国外松衰退原因的研究

对安徽省国外松大面积衰退和枯死原因的调查研究表明,造成这种衰退和枯死的现象是多方面因素共同作用的结果,是一种林木衰退病.该衰退病的发生原因1)诱发因素温度年较差较大、年降雨量分布不均匀、土壤粘重板结或容重过大、地势低洼积水、土壤瘠薄、林分密度过大;2)激化因素干旱严重重复发生、割脂过早过度、霜冻、食叶害虫等害虫危害;松针褐斑病等病害侵害;3)促进因素松枯梢病菌、根腐病菌、立木腐朽病菌、天牛、小蠹虫等病虫害危害.共同作用的结果,是一种林木衰退病.该衰退病的发生原因1)诱发因素温度年较差较大、年降雨量分布不均     

国外松衰退病原因的研究

对安徽省国外松大面积衰退和枯死原因的调查研究表明,造成这种衰退和枯死的现象是多方面因素共同作用的结果,是一种林木衰退病,该衰退病的发生原因：1）诱发因素：温度年较差较大、年降雨量分布不均镁、土壤粘重板结或容重过大、地势低汪积水、土壤瘠薄、林分密度过大;2）激化因素：干旱严重重复发生、割脂过早过度、霜冻、食叶害虫等害虫危害;松针褐斑病等病害侵害;3）促进因素：松枯梢病菌、根腐病菌、立木腐配病菌、天牛、小蠹虫等害虫危害。     

樟子松人工固沙林衰退的规律和原因

系统地研究了章古台地区樟子松人工固沙林衰退的规律和起因．结果表明,天然分布区以外的樟子松人工固沙林衰退是一种生命周期缩短、成熟期提前的早衰现象．松枯梢病侵害是樟子松枯死的直接原因,樟子松衰退是由多种生物与非生物因素综合引起的,属于侵染性病害和非侵染性病害之外的第三类病害,即“森林衰退病”,气候差异过大、经营管理不当、土壤水分利用失衡、大气氮沉降超标准是诱导因素,其中气候差异、土壤水分利用失衡起主导作用,松沫蝉、松毛虫危害是促进因素,松枯梢病侵染是激化因素。     

国外松衰退病与环境和林分因素关系的研究

对安徽国外要公衰退病与其环境和林分因素关系的调查研究和数量化分析表明,在气候、土壤、林分、其它病虫害等4类因素18个变量因子中,有10个因子对病情有较大的贡献,成为该病发生的主要致病因素,它们是树龄、林分密度、割脂、降雨量、温度、粘性土、石砾土、土层瘠薄、积水、病虫危害,其中病情与土层浓度、降雨量呈负相关;与其它因素均呈正相关,以此建立病情线形回归预测模型,根据这一模型,可以预测任一给定条件下的林分国外松衰退病可能发生的水平,此外,依据各致病因素在病害发生发展过程中的作用大小和时间顺序,出国外松衰退病的螺旋图,为该类病原复杂的病害形象描述和定量分析作出了探讨。     

松小毛虫的生物学和防治

松小毛虫(Cosmotriche inexperta Leech)属于鳞翅目、枯叶蛾科、冷杉枯叶蛾属,是我省松林的重要害虫之一。1965年在西天目林场自然保护区和千秋关林区的金钱松及黄山松林内发现此虫危害,但未大面积成灾。1977至1980年在宁波地区黄山松(Pinus tatwanensis Hayata)林内此虫连续大发生,1978年仅四明山林场发生面积就达14,448亩,轻则影响松林生长,重则松林成片枯死。 浙江省的余姚、奉化、宁海、象山、临安等县有此虫分布。主要危害黄山松(Pinus tatwancnsis Hayata)、     

