广西洞穴鱼类一新种（鲤形目：鳅科）

本文记述了采自广西河池地区的洞穴鱼类一新种,并讨论了其分类地位。透明间条鳅,新种Ｈｅｍｉｎｏｅｍａｃｈｅｉｌｕｓ ｈｙａｌｉｍｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．与同属种的区别主要表现在尾鳍分枝鳍条数目较少、须较短、眼睛完全退化、头较大和尾柄较细长等方面。     

广西高原鳅属鱼类一穴居新种记述

2003年1月,在广西壮族自治区天峨县红水河水系地下河采集到一批盲鱼标本。经鉴定,为高原鳅属Triplophysa一未经发表的新种。新种天峨高原鳅Triplophysa tianeensis sp．nov．与个旧盲高原鳅T．gejiuensis、石林盲高原鳅T．shilinensis、阿庐高原鳅T．aluensis和南丹高原鳅T．nandanensis相似;本新种腹鳍末端不达肛门,尾鳍分枝鳍条16,可进一步与个旧盲高原鳅和石林盲高原鳅(腹鳍末端达到肛门,尾鳍分枝鳍条14-15)相区别;本新种背鳍起点位于体之中点、腹鳍起点之后,肛门紧靠臀鳍起点,可进一步与阿庐高原鳅(背鳍起点靠近吻端、位于腹鳍起点之前,肛门距臀鳍起点仍有一段距离)相区别。本新种与同分布于红水河水系的南丹高原鳅Triplophysa nandanensis Lan et al.较为相似;但二者区别明显：新种背鳍分枝鳍条7、胸鳍分枝鳍条9、腹鳍分枝鳍条6、背鳍外缘平截、背鳍起点位于腹鳍起点之后,后者背鳍分枝鳍条8、胸鳍分枝鳍条10～11、腹鳍分枝鳍条7、背鳍外缘凹入、背鳍起点位于腹鳍起点之前;此外,新种的穴居特征更为显著：眼极度退化、头长为眼径16．8—32．8(25．0)倍、部分个体无色素斑且各鳍无斑点,而南丹高原鳅眼小、头长为眼径4．7～9．0(7．5)倍、体和头背侧密布云状斑且各鳍均具点状斑。     

中国广西盲鳅一新种——环江高原鳅(英文)

2007年4月,在广西壮族自治区环江县川山镇乐衣村附近一洞穴采集到一批盲鳅类标本。经鉴定,为高原鳅属(Triplophysa)鱼类一新种,被命名为环江高原鳅(Triplophysa huangjiangensis)。该新种以以下组合特征与高原鳅属的其他已知种类相区别:无眼;通体无鳞;尾鳍分叉;尾柄上、下叶具发达的软鳍褶;背鳍后缘平截;背鳍起点距尾鳍基的距离短于距吻端的距离;背鳍分枝鳍条数为8~9;胸鳍分枝鳍条数为10~11;腹鳍分枝鳍条数为6~7;臀鳍分枝鳍条数为6;尾鳍分枝数为13~14;胸鳍长为胸鳍起点至腹鳍起点间距的52.3%~70.7%;腹鳍起点位于背鳍起点之前下方;外侧吻须最长,为侧面头长的47.0%~73.8%;前鼻孔位于一短管中,末端延长呈须状;鳔后室发达,末端可伸达腹鳍起点。     

原缨口鳅属一新种(鲤形目:平鳍鳅科)

记述采自广西永福县百寿乡的平鳍鳅科Ｈｏｍａｌｏｐｔｅｒｉｄａｅ鱼类一新种,即平头原缨口鳅Ｖａｎｍａｎｅｎｉａ ｈｏｍａｌｏｃｅｐｈａｌａ Ｚｈａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｚｈａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新种偶鳍宽大,仅有１根不分枝鳍条,鳃孔下角延伸到头部腹面,下唇中部具４个分叶乳突,口前具吻沟和吻褶。新种吻褶分化的程度与属内其它已知种明显不同,根据新种的特征,其应系界于原缨口鳅属和缨口鳅属之间的类型。     

广西云南鳅属鱼类一新种记述

2003年5月,在广西壮族自治区都安县高岭乡红水河水系采集到一批条鳅标本。经鉴定,为云南鳅属(Yunnanilius)一未经发表的新种。新种长须云南鳅(Yunnanilus longibarbatus sp.nov.)属于黑斑云南鳅种组(Yunnanilus nigromaculatusgroup),并与黑斑云南鳅[Y.nigromaculatus(Regan)]、钝吻云南鳅(Y.obtusirostris Yang)、长背云南鳅(Y.longidorsalisLi,Tao et Lu)和巴江云南鳅(Y.bajingensisLi)等4种最为相似。长背云南鳅背鳍分枝鳍条11根,颌须短,仅达眼中部,背鳍起点距吻端较距尾鳍基为近,可与包括本种在内的其余4种相区别(背鳍分枝鳍条8-9根,颌须达到或超过眼后缘,背鳍起点距吻端较距尾鳍基为远)。本种和钝吻云南鳅上颌中央无齿状突、下颌中央无缺刻,可与黑斑云南鳅和巴江云南鳅相区别。本种在鳍条数、上下颌、背鳍起点的位置、尾鳍形状、鳞片、头部侧线管孔、体侧纵纹等方面与钝吻云南鳅最为相似,但本种可藉多个特征与后者相区别:颌须伸过眼后缘至鳃盖后缘的中点至鳃盖后缘,是已知云南鳅中须最长的;背鳍不分枝鳍条下1/3处具一不显著黑色斑点(vs.无斑);体侧纵纹,其宽窄于眼径,较大个体背鳍之前的纵纹被虫状纹取代(vs.体侧纵纹始终存在,其宽约等于眼径);头背具斑点(vs.无斑);尾柄较细长,体长/尾柄长=5.3-6.1(vs.7.4-9.0,尾柄长/尾柄高=1.3-1.8vs.0.8-1.1)。     

