在昆虫细胞中表达能自聚成病毒样颗粒的兔出血症病毒衣壳蛋白

将兔出血症病毒衣壳蛋白VP60基因插入杆状病毒转移载体pBLUEBAC 4,获得重组转移载体pBLUEBAC4-VP60.在脂质体转染试剂介导下,将重组杆状病毒转移载体pBLUEBAC4-VP60 与线性化的野生型杆状病毒基因组DNA共转染对数生长期的Sf9昆虫细胞,经过三轮蚀斑纯化后,获得了克隆化的重组杆状病毒pBLUEBAC4-VP60.以重组杆状病毒感染Sf9细胞后,收获细胞培养上清和细胞裂解液上清,SDS-PAGE电泳分析显示,重组病毒pBLUEBAC4-VP60表达一分子量各为60kD左右的特异性重组蛋白,并且该重组蛋白经Western blot检测,皆可被兔抗RHDV高免血清所识别,表明VP60蛋白基因在重组杆状病毒感染的Sf9昆虫细胞中得到了表达,并且具有与天然VP60相似的抗原性.血凝试验表明,表达的重组蛋白具有血凝特性,可以凝集人"O"型红细胞,血凝价为213.同时,该血凝性可被抗RHDV的高免血清所抑制.经电镜观察,重组病毒表达的衣壳蛋白可以在没有其他任何成分存在的条件下,在昆虫细胞内也能自然聚合成不包裹核酸的、与天然RHDV病毒粒子在物理形态上类似的病毒样颗粒(VLPs).在与兔抗RHDV高免血清37℃作用1h后,该病毒样颗粒于电镜下观察可出现凝集成团的现象,表明该VLPs与天然RHDV在抗原性上也极为相似.     

兔出血症病毒衣壳蛋白基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

将RHDVVP60基因插入酵母转移载体pPICZB中转化毕赤酵母菌GS115株 ,经筛选获得染色体基因组中整合入VP60基因的重组酵母菌。以甲醇诱导培养后经SDS-PAGE和Westernblot检测表达产物 ,在60kD处出现一特异蛋白条带 ,表明RHDV的衣壳蛋白得到了成功表达。血凝试验表明 ,表达的重组蛋白具有血凝特性 ,可以凝集人“O”型红细胞 ,血凝价达 2.8,同时 ,该血凝性可被抗RHDV的高免血清所抑制。经电镜观察 ,重组酵母表达的衣壳蛋白可以在酵母菌体内自聚成大小约4.0nm ,和天然RHDV病毒子在物理形态上类似的病毒样颗粒 (VLPs)。该病毒样颗粒与兔抗RHDV高免血清作用后可被凝集成团 ,表明该VLPs与天然RHDV在抗原性上也极为相似。     

N端融合外源蛋白的兔出血症病毒衣壳蛋白自聚能力的研究

将兔出血症病毒衣壳蛋白VP6 0基因插入杆状病毒转移载体pBLUEBACHIS2_B的 6 HIS表达标签下游 ,与线性化野生型杆状病毒基因组DNA共转染Sf9昆虫细胞 ,经蚀斑纯化后获克隆化重组杆状病毒pBLUEBACHIS2B_VP6 0。以重组杆状病毒感染Sf9细胞 ,经SDS_PAGE和Westernblot检测显示高效表达一分子量为 6 9kD的重组蛋白 ,并且该蛋白可被兔抗RHDV高免血清识别。血凝试验表明 ,该重组蛋白可以凝集人“O”型红细胞 ,血凝价达 2 1 6 ,同时 ,该血凝性可被抗RHDV的高免血清所抑制。经电镜观察 ,重组病毒表达的融合有 6 HIS表达标签的衣壳蛋白仍可在昆虫细胞内自聚成不包裹核酸的、与天然RHDV病毒粒子在物理形态上相似的病毒样颗粒 (VLPs) ,并且该VLPs与兔抗RHDV高免血清作用后于电镜下可见凝集成团的现象 ,表明其与天然RHDV病毒粒子在抗原性上也极为相似     