中国主要鳞翅目农业害虫迁飞致灾机制研究与展望

害虫迁飞是长期适应不稳定的农田环境进化形成的通过飞行开拓新生境、调节种群结构和维持种群繁衍的重要生活史对策,也是其经常暴发成灾的主要原因.迁飞害虫暴发是由其本身生物学习性与外部环境相协调的结果,特别是进化出一系列有利于种群生存、繁衍和增长的适应性生活史策略.对黏虫(Mythimna seperata)、草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis)、甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)和稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)等主要农业害虫的迁飞致灾机制研究表明,这些害虫迁飞已不仅是简单地通过扩大危害区域或增加危害发生频次而加剧灾害,而且进化形成了一系列适应性促进种群暴发的新机制,包括:(ⅰ)适宜的迁飞行为不仅不会以生殖力下降为代价,而且还会促进种群同步生殖,从而加剧后代集中危害;(ⅱ)迁飞型不仅可通过成虫远距离迁飞逃避天敌攻击和病原物侵染,而且在幼虫期还形成了比居留型更强的防御能力,从而有效抵抗天敌和病原物,有利于种群生存、增长与迁飞危害;(ⅲ)黏虫和草地螟进化出了在极端环境下迁飞行为"二次调控"的弹性策略,从而由迁飞型转化为居留型而在本地快速产卵危害;(ⅳ)甜菜夜蛾缺乏"卵子发生-飞行拮抗"综合症,边生殖边迁飞导致危害扩大,且对低剂量毒物显示促进迁飞危害效应.本文根据目前害虫迁飞致灾机制研究现状,提出加强昆虫迁飞行为调控的遗传基础研究,完善迁飞行为的导航与降落机制研究以及开拓害虫迁飞与免互作研究等.     

酸雨地区马尾松害虫发生量的初步调查

一、前言我国的酸雨污染问题不仅是当今严重的环境问题,而且已威胁着某些地区的森林生态系统,西南地区尤为严重。以重庆为例,1983和1984年所降雨水的pH值平均为4.07,已接近欧洲的污染水平。近年来重庆市南岸和南桐矿区塔山的马尾松纯林,由于受酸雨影响,已出现生长衰退,次期性害虫猖獗发生。为了深入了解酸雨对树木的危害及与森林害虫发生的关     

樟子松人工固沙林衰退的主要特征

针对辽宁省章古台地区樟子松人工固沙林出现的衰退枯死现象,系统地研究了樟子松人工固沙林衰退的主要特征.结果表明,衰退的樟子松人工固沙林外貌景观呈灰绿色,针叶纤细,开花结实率低,平均单株球果数量为10.4～16.5个,成熟种子千粒重为6.96～7.39g,种子空粒、涩粒较多.生长季内2年生针叶营养元素季节变化规律相似,但N、P含量下降,K含量明显增高,表明养分循环失调;衰退林分2年生针叶叶绿素含量较高,健康林分1年生较高且增幅较大.松枯梢病的侵害是樟子松人工固沙林衰退的最明显标志.林分衰退后,树高和胸径生长量下降明显,林分胸径分布结构“左移”(径级小的株数增多),衰弱(亡)木数量增加了15.9%～27.2%;根量分别减少了22.9%～28.9%,其中吸收根减少量最大.     

家茸天牛危害粮食的人工饲养观察

<正> 家茸天牛 Trichoferus campestris(Fald-ermann)主要危害枯死衰弱的林木,新建房屋往往受害,其次危害仓储中的铺垫材料。1986年我们在仓储害虫调查中发现,该虫在集安市大路乡粮库,财源乡粮库等直接危害玉米,被害     

检疫害虫稻水象甲的控制技术研究进展

稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)是一种毁灭性的水稻害虫,也是一种重要的检疫害虫.近年来在很多省市发生为害,且发生程度不断加重并呈扩大蔓延趋势.本文概述了近年来稻水象甲大发生危害的情况及原因,深入分析了其发生规律,提出了加强植物检疫、农业防治、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治等综合治理的措施.     

