新疆呼图壁种牛场地区13种优势植物水溶性盐分的含量特点及数量分析

通过对新疆呼图壁种牛场地区１３种耐盐植物水溶性盐分含量的分析,结果阐述了盐分分布和积累的特点：１）大部分植物在盐分含量水平上是：Ｎａ＾＋〉Ｋ＾＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｃｌ＾－〉ＳＯ４＾２－〉ＨＣＯ３＾－〉ＣＯ３＾２－,Ｎａ＾＋超过２００００μｇ／ｇ,Ｃａ＾２＋不足８００μｇ／ｇ;Ｃｌ＾－达４．１６％,ＣＯ３＾２－仅为０．１１％。全盐量平均为２５．８１％;２）ＣＯ３＾２－、ＨＣＯ３＾－和Ｃａ＾２     

黑曲霉产木聚糖酶发酵条件的研究

正交设计试验结果表明,黑曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ ｎｉｇｅｒ ｍ１２）产木聚糖酶活力达７６．６０ｕ／ｍｌ,合适的产酶发酵条件如下,培养基（ｇ／Ｌ）：麸皮４０,尿素６．６７,ＫＨ２ＰＯ４ １．０,ＭｇＳＯ４．７Ｈ２Ｏ０．５,ＮａＣｌ０．３,Ｔｗｅｅｎ－８０ ３．０,ＣａＣＯ３ ２．０,２８℃,１２０ｒ／ｍｉｎ水浴振荡培养５．５ｄ。     

盐分胁迫条件下甜菜碱对小麦幼苗体内Na+、K+和Cl-的含量及其分布的影响

以抗盐品种茶淀红和盐敏感品种中国春等两种小麦为实验材料,研究甜菜碱对盐分胁迫条件下小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）幼苗Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃｌ－的吸收、分配的影响。结果表明：外源甜菜碱能够在一定程度上限制幼苗对Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－的吸收,阻滞其向地上部分运输的数量和速度,同时提高体内Ｋ＋含量、向上运输效率,降低地上部分对Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋的选择性（ＳＮａ＋、Ｋ＋）,从而提高小麦幼苗抗盐性和对盐分胁迫的适应性。     

酿酒酵母3——磷酸甘油脱氢酶的诱导,提纯和性质

在ＹＥＰＤ培养中添加ＮａＣｌ,可以诱导酿酒酵母细胞内３－磷酸甘油脱氢酶的形成,当ＮａＣｌ浓度达５％时,酶比活从０．０５Ｕ／ｍｇ提高到０．５Ｕ／ｍｇ;若再限制培养基中葡萄糖浓度在１００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下,酶比活可达到０．８９Ｕ／ｍｇ。酶比活与培养基中的ＮａＣｌ浓度的函数关系式为：Ｓａ＝０．１２９Ｃ＾３－０．０３８Ｃ＾２＋０．０３４Ｃ＋０．０６３。粗酶液经Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－２５凝胶过滤,Ｂｌｕｅ Ｓｅｐ     

金黄色葡萄球菌核酸酶及其类似物盐酸胍变性的活力与构象变化的比较

金黄色葡萄球菌核酸酶（ＳｔａｐｈｌｏｃｏｃｃａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｓｅ,ＳＮａｓｅ）与其类似物（ＳＮａｓｅＲ）的平衡态盐酸胍变性与复性曲线及比活力值均无明显差别。两者变性与复性的构象变化是可逆的,但活力恢复滞后于失活。低浓度盐酸胍对ＳＮａｓｅＲ有２０％左右的激活,而低浓度（０．１２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＮａＣｌ可使ＳＮａｓｅＲ的活力提高近一倍。ＳＮａｓｅＲ盐酸胍变性的失活先于构象变化。比较加入底物竞争抑制剂脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷３＇－５＇－二磷酸（ｐｄＴｐ）后得到的（ＳＮａｓｅＲ＋ｐｄＴｐ＋Ｃａ２＋）三元络合物平衡态盐酸胍变性的Ｔｒｐ与Ｔｙｒ内源荧光的变化,观测到该酶的活性部位先于整体构象发生变化,结果导致ｐｄＴｐ解离常数Ｋｄ增大．     