兔出血症病毒NJ85株衣壳蛋白变异性分析及立体结构预测

用分子克隆技术从兔出血症病毒(RHDV)中国早期流行株NJ85中成功克隆出vp60基因,序列分析表明基因长度为1740nt,编码579aa。利用GenBank数据库,NJ85与WX84、TP二个RHDV中国毒株vp60基因DNA序列的同源性分别为92．7％和97．2％,氨基酸序列的同源性分别为96．1％和98．6％,与其他国家16个毒株的vp60基因DNA序列的同源性在83．7％-97．0％之间,氨基酸序列的同源性在90．5％～99．0％之间,具有高度的同源性。进一步分析vp60基因的六个分区,A、B、D、F四个区变异率较低,C、E二个区变异率较高。在遗传进化上,历年来的RHDV毒株在氨基酸水平上分析可分为三个支谱系,在核苷酸水平上趋向四个支谱系,谱系没有呈现地域或时间特征。三个中国毒株分布在二个不同的支谱系中。与RHDV同为兔病毒属的欧洲野兔综合征病毒(EBHSV)组成了另一个谱系。运用生物信息学方法分析了NJ85 VP60蛋白的分子量、等电点、疏水性和二级结构,根据同源模型预测分析了三级结构。NJ85 VP60的二级结构以B片层为主,三级结构稳定。病毒衣壳表面有32个杯状凹陷,由90个二聚体组成,二聚体由VP60单体以A／B5和C／C2两种方式构成,单体在二聚体中的构象有A、B、C三种形式。单体含有S、P两个结构域,两者通过柔性绞链连接,P结构域由VP60的C端部分形成,P分为P1和P2二个亚结构域,P2位于病毒衣壳表面,含有病毒株特异性抗原表位和红细胞结合位点。     

兔出血症病毒NJ85株衣壳蛋白变异性分析及立体结构预测

用分子克隆技术从兔出血症病毒(RHDV)中国早期流行株NJ85中成功克隆出vp60基因,序列分析表明基因长度为1740nt,编码579aa.利用GenBank数据库,NJ85与WX84、TP二个RHDV中国毒株vp60基因DNA序列的同源性分别为92.7%和97.2%,氨基酸序列的同源性分别为96.1%和98.6%,与其他国家16个毒株的vp60基因DNA序列的同源性在83.7%～97.0%之间,氨基酸序列的同源性在90.5%～99.0%之间,具有高度的同源性. 进一步分析vp60基因的六个分区,A、B、D、F四个区变异率较低,C、E二个区变异率较高.在遗传进化上,历年来的RHDV毒株在氨基酸水平上分析可分为三个支谱系,在核苷酸水平上趋向四个支谱系,谱系没有呈现地域或时间特征.三个中国毒株分布在二个不同的支谱系中.与RHDV同为兔病毒属的欧洲野兔综合征病毒(EBHSV)组成了另一个谱系.运用生物信息学方法分析了NJ85 VP60蛋白的分子量、等电点、疏水性和二级结构,根据同源模型预测分析了三级结构.NJ85 VP60的二级结构以β片层为主,三级结构稳定.病毒衣壳表面有32个杯状凹陷, 由90个二聚体组成,二聚体由VP60单体以A/B5和C/C2两种方式构成,单体在二聚体中的构象有A、B、C三种形式.单体含有S、P两个结构域,两者通过柔性绞链连接,P结构域由VP60的C端部分形成,P分为P1和P2二个亚结构域,P2位于病毒衣壳表面,含有病毒株特异性抗原表位和红细胞结合位点.     

兔出血症病毒复制子的构建及其在RK-13细胞中的复制

为研究兔出血症病毒(RHDV)的复制机制、病毒与宿主之间的相互作用以及致病机制等,创建一个安全、有效的技术平台,在前期构建的RHDV侵染性克隆基础上,将病毒的衣壳蛋白编码区删除,保留了RHDV复制必需的所有蛋白酶基因和两端的非编码区,构建了RHDV复制子。试验结果证明,将该复制子RNA导入RK13细胞中后,能够进行高水平的复制和表达。     

兔出血症病毒遗传变异分析及RT—PCR检测方法的建立

目的获得兔出血症病毒（浙江分离株）近20年间遗传变异概况,建立兔出血症病毒的RT—PCR检测方法。方法对1989～2006年间的7株RHDV浙江分离株的衣壳蛋白基因（VP60）进行了克隆与测序,并与国内、外RHDV的基因组序列进行了遗传比对和分析;根据兔出血症病毒株的VP60设计引物,对20只人工感染兔的实质脏器、全血和350只实验兔全血样本进行了检测。结果7株RHDV的VP60基因均由1740个核苷酸组成,编码580个氨基酸。它们与参考序列之间的氨基酸同源性为94.0%～99.8%。系统发生树分析结果显示,RHDV可划分为2个大的基因群,浙江（中国）的RHDV分离株主要集中于C亚群。RT—PCR检测方法表明20只实验兔全部扩出预期条带,而350只实验兔全血检测中出现13只RHDV可疑样本。经血凝抑制试验检测,13例PCR阳性样品中有10个HAI阳性,3个阴性。检测敏感度达100%,特异性为99.12%,经统计检验,kappa=0.865,表明PCR检出RHDV的结果与HAI高度一致。结论RHDV基因群之间的遗传距离有逐渐加大的趋势。我们建立的RT—PCR法可用于RHDV浙江分离株的检测,用RT—PCR检测全血中RHDV方法的建立为活体检测RHDV打下了基础。     