Influence of a salinity gradient on the vessel characters of the mangrove species Rhizophora mucronata

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although mangroves have been extensively studied, little is known about their ecological wood anatomy. This investigation examined the potential use of vessel density as a proxy for soil water salinity in the mangrove species Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophoraceae) from Kenya. METHODS: In a time-standardized approach, 50 wood discs from trees growing in six salinity categories were investigated. Vessel densities, and tangential and radial diameters of rainy and dry season wood of one distinct year, at three positions on the stem discs, were measured. A repeated-measures ANOVA with the prevailing salinity was performed. KEY RESULTS: Vessel density showed a significant increase with salinity, supporting its use as a prospective measure of salinity. Interestingly, the negative salinity response of the radial diameter of vessels was less striking, and tangential diameter was constant under the varying environmental conditions. An effect of age or growth rate or the presence of vessel dimorphism could be excluded as the cause of the absence of any ecological trend. CONCLUSIONS: The clear trend in vessel density with salinity, together with the absence of a growth rate and age effect, validates the potential of vessel density as an environmental proxy. However, it can only be used as a relative measure of salinity given that other environmental variables such as inundation frequency have an additional influence on vessel density. With view to a reliable, absolute proxy, future research should focus on finding wood anatomical features correlated exclusively with soil water salinity or inundation frequency. The plasticity in vessel density with differing salinity suggests a role in the establishment of a safe water transport system. To confirm this hypothesis, the role of inter-vessel pits, their relationship to the rather constant vessel diameter and the underlying physiology and cell biology needs to be examined.     

A reverse chemical ecology approach to explore wood natural durability

The natural durability of wood species, defined as their inherent resistance to wood-destroying agents, is a complex phenomenon depending on many biotic and abiotic factors. Besides the presence of recalcitrant polymers, the presence of compounds with antimicrobial properties is known to be important to explain wood durability. Based on the advancement in our understanding of fungal detoxification systems, a reverse chemical ecology approach was proposed to explore wood natural durability using fungal glutathione transferases. A set of six glutathione transferases from the white-rot Trametes versicolor were used as targets to test wood extracts from seventeen French Guiana neotropical species. Fluorescent thermal shift assays quantified interactions between fungal glutathione transferases and these extracts. From these data, a model combining this approach and wood density significantly predicts the wood natural durability of the species tested previously using long-term soil bed tests. Overall, our findings confirm that detoxification systems could be used to explore the chemical environment encountered by wood-decaying fungi and also wood natural durability.     

Initial decay of woody fragments in soil is influenced by size, vertical position, nitrogen availability and soil origin

Fast-growing bacteria and fungi are expected to cause the initial stage of decomposition of woody fragments in and on soils, i.e. the respiration of sugars, organic acids, pectin and easily accessible cellulose and hemi-cellulose. However, little is known about the factors regulating initial wood decomposition. We examined the effect of wood fragment size, vertical position, nitrogen addition and soil origin on initial wood decay and on the relative importance of fungi and bacteria therein. Two fractions of birch wood were used in microcosm experiments, namely wood blocks (dimensions: 3 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm) and sawdust (dimensions: 0.5–2 mm). The woody fragments were enclosed in nylon bags and placed on top of- or buried in an abandoned arable soil and in a heathland soil. After 15, 25 and 40 weeks of incubation, fungal biomass was quantified (as ergosterol and chitin content) and bacterial numbers were determined. The results indicated that initial wood decay was mostly caused by fungi; bacteria were only contributing in sawdust in/on abandoned arable soil. Larger fragment size, burial of fragments and nitrogen addition positively influenced fungal biomass and activity. Fungal biomass and decay activities were much lower in woody fragments incubated in/on heathland soil than in those incubated in/on abandoned arable soil, indicating that soil origin is also an important factor determining initial wood decay.     