广西云南鳅属鱼类一新种——靖西云南鳅

2008年5月,在广西壮族自治区靖西县禄洞村珠江水系采集到一批条鳅标本。经鉴定,为云南鳅属 (Yunnanilus)一新种。新种靖西云南鳅(Yunnanilus jinxiensis)属于侧纹云南鳅种组(Yunnanilus pleurotaenis group)。但新种全身除胸腹部外被有鳞片;侧线较长,具有15—20个侧线管孔;背鳍分枝鳍条8;胸鳍分枝鳍条13—14;鳔两室,后室发达;尾鳍凹形;体长为体高的3.9—4.6倍,为头长的4.1—4.4倍,为尾柄高的7.5—9.0倍;头长为眼径的5.5—6.7倍,为眼间距的2.2—2.4倍等特征,可将新种与该种组内的其他种类相区分。     

爬岩鳅属鱼类一新种（鲤形目：平鳍鳅科）

本文记述了采自贵州三都县的平鳍鳅科鱼类１新种,由于其在侧线鳞数目,背鳍起点和肛门的相对位置等特征都处于近缘种四川爬岩鳅Ｂｅａｕｆｏｒｔｉａ ｓｚｅｃｈｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ和贵州爬岩鳅Ｂ;ｋｗｅｉｃｈｏｗｅｎｓｉｓ之间,故命名为中间爬岩鳅,新种Ｂｅａｕｆｏｒｔｉａ ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａ Ｔａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｗａｎｇ,ｓｐ,ｎｏｖ。     

云南东部云南鳅属二新种记述(鲤形目：鳅科)

描述采于云南东部南盘江水系的云南鳅属鱼类２新种,以其形态特征分别命名为大鳞云南鳅Ｙｕｎｎａｎｉｌｕｓ ｍａｃｒｏｌｅｐｉｓ Ｌｉ,Ｔａｏ ｅｔ Ｍａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和长背云南鳅Ｙｕｎｎａｎｉｌｕｓ ｌｏｎｇｉｄｏｒｓａｌｉｓ Ｌｉ,Ｔａｏｅｔ Ｌｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

四川西部云南鳅属鱼类一新种记述：鲤形目：鳅科

本文报道产于四川西部安宁河（属雅砻江支流）的云南鳅属Ｙｕｎｎａｎｉｌｕｓ鱼类一新种,命名为四川云南鳅,新种Ｙ．ｓｉｃｈｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,详细葶了新种的形态特征,并与近似种进行了比较。     

广西岭鳅属鱼类一新种——罗城岭鳅(鲤形目:爬鳅科)

2008年9月,在广西壮族自治区罗城县天河镇附近一洞穴采集到一批条鳅亚科鱼类标本。经鉴定,为岭鳅属(Oreonectes)一新种。新种与岭鳅属的其他已知种类在以下组合特征上有区别:背鳍条3,7;臀鳍条2,5;胸鳍条1,11～12;腹鳍条1,7;尾鳍分枝鳍条为14～16。头平扁;眼正常;下唇表面具浅皱。腹鳍起点位于背鳍起点垂线下方之前,尾柄上、下缘无明显鳍褶;尾鳍后缘平截。体侧具不明显的细小鳞片,或鳞片隐于皮下。头部无侧线感觉系统管孔。成体粉红色,无色素,各鳍透明;浸泡标本体呈乳黄色,不透明,通体无色斑。     

我国植物模式标本的馆藏量

植物标本是物种存在的永久凭证,模式标本在保障命名体系稳定中有不可替代的作用。标本馆藏量和模式标本数量反映一个国家或地区的历史积累。作者通过对比分析,发现我国的标本馆藏量远低于国际平均水平,模式标本馆藏量也相对较少,历史积累不足。在数字化本土馆藏模式标本基础上,标本数字化平台项目应将国外馆藏的中国植物种类的模式标本"引渡"回国。今后我国植物分类学研究者的重要工作之一是加强空白地区和国外标本采集,提高馆藏标本的代表性。     

Further notes on the fishes from the collection of Laurens Theodore Gronovius (1730–1777)

Previously unrecognized fish specimens from the collection of Laurens Theodore Gronovius (1730–1777) are catalogued and described. Five specimens of as many taxa are in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) and nine specimens of seven taxa preserved in alcohol are in the collection of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, With one exception all have been examined; they are identified, related to the literature and eight specimens are shown to be part of the type series of Linnaean fish taxa.     

