED CARIB HUMMINGBIRD   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Larry L.  Wolf Janet S.  Wolf 《Ibis》1971,113(3):306-315
We present data on certain parts of the nesting biology of the Purple-throated Carib Humming- bird Eulampis jugularis on the island of Dominica, British West Indies. We watched two nests with eggs and young and a single nest under construction. Incubation was in short periods averaging about six minutes. Females at both nests with eggs continued adding material to the nest until the end of incubation. We suggest that this common practice among hummingbirds may insure that a limited amount of energy at the time of initial nest-building and egg-production is optimally apportioned between the two activities. Brooding ceased in one nest when the young were about 13 days old. Feeding rates stayed relatively constant at one to two per hour throughout the nearly complete nestling period in one nest. Average time per feeding declined, apparently as the female-young interaction became more efficient with maturation of the young. Nesting females foraged on both insects and nectar. We could not be sure what they were feeding the young. Defence of the nest varied with the position of the female and the type of intruder. The aggressive behaviour associated with defence varied according to the size and type of intruder. We concluded that for the one nest of Eulampis for which we had the most complete data, had there been three young, the female would have been unable to provide sufficient food to nourish them. However, the universal clutch size of two and nearly universal promiscuity in humming- birds is strong evidence that factors other than the ability of adults to feed more than two young are important in determining clutch size.  相似文献   

13.
P. J. Mundy  A. W. Cook 《Ostrich》2013,84(3-4):72-84
Mundy. P. J. & Cook, A. W. 1977. Observations on the breeding of the Pied Crow and Great Spotted Cuckoo in northern Nigeria. Ostrich 48:72-84.

The breeding cycle of the Pied Crow Corvus albus was studied in 1971. The birds bred in the wet season and all of 23 pairs were single-brooded. They appeared to nest territorially, and mostly close to human habitations. Average clutch size was 4.8 eggs and the greenish eggs were either pale and lightly marked, or darker and heavily marked. The average incubation and fledging periods were 181/2 and 38 days respectively. Chicks hatched asynchronously. Five crow nests were found parasitised by the Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius and it appeared that only one hen cuckoo was responsible. The cuckoo apparently did not remove, or even crack, host eggs. One instance of an adult cuckoo feeding a juvenile was seen. In terms of growth increments a cuckoo chick substituted for one-half a crow chick but developed faster and fledged in nearly one-half the time. The cuckoo reduced host breeding success practically to zero apparently by indirect means, which contrasts with its situation in Europe.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract.— Incubation behavior is one component of reproductive effort and thus influences the evolution of life-history strategies. We examined the relative importance of body mass, frequency of mate feeding, food, nest predation, and ambient temperature to explain interspecific variation in incubation behavior (nest attentiveness, on- and off-bout durations, and nest trips per hour) using comparative analyses for North American passerines in which only females incubate. Body mass and frequency of mate feeding explained little variation in incubation behavior. We were also unable to detect any influence of food; diet and foraging strategy explained little interspecific variation in incubation behavior. However, the typical temperature encountered during reproduction explained significant variation in incubation behavior: Species breeding in colder environments take shorter bouts off the nest, which prevents eggs from cooling to temperatures below the physiological zero temperature. These species must compensate for shorter off-bouts by taking more of them (thus shorter on-bouts) to obtain needed energy for incubation. Nest predation also explains significant variation in incubation behavior among passerines: Species that endure high nest predation have evolved an incubation strategy (long on- and off-bouts) that minimizes activity that could attract predators. Nest substrate explained additional variation in incubation behavior (cavity-nesting birds have shorter on-bouts and make more frequent nest trips), presumably because nest predation and/or temperature varies among nest substrates. Thus, nest predation can influence reproductive effort in a way previously not demonstrated–by placing a constraint on parental activity at the nest. Incubating birds face an ecological cost associated with reproductive effort (predation of entire brood) that should be considered in future attempts to explain avian life-history evolution.  相似文献   