Intraspecific Relationships among Wood Density,Leaf Structural Traits and Environment in Four Co-Occurring Species of Nothofagus in New Zealand

Plant functional traits capture important variation in plant strategy and function. Recent literature has revealed that within-species variation in traits is greater than previously supposed. However, we still have a poor understanding of how intraspecific variation is coordinated among different traits, and how it is driven by environment. We quantified intraspecific variation in wood density and five leaf traits underpinning the leaf economics spectrum (leaf dry matter content, leaf mass per unit area, size, thickness and density) within and among four widespread Nothofagus tree species in southern New Zealand. We tested whether intraspecific relationships between wood density and leaf traits followed widely reported interspecific relationships, and whether variation in these traits was coordinated through shared responses to environmental factors. Sample sites varied widely in environmental variables, including soil fertility (25–900 mg kg^–1 total P), precipitation (668–4875 mm yr^–1), temperature (5.2–12.4 °C mean annual temperature) and latitude (41–46 °S). Leaf traits were strongly correlated with one another within species, but not with wood density. There was some evidence for a positive relationship between wood density and leaf tissue density and dry matter content, but no evidence that leaf mass or leaf size were correlated with wood density; this highlights that leaf mass per unit area cannot be used as a surrogate for component leaf traits such as tissue density. Trait variation was predicted by environmental factors, but not consistently among different traits; e.g., only leaf thickness and leaf density responded to the same environmental cues as wood density. We conclude that although intraspecific variation in wood density and leaf traits is strongly driven by environmental factors, these responses are not strongly coordinated among functional traits even across co-occurring, closely-related plant species.     

Functional groups of woody species in semi‐arid regions at low latitudes

In seasonally dry environments, woody species have different survival strategies. However, little is known about how environmental variables affect the phenology and water dynamics of these species. We aim to understand which variables initiate the vegetative phenophases of species in a tropical semiarid climate at 3°S latitude, where variation in photoperiod is minimal and rainfall is seasonal. We hypothesize that groups of species with similar vegetative phenologies, under similar conditions, are functionally similar in terms of water storage and use. We analyse the relationship between functional characteristics related to the acquisition and utilization of water, such as wood density, water storage capacity, water potential and vegetative phenology. The attributes were ordered by multidimensional scaling, and a multiple response permutation procedure was used to test consistency of the groups. Canonical correspondence analysis and Mantel tests were used to evaluate the phenophase response to environmental variables. We found four functional groups: (i) deciduous low wood density, which lose 75% of their leaves one month before the end of the rains; (ii) evergreen high wood density; (iii) early deciduous high wood density, which lose 75% of their leaves one month after the end of the rains; and (iv) late deciduous high wood density, which lose 75% of their leaves two months after the end of the rains. As expected, the vegetative phenodynamics of the deciduous high wood density group were mainly influenced by water availability. The evergreens did not show a correlation with rainfall. Only leaf shedding of the late deciduous, and the vegetative phenophases of the evergreens, responded to an increase in temperature and photoperiod. Bud‐break responded to increased photoperiod and soil humidity in the deciduous low wood density group. The foliar periodicity groups can be explained by the presence of species that differ mainly in their mechanisms of water acquisition and use.     

Plant functional types broadly describe water use strategies in the Caatinga,a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeast Brazil

1. In seasonally dry tropical forests, plant functional type can be classified as deciduous low wood density, deciduous high wood density, or evergreen high wood density species. While deciduousness is often associated with drought‐avoidance and low wood density is often associated with tissue water storage, the degree to which these functional types may correspond to diverging and unique water use strategies has not been extensively tested.
2. We examined (a) tolerance to water stress, measured by predawn and mid‐day leaf water potential; (b) water use efficiency, measured via foliar δ¹³C; and (c) access to soil water, measured via stem water δ¹⁸O.
3. We found that deciduous low wood density species maintain high leaf water potential and low water use efficiency. Deciduous high wood density species have lower leaf water potential and variable water use efficiency. Both groups rely on shallow soil water. Evergreen high wood density species have low leaf water potential, higher water use efficiency, and access alternative water sources. These findings indicate that deciduous low wood density species are drought avoiders, with a specialized strategy for storing root and stem water. Deciduous high wood density species are moderately drought tolerant, and evergreen high wood density species are the most drought tolerant group.
4. Synthesis. Our results broadly support the plant functional type framework as a way to understand water use strategies, but also highlight species‐level differences.