金黄色葡萄球菌核酸酶及其类似物盐酸胍变性的活力与构象变化的比较

金黄色葡萄球菌核酸酶（ＳｔａｐｈｌｏｃｏｃｃａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｓｅ,ＳＮａｓｅ）与其类似物（ＳＮａｓｅＲ）的平衡态盐酸胍变性与复性曲线及比活力值均无明显差别。两者变性与复性的构象变化是可逆的,但活力恢复滞后于失活。低浓度盐酸胍对ＳＮａｓｅＲ有２０％左右的激活,而低浓度（０．１２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＮａＣｌ可使ＳＮａｓｅＲ的活力提高近一倍。ＳＮａｓｅＲ盐酸胍变性的失活先于构象变化。比较加入底物竞争抑制剂脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷３＇－５＇－二磷酸（ｐｄＴｐ）后得到的（ＳＮａｓｅＲ＋ｐｄＴｐ＋Ｃａ２＋）三元络合物平衡态盐酸胍变性的Ｔｒｐ与Ｔｙｒ内源荧光的变化,观测到该酶的活性部位先于整体构象发生变化,结果导致ｐｄＴｐ解离常数Ｋｄ增大．     

小麦根质膜H^＋—ATPase的部分纯化

以小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）根为材料,采用不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心法制备高纯度质膜微囊。质膜经ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ１００和ＫＣｌ处理后,再用Ｚｗｉｔｅｒｇｅｎｔ３１４增溶Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ,最后用硫酸铵沉淀得到部分纯化的质膜Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ。ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ结果表明,经过上述步骤纯化,分子量为９４ｋＤ的膜蛋白组分得到富集;与质膜相比,其含量提高１５．７倍。部分纯化的质膜Ｈ＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ可以水解ＡＴＰ,受Ｋ＋刺激,并被Ｎ,Ｎ′ｄｉｃｙｃｌｏｈｅｘｙｌｃａｒｂｏｄｉｍｉｄｅ（ＤＣＣＤ）抑制;ＡＴＰ水解活力被Ｎａ３ＶＯ４抑制９５％,但不被ＮａＮ３、ＮａＮＯ３和Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４抑制。     

NaCl（2 mol／L）处理PSⅡ颗粒的Ca^2＋重结合

回加Ｃａ＾２＋对ＮａＣｌ（２ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理菠菜ＰＳⅡ颗粒放氧活恬的作用表现出有两种Ｋｍ值分别为０．０２１和０．５４５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ高亲和与低亲和的Ｃａ＾２＋重结合过程。高浓度ＮａＣｌ和低ｐＨ（３．０）处理支Ｃａ的ＰＳⅡ颗粒的光抑制放氧活性半衰期明显减小,重结合Ｃａ＾２＋后,虽然大部分丧失的放氧活性可恢复,但ＰＳⅡ颗粒放氧活性对光抑制的敏感性却并不随之恢复,ｔ１／２无明显改变。显然,重组Ｃａ＾２＋     

花生幼苗下胚轴质膜Ca2+-ATP酶及其对低温胁迫的反应

经６％－１２％ＤｅｘｔｒａｎＴ７０密度梯度离心,获得了纯度较高的７ｄ龄花生幼苗下胚轴质膜制剂,质膜Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ在反应系统不存在Ｍｇ＾２＋时,可正常表现水解ＡＴＰ的活性,但此活性明显低于Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ不受Ｎａ３ＶＯ４抑制,不被Ｋ＾＋激活,而被Ｃｌ＾－抑制,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的最适,ｐＨ不同于Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ,低温胁迫显著提高质膜Ｃ     

