qa-3稀有密码子和mRNA结构改造及其在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

奎尼酸脱氢酶的高表达是奎尼酸生物合成的代谢工程研究的关键和基础。粗糙脉孢菌基因组中编码奎尼酸脱氢酶的基因qa-3在大肠杆菌中不表达,根据大肠杆菌密码子使用频率分析qa-3基因,发现有27个稀有密码子,其中编码Arg(R)的有8个,编码Gly(G)的有9个。编码精氨酸的AGG(AGA)两个稀有密码子紧密相连(R区),另外还有个相对比较集中的GGG密集区G区。进一步通过计算机分析其qa-3基因mRNA二级结构,发现改变5′和3′末端个别碱基对其二级结构的影响很大,可以使mRNA的自由能由野生型的-374.3kJ/mol降低到最小-80.5kJ/mol,从而大大减少mRNA两端二级结构的产生,而仅仅改变R区和G区的稀有密码子自由能变化很小。通过对该基因密码子改造和优化5′和3′末端对其mRNA二级结构的影响,在大肠杆菌中表达真菌的基因qa-3,并测到了奎尼酸脱氢酶活性,为构建产奎尼酸工程菌株奠定基础。     

qa-3稀有密码子和mRNA结构改造及其在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

奎尼酸脱氢酶的高表达是奎尼酸生物合成的代谢工程研究的关键和基础。粗糙脉孢菌基因组中编码奎尼酸脱氢酶的基因qa-3在大肠杆菌中不表达,根据大肠杆菌密码子使用频率分析qa-3基因,发现有27个稀有密码子,其中编码Arg?的有8个,编码Gly(G)的有9个。编码精氨酸的AGG(AGA) 两个稀有密码子紧密相连（R区）,另外还有个相对比较集中的GGG密集区G区。进一步通过计算机分析其qa-3基因mRNA二级结构,发现改变5′和3′末端个别碱基对其二级结构的影响很大,可以使mRNA的自由能由野生型的-374.3 kJ/mol降低到最小-80.5 kJ/mol,从而大大减少mRNA两端二级结构的产生,而仅仅改变R区和G区的稀有密码子自由能变化很小。通过对该基因密码子改造和优化5′和3′末端对其mRNA二级结构的影响,在大肠杆菌中表达真菌的基因qa-3,并测到了奎尼酸脱氢酶活性,为构建产奎尼酸工程菌株奠定基础。     

蜂房哈夫尼菌植酸酶基因appA的克隆、表达及酶学性质研究

从蜂房哈夫尼菌(Hafniaalvei)中克隆获得一个植酸酶编码基因appA,该基因全长1335bp,编码444个氨基酸,其中前33个氨基酸为信号肽,成熟蛋白的理论分子量为45.2kD。将基因appA克隆到大肠杆菌E.coli表达载体pET-22b( ),并在大肠杆菌中表达,表达产物具有植酸酶活性。对表达的酶蛋白进行纯化,并初步研究了该酶的酶学性质,结果表明:酶的作用最适pH值为4.5;在pH2.0~10.0范围内,酶活性保留80%以上;酶的作用最适温度为60℃;酶的比活性为356.7U/mg,酶动力学分析表明其Km为0.49mmol/L,Vmax为238U/mg;该酶对胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶有一定的抗性。该研究为哈夫尼菌属来源植酸酶的首次报道。     

醋酸杆菌α—乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因的克隆表达

根据已知α－乙酰酸脱酸酶（α－ALDC）的基因序称,用PCR法从醋酸杆菌（Acetobacter racens)中克隆到的1kb的DNA片段,经DNA测序证明是ALDC基因,将该基因重组到质粒pBV220中,转化大肠杆菌,实现了高表达,获得了目的蛋白表达量约40％的转化子,为下步研究其酶活性奠定了基础。     

梯棱羊肚菌AA1_2家族多铜氧化酶基因的异源表达与生化鉴定

典型的漆酶通常属于辅助活性酶第一家族第一亚族（auxiliary activity family 1 subfamily 1,简称AA1_1家族）,而AA1_2家族的多铜氧化酶通常拥有将二价铁氧化成三价铁的活性,部分AA1_2家族酶蛋白兼具漆酶活性。梯棱羊肚菌全基因组只有一个AA1_2家族酶基因,该基因编码的酶蛋白是否拥有漆酶功能尚未清楚。本研究主要从酶生化特性的角度,结合酶基因的表达规律,对该基因的功能进行初探。对该AA1_2家族基因在梯棱羊肚菌生长发育不同阶段的表达水平进行实时定量PCR检测;将该基因编码序列克隆到表达载体中在大肠杆菌中异源表达,层析获得纯化的酶蛋白,对酶蛋白的生化特性进行了鉴定。发现该AA1_2多铜氧化酶基因在外源营养袋和土壤中的营养菌丝里低表达,在菇原基和子实体中表达较活跃。异源表达获得纯化的酶蛋白分子量约64kDa,表现出亚铁氧化酶（EC 1.16.3.1）与漆酶（EC 1.10.3.2）双重活性。其亚铁氧化酶活性在pH 4最高,漆酶活性在pH 6最高。亚铁氧化酶活性与漆酶活性的最适温度均为30℃左右,在30℃温育16h后仍保留70%以上活性。亚铁氧化酶和漆酶活性受Mn ²⁺、Hg ²⁺和Pb ²⁺抑制。对蛋白质变性剂SDS、尿素的耐受性较强。本研究通过酶学证据证实了梯棱羊肚菌AA1_2家族多铜氧化酶基因编码的酶蛋白具有亚铁氧化酶-漆酶双重活性,系在子囊菌大型真菌中首次发现,为进一步研究铁元素代谢与漆酶活性在羊肚菌子实体形成与发育过程中的作用提供了启示。     