Biological collections in an ever changing world: Herbaria as tools for biogeographical and environmental studies

Plant specimens stored in herbaria are being used as never before to document the impacts of global change on humans and nature. However, published statistics on the use of biological collections are rare, and ecologists lack quantitative data demonstrating the relevance to science of herbarium specimens. I found 382 studies with original data that used herbarium specimens to document biogeographical patterns or environmental changes. Most studies are less than 10 years old, and only 1.4% of the herbarium specimens worldwide have been used to answer biogeographical or environmental questions. The vast majority (82%) of papers dealt with vascular plants, but some studies also used bryophytes, lichens, seaweeds and fungi. The herbarium specimens were collected from all continents, but most of the studies used specimens from North America (40% of studies) or Europe (28%). Many types of researches (conservation, plant disease, plant invasion, pollution, etc.) can be conducted using herbarium specimens. Climate change, and especially phenological reconstructions, are clearly emerging research topics. By group, small herbaria (<100,000 specimens) are consulted as often as very large herbaria (>1,000,000 specimens) for biogeographical and environmental research, but in most cases, only large facilities provide specimens collected worldwide. The median number of specimens per study in papers using computerized collections (15,295) was much higher than for papers that did not include electronic data (226). The use of molecular analyses to investigate herbarium specimens is still relatively unexplored, at least from biogeographical and environmental points of view. Combined with recently developed procedures to correct biases, herbarium specimens might provide in the near future exciting additional spatio-temporal insights that are currently unimaginable.     

Further notes on the fishes from the collection of Laurens Theodore Gronovius (1730–1777)

Previously unrecognized fish specimens from the collection of Laurens Theodore Gronovius (1730–1777) are catalogued and described. Five specimens of as many taxa are in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) and nine specimens of seven taxa preserved in alcohol are in the collection of the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, With one exception all have been examined; they are identified, related to the literature and eight specimens are shown to be part of the type series of Linnaean fish taxa.     

关于全谷里的手斧

对全谷里遗址１４件手斧标本的类型学分析表明,它们不是真正典型的手斧,其中６件是镐,３件是石核斧,１件是Ｐｕｓｈ－ｐｌａｎｅ,１件可能是砍砸器,１件是似乎斧石器．还有２件的类型暂时难以确定。     

贵州黏菌初报

通过对作者2005年采自贵州的119份黏菌标本和从湿室培养10份树皮基物获得的19份黏菌标本进行的鉴定分类研究,以及对保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本馆和中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆的共21份黏菌标本的鉴定复核,报告了目前已明确了的贵州黏菌51种,分隶属于6目9科21属,其中44种为贵州新记录种,白鳞钙丝菌和红柄发菌为中国新记录种。     

Cranial remains of Middle Pleistocene European hominids

Cranial remains of the Middle Pleistocene European hominids are reviewed in a historical context. Swanscombe and Steinheim, the earliest specimens to be discovered, are compared with each other. Following this, the more recently discovered specimens from Vértesszöllös, Petralona and Bilzingsleben are compared. Finally, Riss remains from La Chaise, Biache and Arago are discussed in the context provided by the above specimens. It is suggested that while phyletic evolution may play a role in the observed differences, a marked degree of sexual dimorphism contributes to the variation expressed by these specimens.     

线性回归法复原化石标本中的残缺数据(英文)

基于多元统计分析中对样本完整性的要求,为了在分析中不抛弃大量不完整的化石标本或者不大大减少变量,创建了一种恢复标本残缺数据的方法。本方法基于线性回归理论,假设同类标本个体之间的区别仅仅是大小的区别,形状的区别可以忽略不计,因此,在同类标本中,可以用一件标本的已知测量数据预测另一件标本的残缺测量数据。在多件标本的情况下,对某件标本的某个残缺数据的预测结果是用其他标本分别进行预测所得值的加权平均,加权系数的选取与每件标本的保存完好程度相关。用现生马属头骨及肢骨标本做的数据试验证明,该方法具有良好的稳定性,对标本的种类、数量及残缺值的多少均不敏感,对于尺寸较大的标本或数值较大的数据的预测效果要比对尺寸较小的标本或数值较小的数据的预测效果要好。与传统的线性回归方法的不同之处在于,本方法利用的是样本(即标本)间的线性相关性,传统方法利用的是变量(即测量项)间的线性相关性。在通常情况下,样本间的线性相关程度要优于变量间的线性相关程度。本方法简单实用,在对化石标本进行统计分析,特别是多元统计分析中具有良好的应用前景。     

Proposition for a protocol for anatomical studies on collection specimens by magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations for anatomical studies on collection specimens are becoming more and more frequent. As the presence of metallic objects within the specimens can disturb the acquisition of images and damage both specimens and materials, a simple protocol using radiographs is here proposed to detect these objects in collection specimens before conducting an MRI examination.