     

Response of the foraging behaviour of red wood ants (Formica rufa group) to exclusion from trees

Abstract 1 Because of the large numbers within a colony and their aggressive nature, red wood ants (Formica rufa group) have a potential to greatly influence the cold‐temperate forest ecosystem. Wood ants are omnivorous and hunt in trees as well as on the forest floor. 2 A field experiment in a mixed forest in central Sweden was carried out to examine (i) the foraging behaviour of wood ants on the forest floor and (ii) the impact of increased numbers of wood ants on the soil fauna. The foraging behaviour of wood ants was manipulated by excluding the ants from their food resources in the tree canopy, with the intention to increase ant activity on the forest floor. To estimate this activity, the number of trees with foraging ants, the numbers of ants going to and from their nests and the prey carried by home‐running wood ants were determined during the summer period. Pitfall traps were placed in the soil to determine effects on mobile soil invertebrates. 3 When excluded from local trees, wood ants searched other trees further away from the nests rather than searching more intensively for prey on the forest floor. By contrast to the initial hypothesis, more soil‐living prey were caught by ants in the control plots than in the plots where the local trees were not accessible to the wood ants. The proportion of soil‐living to tree‐living prey tended to be greater in the control plots. 4 In the treated plots (no access to the trees), wood ants had a negative effect on the activity of Linyphiidae spiders. There was little effect of wood ants on other soil invertebrates. 5 This study suggests that the role of wood ants as top predators in the forest soil food‐web in central Sweden is limited.     

Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo's tropical forests

Aim Tropical forests have been recognized as important global carbon sinks and sources. However, many uncertainties about the spatial distribution of live tree above‐ground biomass (AGB) remain, mostly due to limited availability of AGB field data. Recent studies in the Amazon have already shown the importance of large sample size for accurate AGB gradient analysis. Here we use a large stem density, basal area, community wood density and AGB dataset to study and explain their spatial patterns in an Asian tropical forest. Location Borneo, Southeast Asia. Methods We combined stem density, basal area, community wood density and AGB data from 83 locations in Borneo with an environmental database containing elevation, climate and soil variables. The Akaike information criterion was used to select models and environmental variables that best explained the observed values of stem density, basal area, community wood density and AGB. These models were used to extrapolate these parameters across Borneo. Results We found that wood density, stem density, basal area and AGB respond significantly, but differentially, to the environment. AGB was only correlated with basal area, but not with stem density and community wood specific gravity. Main conclusions Unlike results from Amazonian forests, soil fertility was an important positive correlate for AGB in Borneo while community wood density, which is a main driver of AGB in the Neotropics, did not correlate with AGB in Borneo. Also, Borneo's average AGB of 457.1 Mg ha^?1 was c. 60% higher than the Amazonian average of 288.6 Mg ha^?1. We find evidence that this difference might be partly explained by the high density of large wind‐dispersed Dipterocarpaceae in Borneo, which need to be tall and emergent to disperse their seeds. Our results emphasize the importance of Bornean forests as carbon sinks and sources due to their high carbon storage capacity.     

中国主要树种木材物理力学属性的地理格局及其环境控制

木材的物理力学属性制约树木生长发育的重要过程,也是决定木材用途的主要依据.研究木材的物理力学属性及其影响因素,可为合理应用木材、科学开展林木选育、改进林业管理等提供必要参考.目前已有的研究多关注单一的木材密度指标,且缺乏多种影响因子的比较.本研究通过建立中国木材物理力学属性及影响因素综合数据库,对自然状态下我国主要树种木材力学属性的分布格局及其驱动因素进行了探讨.结果表明,选择气干密度、弦向干缩系数和冲击韧性作为评估木材物理力学属性的基础指标,比单一木材密度指标更准确,解释率更高;在选用的生活型、气候和土壤等3类因素中,生活型是影响木材力学物理属性变化的最重要因素,气候因子次之,土壤因子基本可忽略,并且气候和土壤因子的作用被生活型所掩盖,这意味着气候因子对于木材物理力学属性的影响是通过影响物种分布而产生作用的.