小麦根液泡膜H~ -ATPase的解离和重组

ＫＩ诱导的小麦根液泡膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ解离对温度敏感,在４℃时比在２０℃时解离更迅速;该过程为Ｍｇ２＋和ＡＴＰ所加强。其它阴离子诱导酶活性丧失的有效性依次为：ＳＣＮ－＞Ｉ－＞ＮＯ３－＞Ｂｒ－＞Ａｃ－＞ＳＯ３２－＞ＳＯ４２－＞Ｃｌ－＞ＨＣＯ３－。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ的结果显示酶活性的丧失伴随着Ｖｏ与Ｖ１的解离。通过透析去除解离剂,可部分恢复泵质子活性和ＡＴＰ水解活性,这表明Ｖｏ与Ｖ１进行重新组装。这种解离和重组的能力在体内Ｖ型Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的调控和装配上可能有重要意义。     

含水量对种子贮藏寿命的影响

建立以收集种子为主体的基因库乃是当今保护植物种质资源最为普遍且可靠易行的方式,在世界库存约 61 0 0 0 0 0份种质资源中,近 90 %是以种子形式保存于约 1 30 0个基因库中。低温贮藏仍是目前基因库中种子种质保存的主要方法。种子含水量和贮藏温度是影响种子在贮藏期间生活力和活力保持的关键因素。传统的经验认为控制温度比控制水分来得安全有效,因而趋向于向低温或超低温的贮藏方向发展。国际植物遗传资源研究所（ＩＰＧＲＩ）曾推荐 5%～ 6%的含水量和 - 1 8～- 2 0℃低温作为各国长期保存种子的理想条件。目前,世界各国都把更多的…     

Seed survival of the tropical tree Cryptocarya aschersoniana (Lauraceae): Consequences of habitat disturbance

Seed survival in soil could be strongly influenced by habitat characteristics, but little is known about the behaviour of seeds sensitive to desiccation in seed banks installed in natural or disturbed habitats. Cryptocarya aschersoniana seeds disperse at the end of the rainy season but do not germinate immediately; thus, they may form seed banks in soil. This study evaluated the behaviour of C. aschersoniana seed banks induced in the natural environment of the species and in a disturbed area. Recently harvested C. aschersoniana germination units were characterized according to their water content, germination and viability. In 2011 and 2012, seed banks were established by burying samples of seeds in the understory of a semi‐deciduous forest. In 2012, samples were also buried in a disturbed area. The seed banks were sampled at certain time intervals, and the samples were characterized as described above. Precipitation and air temperature data were collected. As a result, seeds in the seed bank established in the natural environment form a transient seed bank and showed the same behaviour in both years studied. A germination peak was observed starting 210 days after burial (coinciding with the onset of the rainy season) and reached germination percentages higher than 80% at the end of the experiment for both years. Seed mortality did not exceeded 28% in the natural environment. However, in the disturbed environment, the seeds lost their viability more rapidly, with 90% of the seeds becoming unviable 240 days after burial. Germinated seeds in the disturbed environment (maximum 21%) were not able to establish seedlings. These results underscore the importance of maintaining a natural, undisturbed forest for the conservation of this species.     

不同种子预处理对10种沙拐枣植物萌发的影响

为了确定沙拐枣植物种子的萌发特性及最优播前预处理方法,在实验室条件下,对10种沙拐枣植物的种子进行了磨砺、硫酸和热水浸泡、冷藏、种子浸出液处理,然后进行发芽实验研究。萌发实验的结果表明,10种沙拐枣植物对于不同的种子预处理,均表现出相似的萌发反应。磨砺、硫酸浸泡和冷藏处理对种子萌发有明显地促进作用。与对照相比,种子浸出液处理对种子的发芽率、发芽速度均具有明显地抑制作用,并能增强种子的休眠。冷藏处理具有打破有活力的种子休眠、促进种子萌发的作用,但它与热水浸泡处理一样,对有活力种子表现出一定的致死作用。沙拐枣植物的萌发模式在不同种子预处理问均表现出明显的差异性。机械磨擦和硫酸处理能够促进种子的萌发率及发芽势。泡果沙拐枣(Callingonum junceum)在本项实验中表现出很强的萌发能力。     

The ecophysiology of seed persistence: a mechanistic view of the journey to germination or demise