兔出血症病毒中国株衣壳蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析

应用RT-PCR技术,从兔出血症病毒中国分离株WX84中成功扩增出预期大小为1.7kb的特异性条带,将扩增产物提纯后克隆入pGEMR-T载体,经转化、筛选及酶切鉴定后,获得了该株病毒衣壳蛋白基因的克隆,序列分析表明扩增的中国株RHDV衣壳蛋白基因片段长度为1 740bp,共编码580个氨基酸.该核酸序列与其它国家报道的多株RHDV序列相互间同源性高达98.2%～99.0%,其推导的氨基酸序列同源性也达98.3%～99.1%,为极度保守片段.     

共表达口蹄疫病毒衣壳前体蛋白P1-2A基因和蛋白酶3C基因牛肾细胞株的筛选及稳定性

[目的]筛选稳定表达口蹄疫病毒衣壳蛋白的牛肾细胞(Madin-Darby bovinekidney,MDBK)株.[方法]采用聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法从重组质粒pMD-P1-2A和pMD-3C中分别扩增口蹄疫病毒衣壳前体蛋白P1-2A基因和蛋白酶3C基因,将两基因依次插入逆转录病毒载体pBABE-puro.重组逆转录病毒载体pBABE-puro/P1-2A-3C和pVSV-G质粒载体用脂质体介导共转染GP2-293包装细胞.产生的重组逆转录病毒感染MDBK细胞后使用嘌呤霉素筛选抗性细胞.利用克隆环套取法得到单克隆细胞.经间接免疫荧光和酶联免疫吸附测定(Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay,ELISA)方法检测MDBK细胞中衣壳蛋白的表达,并在电镜下观察口蹄疫病毒空衣壳.[结果]成功筛选到稳定表达口蹄疫病毒衣壳蛋白的MDBK细胞株,衣壳前体蛋白P1-2A在蛋白酶3C裂解作用下正确组装成空衣壳.[结论]该研究为口蹄疫亚单位疫苗的研制提供了实验材料.     

兔出血症病毒VP60基因在昆虫细胞中形成病毒样颗粒及其特性

目的将兔出血症病毒（RHDV）VP60全长基因在昆虫细胞-杆状病毒系统中表达,验证重组蛋白形成病毒样颗粒（VLPs）的能力及其生物学特性,探讨VLPs作为检测抗原及亚单位疫苗的潜力。方法用Bac-to-Bac系统体外表达RHDVVP60全长基因。以免疫荧光及Western blotting检测蛋白表达情况及确定蛋白最佳表达条件;免疫电镜观察VLPs形态,并对VLPs的血凝性、免疫原性进行检测。结果SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,表达的重组蛋白分子量大小约为68KDa,在免疫荧光、琼脂扩散、ELISA试验中均与RHD多克隆抗血清特异性反应;接种重组病毒的Sf9细胞裂解液在电镜下可观察到与RHDV形态相似的VLPs;该VLPs可凝集人“O”、“B”型红细胞,凝集可被RHD多克隆抗血清所抑制;含VLPs的Sf9细胞裂解液可不经纯化用作间接ELISA抗原,所建立的ELISA方法与进口商品化试剂盒相比,特异性良好,敏感性、检出率稍低;将含VLPs的细胞裂解液加氟氏佐剂免疫兔,HI效价可达1∶40,可经受致死量病毒攻击。结论RHDV-VLPs的获得及其良好的免疫原性,为RHD血清学检测试剂的标准化、亚单位疫苗研制应用奠定基础,同时在转移载体及RHDV受体方面研究亦有潜在应用价值。     

Successful oral prime-immunization with VP60 from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus produced in transgenic plants using different fusion strategies

Expression levels of vaccine antigens in transgenic plants have important consequences in their use as edible vaccines. The major structural protein VP60 from the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has been produced in transgenic plants using different strategies to compare its accumulation in plant tissues. The highest expressing plants were those presenting stable, complex, high-density structures formed by VP60, suggesting the importance of multisubunit structures for the stability of this protein in plant cells. Mice fed with leaves of transgenic plants expressing VP60 were primed to a subimmunogenic baculovirus-derived vaccine single dose. This indicates that plants expressing VP60 antigen may be a new means for oral RHDV immunization.     