15.
2016年3~6月,在广西西南部龙州县弄岗村(22°26′35.20′′~22°30′46.90′′N,106°57′46.35′′~107°03′32.99′′E),通过野外观察和自动温度记录仪相结合的方法对褐翅鸦鹃(Centropus sinensis)的孵卵行为与节律进行了研究。结果表明,1)褐翅鸦鹃边筑巢边产卵,每2 d产1枚卵,卵长径和短径分别为(36.11±0.42)mm和(28.46±0.38)mm,卵重(16.35±0.51)g(n=44枚)。窝卵数3~5枚,孵卵期为(16.75±1.65)d(n=4巢),孵化率为45.45%(n=44枚)。孵卵期与窝卵数之间无显著相关性(r=0.865,P0.05);2)白天双亲共同参与孵卵,夜晚则由其中1只负责。夜间亲鸟的在巢时间从19时左右持续至翌日晨6时左右;3)亲鸟采取离巢次数少和离巢时间长的孵卵策略。亲鸟日活动时间在700 min以上(n=45 d),日离巢次数为(8.82±0.34)次(n=45 d),平均每次离巢持续时间为(52.91±2.35)min(n=397次),每次离巢持续时间与环境温度呈显著负相关关系(r=﹣0.113,P0.05);4)巢内平均孵卵温度为(31.7±0.3)℃(n=4巢),随孵卵天数增加而增加,并与环境温度(最高温r=0.566,最低温r=0.537,平均温r=0.706,P0.01)和日活动时间正相关(r=0.506,P0.01);5)有延迟孵卵行为。延迟孵卵期间夜晚巢内最低温是22.1℃。在桂西南北热带气候环境中,高的环境温度是保障褐翅鸦鹃孵卵成功的主要因素之一。  相似文献   

16.
Costs of conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) are expected to be influenced by a species’ life history traits. Precocial birds lay large clutches, and clutches that have been enlarged by CBP can affect host fitness through a longer incubation period, displaced eggs, and lower hatching success. We examined costs and response to CBP by hosts in a population of colonial red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator; n?=?400 nests over 8 years) within which 29% of parasitized clutches were enlarged considerably (≥?15 eggs). Length of the incubation period did not increase with clutch size. The mean number of eggs displaced from a parasitized nest during incubation (2.8) was 2×?greater than at an unparasitized nest (1.4). Hatching success declined by 2% for each additional egg in the nest. Thus, for a nest with?≥?15 eggs, one or more fewer host eggs hatch relative to an unparasitized nest with the same number of host eggs, assuming equal probability of success for all eggs. Hosts were 40% more likely to desert nests receiving 2 or 6 experimental eggs relative to unparasitized control nests, although it is unknown whether hens deserting a nest renested elsewhere. Our study indicates that costs of CBP to hosts during nesting may be limited to those red-breasted mergansers incubating the largest clutches (≥?15 eggs), and it raises questions about the adaptive significance of deserting a parasitized clutch.  相似文献   

17.
Alexander F.  Skutck 《Ibis》1971,113(3):316-322
An adaptable and highly variable species, the Bright-rumped Attila ranges across the whole breadth of tropical America and from sea level up to 6,000 or 7,000 feet. It inhabits not only rain forests and deciduous woodland but often enters plantations and clearings with scattered trees. It is usually seen alone, high in the trees. Its diet includes insects, small lizards, tiny frogs, fruits, and arillate seeds. Sometimes it catches small creatures from pasture grass or low weeds in plantations. Occasionally it forages with army ants. Both sexes deliver clear, melodious, far-carrying songs or calls, in Costa Rica chiefly from February to April. A nest found in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica was a bulky open cup, situated 32 inches above the ground on a little shelf in the deep embayment between two high plank buttresses of a great tree at the edge of a cacao plantation. In 1967 this nest held four nestlings that flew on 24 April. A new nest built in the very same site in the following year contained four newly laid eggs on 13 March. They resembled the eggs of certain American flycatchers more than those of other cotingas. Only the female incubated. During an all-day watch, her sessions ranged from 63 to 111 minutes, her recesses from 13 to 60 minutes, and she covered her eggs for 67% of the time. When she returned to her nest she was escorted closely by her mate. While sitting, she often sang a long-drawn, subdued nest song, or in a louder voice answered her mate with a song similar to his. The incubation period was no less than 18 days. Newly hatched nestlings had flesh-coloured skin shaded by dark grey down that was abundant for a passerine. The interior of the mouth was bright orange-yellow. Even before they were feathered, these nestlings gave weaker-voiced imitations of their parents' calls or songs, and soon they could reproduce much of the adults' repertoire. The nestling period was about 18 days. Only the female brooded the nestlings, but the two parents took about equal parts feeding them, chiefly with small lizards, tiny frogs, and a few insects, brought one at a time in the parents' bills. The parents defended the territory around their nest, vigorously attacking intruders of their own species.  相似文献   