Seed persistence is the survival of seeds in the environment once they have reached maturity. Seed persistence allows a species, population or genotype to survive long after the death of parent plants, thus distributing genetic diversity through time. The ability to predict seed persistence accurately is critical to inform long‐term weed management and flora rehabilitation programs, as well as to allow a greater understanding of plant community dynamics. Indeed, each of the 420000 seed‐bearing plant species has a unique set of seed characteristics that determine its propensity to develop a persistent soil seed bank. The duration of seed persistence varies among species and populations, and depends on the physical and physiological characteristics of seeds and how they are affected by the biotic and abiotic environment. An integrated understanding of the ecophysiological mechanisms of seed persistence is essential if we are to improve our ability to predict how long seeds can survive in soils, both now and under future climatic conditions. In this review we present an holistic overview of the seed, species, climate, soil, and other site factors that contribute mechanistically to seed persistence, incorporating physiological, biochemical and ecological perspectives. We focus on current knowledge of the seed and species traits that influence seed longevity under ex situ controlled storage conditions, and explore how this inherent longevity is moderated by changeable biotic and abiotic conditions in situ, both before and after seeds are dispersed. We argue that the persistence of a given seed population in any environment depends on its resistance to exiting the seed bank via germination or death, and on its exposure to environmental conditions that are conducive to those fates. By synthesising knowledge of how the environment affects seeds to determine when and how they leave the soil seed bank into a resistance–exposure model, we provide a new framework for developing experimental and modelling approaches to predict how long seeds will persist in a range of environments.     

壳斗科三种植物种子大小对昆虫寄生及种子存活率的影响

种子内的寄生昆虫可以严重影响种子的发育、损害种子活力。种子足余策略理论认为大种子有利于抵御和适应昆虫寄生取食,但动物最优觅食理论推测,大种子更易遭受昆虫寄生。为对这两种对立观点进行验证,本实验以青冈、苦槠和麻栎各2个种群的种子为材料,对昆虫寄生与完好种子间的体积和萌发率进行比较,并对寄生种子萌发率与种子体积的关系进行了分析。结果显示:(1)在6个种群的种子中,只有松阳麻栎和青冈种群的寄生种子体积大于完好种子,其余4个种群的寄生种子体积小于完好种子,但这种差异不显著;(2)所有寄生种子的整体萌发率(18%)显著低于完好种子(45.66%)(P<0.001),在不同种群内,寄生种子的萌发率也分别显著低于完好种子。(3)比较同种植物体积差异显著的寄生种子的萌发率发现,大种子总比小种子具有更高的萌发率,但差异不显著;在不同植物的寄生种子间比较时,体积最大的麻栎种子萌发率显著高于体积较小的青冈和苦槠种子。研究结果表明,象虫在种子上产卵时对大种子没有选择偏好,在昆虫寄生取食严重损害种子活力的压力下,大种子比小种子具有更强的耐受力。     

A comparative study of seed yield parameters in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenics

Because seed yield is the major factor determining the commercial success of grain crop cultivars, there is a large interest to obtain more understanding of the genetic factors underlying this trait. Despite many studies, mainly in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, have reported transgenes and mutants with effects on seed number and/or seed size, knowledge about seed yield parameters remains fragmented. This study investigated the effect of 46 genes, either in gain- and/or loss-of-function situations, with a total of 64 Arabidopsis lines being examined for seed phenotypes such as seed size, seed number per silique, number of inflorescences, number of branches on the main inflorescence and number of siliques. Sixteen of the 46 genes, examined in 14 Arabidopsis lines, were reported earlier to directly affect in seed size and/or seed number or to indirectly affect seed yield by their involvement in biomass production. Other genes involved in vegetative growth, flower or inflorescence development or cell division were hypothesized to potentially affect the final seed size and seed number. Analysis of this comprehensive data set shows that of the 14 lines previously described to be affected in seed size or seed number, only nine showed a comparable effect. Overall, this study provides the community with a useful resource for identifying genes with effects on seed yield and candidate genes underlying seed QTL. In addition, this study highlights the need for more thorough analysis of genes affecting seed yield.     