兔出血症病毒中国株衣壳蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析

应用RT—PCR技术,从兔出血症病毒中国分离株WX84中成功扩增出预期大小为1．7kb的特异性条带,将扩增产物提纯后克隆入pGEM^R—T载体,经转化、筛选及酶切鉴定后,获得了该株病毒衣壳蛋白基因的克隆,序列分析表明扩增的中国株BHD衣壳蛋白基因片段长度为1740bp,共编码580个氨基酸。该核酸序列与其它国家报道的多株BHDV序列相互间同源性高达98．2％一99．0％,其推导的氨基酸序列同源性也达98．3％--99．1％,为极度保守片段。     

Recombinant VP60 in the form of virion-like particles as a potential vaccine against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) which causes a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic rabbits belongs to the family Caliciviridae. It is a small, positive single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of 7.5 kb and has a diameter of approximately 40 nm. In negatively stained electron micrographs the virus shows typical calicivirus morphology with regularly arranged cup-shaped structures on the surface. It is a major pathogen of rabbits in many countries. Vp60 - a coat protein of molecular mass around 60 kDa is the major antigen of RHDV. It is present as 90 dimeric units per virion particle. We have expressed VP60 gene in the baculovirus system with the aim to use it as a potential vaccine against RHDV and a diagnostic reagent in immunological tests. cDNA of the vp60 gene of strain SGM, was cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector as full-length gene, as well as truncated gene lacking 600 5'-terminal nucleotides. The sequence of SGM VP60 differed markedly from that of the reference strain. Full-length recombinant VP60 protein from the SGM strain self-assembled to form virus-like particles (VLPs). These particles observed by electron microscopy were morphologically similar to native virions and were able to agglutinate human group 0 erythrocytes. After immunization the recombinant particles induced RHDV-specific antibodies in rabbits and guinea pigs. Rabbits immunized with the VLPs were fully protected against challenge with a virulent RHDV.     

Protection against myxomatosis and rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease with recombinant myxoma viruses expressing rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein.

Two myxoma virus-rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) recombinant viruses were constructed with the SG33 strain of myxoma virus to protect rabbits against myxomatosis and rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease. These recombinant viruses expressed the RHDV capsid protein (VP60). The recombinant protein, which is 60 kDa in size, was antigenic, as revealed by its reaction in immunoprecipitation with antibodies raised against RHDV. Both recombinant viruses induced high levels of RHDV- and myxoma virus-specific antibodies in rabbits after immunization. Inoculations by the intradermal route protected animals against virulent RHDV and myxoma virus challenges.     

Gene transfer using recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsids with genetically modified DNA encapsidation capacity by addition of packaging sequences from the L1 or L2 protein of human papillomavirus type 16

The aim of this study was to produce gene transfer vectors consisting of plasmid DNA packaged into virus-like particles (VLPs) with different cell tropisms. For this purpose, we have fused the N-terminally truncated VP60 capsid protein of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) with sequences which are expected to be sufficient to confer DNA packaging and gene transfer properties to the chimeric VLPs. Each of the two putative DNA-binding sequences of major L1 and minor L2 capsid proteins of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) were fused at the N terminus of the truncated VP60 protein. The two recombinant chimeric proteins expressed in insect cells self-assembled into VLPs similar in size and appearance to authentic RHDV virions. The chimeric proteins had acquired the ability to bind DNA. The two chimeric VLPs were therefore able to package plasmid DNA. However, only the chimeric VLPs containing the DNA packaging signal of the L1 protein were able efficiently to transfer genes into Cos-7 cells at a rate similar to that observed with papillomavirus L1 VLPs. It was possible to transfect only a very limited number of RK13 rabbit cells with the chimeric RHDV capsids containing the L2-binding sequence. The chimeric RHDV capsids containing the L1-binding sequence transfer genes into rabbit and hare cells at a higher rate than do HPV-16 L1 VLPs. However, no gene transfer was observed in human cell lines. The findings of this study demonstrate that the insertion of a DNA packaging sequence into a VLP which is not able to encapsidate DNA transforms this capsid into an artificial virus that could be used as a gene transfer vector. This possibility opens the way to designing new vectors with different cell tropisms by inserting such DNA packaging sequences into the major capsid proteins of other viruses.     

Horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease by using a recombinant myxoma virus

We have developed a new strategy for immunization of wild rabbit populations against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) that uses recombinant viruses based on a naturally attenuated field strain of myxoma virus (MV). The recombinant viruses expressed the RHDV major capsid protein (VP60) including a linear epitope tag from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) nucleoprotein. Following inoculation, the recombinant viruses induced specific antibody responses against MV, RHDV, and the TGEV tag. Immunization of wild rabbits by the subcutaneous and oral routes conferred protection against virulent RHDV and MV challenges. The recombinant viruses showed a limited horizontal transmission capacity, either by direct contact or in a flea-mediated process, promoting immunization of contact uninoculated animals.     

柯萨奇病毒A组16型衣壳蛋白VP1的原核表达及初步活性测定

目的:原核表达柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)衣壳蛋白VP1,以便于研制血清学检测试剂。方法:在基因库中钓取CVA16-VP1的全长序列,采用PCR逐步合成法合成其全长基因,测序正确后克隆到表达载体pET28a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pET28a(+)/VP1,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达,利用Ni2+亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化;建立捕获免疫酶联法检测IgM抗体,检测20份手足口病阳性血清和30份阴性血清,评价重组抗原的灵敏度和特异性;采用CVA16全病毒免疫的抗小鼠血清进行Western印迹。结果:重组CVA16-VP1蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达;用重组蛋白抗原检测,20份手足口病患儿阳性血清中有4份阳性,其中1份同时为肠道病毒71型(EV71)VP1阳性,30份阴性血清无反应。结论:实现了CVA16-VP1的高效表达,初步结果显示重组蛋白具有较好的抗原性,为柯萨奇病毒A组16型诊断试剂的研究奠定了基础。     

Evolutionary history and molecular epidemiology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in the Iberian Peninsula and Western Europe

Background  

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a highly virulent calicivirus, first described in domestic rabbits in China in 1984. RHDV appears to be a mutant form of a benign virus that existed in Europe long before the first outbreak. In the Iberian Peninsula, the first epidemic in 1988 severely reduced the populations of autochthonous European wild rabbit. To examine the evolutionary history of RHDV in the Iberian Peninsula, we collected virus samples from wild rabbits and sequenced a fragment of the capsid protein gene VP60. These data together with available sequences from other Western European countries, were analyzed following Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to infer their phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary rates and demographic history.     

High-level expression and immunogenic properties of the recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus VP60 capsid protein obtained in Pichia pastoris

The VP60 capsid protein from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) (Spanish isolate AST/89) was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The transformed yeast was grown at high cell density and an expression level of about 1.5 g VP60L(-1) culture was obtained. The protein was detected associated with the cell debris fraction of the recombinant yeast after mechanical disruption. It was purified by a simple method and was obtained N-glycosylated with purity of approximately 70% as deduced from densitometry scan analysis. The recombinant product was antigenically similar to the native capsid protein as determined with polyclonal antibodies obtained from rabbits vaccinated with VP60 protein purified from native virus. The immunogenicity of VP60 protein purified from P. pastoris was demonstrated by ELISA in a vaccination experiment conducted with two groups of rabbits subcutaneously immunized. Animals vaccinated with VP60 in Freund's incomplete adjuvant developed a significant (p<0.01) virus-specific antibody response while the group injected with placebo remained seronegative. Preliminary results showed that the antigen administered within the cell debris fraction of the transformed yeast protected rabbits immunized by the oral route against an intramuscular challenge with 100 LD50 (16,000 hemagglutination units) of homologous virus.     

Atomic Model of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus by Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Crystallography

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, first described in China in 1984, causes hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver. Its etiological agent, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), belongs to the Lagovirus genus in the family Caliciviridae. The detailed molecular structure of any lagovirus capsid has yet to be determined. Here, we report a cryo-electron microscopic (cryoEM) reconstruction of wild-type RHDV at 6.5 Å resolution and the crystal structures of the shell (S) and protruding (P) domains of its major capsid protein, VP60, each at 2.0 Å resolution. From these data we built a complete atomic model of the RHDV capsid. VP60 has a conserved S domain and a specific P2 sub-domain that differs from those found in other caliciviruses. As seen in the shell portion of the RHDV cryoEM map, which was resolved to ∼5.5 Å, the N-terminal arm domain of VP60 folds back onto its cognate S domain. Sequence alignments of VP60 from six groups of RHDV isolates revealed seven regions of high variation that could be mapped onto the surface of the P2 sub-domain and suggested three putative pockets might be responsible for binding to histo-blood group antigens. A flexible loop in one of these regions was shown to interact with rabbit tissue cells and contains an important epitope for anti-RHDV antibody production. Our study provides a reliable, pseudo-atomic model of a Lagovirus and suggests a new candidate for an efficient vaccine that can be used to protect rabbits from RHDV infection.