18.
Kit Hustler  W.R.J. Dean 《Ostrich》2013,84(3-4):79-82
Two Lesser Jacana nests were found in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe and were observed over a period of four months beginning in March 2000. Both sexes were involved in preparing the breeding platform, incubation, and caring for the chicks, which were not carried by the adults. Both nests had three eggs. The incubation period for one clutch of eggs was not less than 19 days. The chicks all hatched on the same day and remained in the vicinity ofthe nest for the first few days where they were brooded by an adult. Initially the adults brought food to the chicks but the chicks started feeding themselves when they moved away from the nest. Ten days after hatching the chicks had doubled in size and were walking confidently with the attending adult some distance from the nest. First flight was seen at 32 days old, and the chicks appeared to be independent 63 days after hatching.  相似文献   

19.
Eggs from three snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were divided between two natural nests in a factorial experiment assessing the role of the nest environment as a cause for variation in body size and energy reserves of hatchlings at our study site in northcentral Nebraska. Nest # 1 was located in an unshaded area on the south side of a high sandhill, whereas nest #2 was located in an unshaded area on level ground. Eggs in nest #1 increased in mass over the course of incubation, with eggs at the bottom of the nest gaining more mass than eggs nearer to the surface. In constrast, eggs in nest #2 lost mass during incubation, with eggs at the bottom declining less in mass than eggs at the top of the cavity. Hatchlings from nest #1 were much larger (but contained smaller masses of unused yolk) than hatchlings from nest #2. Additionally, eggs from the lower layers in both nests tended to produce larger hatchings (but with smaller masses of unused yolk) than eggs from the upper layers. Thus, ecologically important variation in body size and nutrient reserves of hatchling snapping turtles results from variation in the environment among and within nests.  相似文献   

20.
1. The incubation patch of birds forms in the areas of the ventrum devoid of contour feathers (apteria) by processes involving defeathering of down, dermal and subdermal hypervascularization, oedema, and hyperplasia of the epidermis and dermal connective tissue. Its formation facilitates the transfer of heat to the eggs and hatched young. 2. In general, the sex that incubates develops a patch; this may be the female, both sexes, or the male, and the species within any one order tend to exhibit a common pattern. In some orders (e.g. Pelecaniformes) no patch develops. 3. The incubation patch begins to form before egg laying in passerine birds and during egg laying in Galliformes. Most of the patch responses in passerines are completed earlier in the reproductive cycle (late egg laying to middle incubation) than in Galliformes (middle incubation to early brooding). 4. In the passerines studied, in which usually only the female develops a patch, oestrogen and prolactin synergize to cause patch development; oestrogen given alone is effective because it synergizes with endogenous prolactin in intact birds. The role of progesterone is unclear, but it seems to mimic the effects of prolactin and also plays a role in the increase in skin sensitivity characteristic of patch development in the canary. 5. In the one galliform studied (California quail), in which both sexes develop a patch, either oestrogen or androgen synergizes with prolactin; oestrogen alone is ineffective in non-breeding quail because of insufficient endogenous prolactin levels. Prolactin alone causes epidermal hyperplasia and vascularization, and progesterone seems mainly to be involved in defeathering. In the starling also both sexes develop a patch, but testosterone plus prolactin is not effective as it is in the quail. 6. In the phalaropes, birds in which only the male develops a patch, androgen and prolactin are the effective synergists in patch development. Thus, there is a correlation between the sex which develops a patch in the wild and the steroid (oestrogen or androgen) which synergizes with prolactin. 7. In the brown-headed cowbird, a parasitic species which neither develops a patch nor incubates, there are no responses to exogenous hormones. The absence of patch development in one sex or in both can be due either to an absence of appropriate hormone levels or to a lack of sensitivity of the skin to hormones. 8. More study is needed of the transfer of heat from the patch area to the eggs or young, including the relationships between patch structure, surface area, surface temperature, type of nest, and the number and size of eggs. 9. Patch formation is affected by and influences behaviour. 10. More research is needed in regard to (I) the natural development and endocrine control of the incubation patch in various orders of birds: (2) the effects of patch formation on behaviour, and vice versa; (3) the mode of action of the hormones in patch formation, that is, whether it is direct or indirect, e.g. through the release of another hormone; (4) the specificity of the ventral skin to hormone administration; (5) the effects of stimulation of the patch by eggs in the nest on prolactin and gonado-trophin secretion; (6) the possible role of other, as yet untested, hormones on patch development; (7) the levels of endogenous hormones in relation to natural patch formation; and (8) possible correlations between the structure of the patch, the chronology of its formation, the clutch size and the condition of the young when hatched in various species.  相似文献   

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