Lack of adequate seed supply is a major bottleneck for effective ecosystem restoration in Chile: friendly amendment to Bannister et al. (2018)

We argue that the need for a quality seed supply chain is a major bottleneck for the restoration of Chile's native ecosystems, thus supplementing the list of bottlenecks proposed by Bannister et al. in 2018. Specifically, there is a need for defining seed transfer zones, developing standards and capacities for properly collecting and storing seeds, reducing information gaps on seed physiology and longevity, and implementing an efficient seed supply chain with certification of seed origin and quality. Without such capacities, countries are unlikely to meet their restoration commitments. Although we focus on bottlenecks in Chile, the issues we raise are relevant to other countries and thus the global agenda for ecological restoration.     

香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)种群种子雨、种子库及 实生苗数量的海拔梯度变化

香果树为我国Ⅱ级野生保护植物,由于原生境中香果树种群的数量迅速减少,目前已濒临灭绝,种群亟待恢复。研究了武夷山不同海拔的香果树种群种子雨、种子库及其幼苗存活现状,目的是阐明不同海拔地区的香果树种群自然更新的动态过程,寻找其更新脆弱的环节及其影响因素,为香果树自然种群的恢复提供理论依据。以分布于不同海拔高度（819、980、1 140及1 301 m）的香果树母树为中心,在其周围（东、南、西、北四个方位）布设种子雨收集框和土壤种子库样方,连续观测种子雨和种子库的动态,并对不同地表覆盖物中种子萌发及幼苗数量进行观测和记录。结果表明,武夷山香果树种群种子雨持续时间近2个月,尤其是11月底至12月中旬为种子雨高峰期;随着海拔的上升,香果树种子总密度以及虫蛀种子密度均显著降低,但千粒重以及饱满种子密度则有所增加;香果树土壤种子库为瞬时种子库,其水平分布以母树南侧和西侧种子密度较大,母树北侧种子密度最小。香果树种子的垂直分布主要集中于枯落物和苔藓层;3月时香果树土壤种子库中存留的饱满种子仅占种子散布后1.80%,而1年实生苗存活率为6.18%,土壤种子库的损耗是其种群自然更新困难的主要原因;不同地表覆盖物对香果树幼苗的存活产生显著影响,枯落物及苔藓层的幼苗死亡率显著高于土壤表面。建议清理林内枯落物及苔藓,增加林内裸露土壤的面积,减小地上草本的盖度,以减少种子霉烂、虫蛀的几率,增加香果树实生苗胚根与土壤接触的几率以及改善光照条件,促进香果树自然更新。     

Comparing methods of weed seed exposure to predators

Several methods of seed exposure are used in seed predation studies, but how these methods influence the results remains poorly studied. In this article, two commonly used methods of seed exposure – seed cards and plasticine trays – were compared in the field and in the laboratory using three species of weed seeds. In the field, cards or trays with seeds were exposed either with or without cages to keep vertebrates out and either with or without impermeable roofs to provide protection from the weather. The overall seed retrieval from the control stands varied significantly between the methods of seed exposure, roof treatment and the species of seeds, and the scatter in the seed retrieval increased or decreased monotonically with the temperature or precipitation for some species of seeds. This indicates that the controls were more or less relevant depending on the weather conditions and species. The seed removal from cards varied between the species of seeds. The effect of exclosure cages indicated that invertebrates were the dominant seed predators of Capsella bursa‐pastoris, while in Poa annua and Stellaria media both vertebrates and invertebrates were important. Higher seed removal from plasticine trays compared to seed cards was found for all three species of seeds, and placing roofs over the seeds affected seed removal in C. bursa‐pastoris and P. annua. In the laboratory, seed consumption varied with the method of exposure in 10 out of 12 combinations of seed species and predator (two species of carabids and two species of isopods). The overall tendency was the opposite of the field observations: seed consumption was higher for seeds on filter paper and cards compared to seeds on tin trays. We conclude that seed cards are more convenient for short term studies in the field, while tin trays are useful in laboratory multi‐choice experiments. To measure the realistic consumption of invertebrate predators in the laboratory, filter paper seems to be the best option as it does not present an obstacle to predators eating the seed. Using roofs introduced further bias regarding the estimates of seed removal in the field and thus should be avoided.