大肠杆菌aroG基因的克隆表达及与pheA、tyrB基因的串联表达

３－脱氧－２－阿拉伯庚酮糖－７－磷酸合成酶（ＤＡＨＰ）是苯丙氨酸合成途径中关键酶之一,在大肠杆菌中由ａｒｏＧ基因编码。本文用ＮＴＧ诱变得到对苯丙氨酸类似物间氟苯丙氨酸（ｍＦＰ）和对氟苯丙氨酸（ｐＦＰ）有抗性的大肠杆菌突变株,采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增得到了ａｒｏＧ基因,在大肠杆菌中进行了表达。结果表明,该基因能在λ噬菌体的ｐＲ启动子驱动下得到表达,在ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图上出现清晰的条带,酶的比活提高了１．７倍。在ｐｈｅＡ（编码分枝酸变位酶ＣＭ和预苯酸脱水酶ＰＤ）、ｔｙｒＢ（编码苯丙氨酸转氨酶ＰＡＴ）基因克隆、串联克隆和表达完成的基础上,将ａｒｏＧ基因和ｐｈｅＡ、ｔｙｒＢ基因以ａｒｏＧ－ｐｈｅＡ－ｔｙｒＢ的顺序三基因串联到表达载体进行表达,酶活测定结果表明,三个基因都能在λ噬菌体的ｐＲ启动子驱动下表达,与对照菌株相比,酶比活分别提高了１．７倍、１３．９／７．８倍和２．３倍。     

人鼻咽癌相关基因NGX6在大肠杆菌中的诱导表达及纯化

NGX6是一个新克隆的鼻咽癌抑瘤基因候选者,为了进一步制备抗NGX6编码蛋白质的抗体和研究它的功能,本研究拟在原核表达系统中表达并纯化出NGX6蛋白．采用多聚酶链式反应(PCR)方法扩增出NGX6基因蛋白编码序列,构建该基因的融合表达质粒pGEX3X/NGX6,导入大肠杆菌中,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳．Western hlot鉴定．用GST融合蛋白纯化试剂盒纯化融合蛋白．结果显示构建的融合表达质粒酶切和测序鉴定阅读框架正确,导入大肠杆菌中诱导后出现一条42kDa的新蛋白带,主要存在于细菌沉淀中,占总蛋白的26％,Western blot鉴定其为GST/NGX6融合蛋白,并进一步纯化出融合蛋白．研究表明NGX6基因编码蛋白质能够在原核细胞中表达,并能纯化出该种蛋白,为进一步深入研究该蛋白质的结构与功能打下了基础．     

来源于酸热脂环酸杆菌的嗜酸性α-淀粉酶的表达研究

从嗜酸耐热的酸热脂环酸杆菌Alicyclobacillusacidocaldarius中克隆到α_淀粉酶的基因 (amy) ,该基因全长 390 3bp ,编码130 1个氨基酸 ,理论分子量约 140kD。将基因amy分别克隆到大肠杆菌E .coli表达载体pET-2.2b(+)和毕赤酵母P .pastoris表达载体pPIC9α ,并在大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母中得到了表达 ,表达产物具有淀粉酶的活性。对酵母中表达的酶蛋白AMY进行了纯化 ,并初步研究了它的酶学性质 ,它的作用最适pH3.2 ,在pH 2.5～4.6范围内 ,酶活性保留 50%以上 ,它的最适温度65℃ ,在 70℃下处理 30min ,酶活性维持50%以上 ,基本保留了天然酶蛋白的耐热性和嗜酸性。位于基因amy内部 +1174～+3288bp的基因片段amy′全长 2115bp ,编码705个氨基酸 ,在E .coli表达后依然具有淀粉酶的活性。     

蜂房哈夫尼菌植酸酶基因appA的克隆、表达及酶学性质研究

从蜂房哈夫尼菌（Hafnia alvei）中克隆获得一个植酸酶编码基因appA, 该基因全长1335bp,编码444个氨基酸,其中前33个氨基酸为信号肽,成熟蛋白的理论分子量为45.2kD。将基因appA 克隆到大肠杆菌E. coli表达载体pET-22b(+),并在大肠杆菌中表达, 表达产物具有植酸酶活性。对表达的酶蛋白进行纯化,并初步研究了该酶的酶学性质,结果表明：酶的作用最适pH值为4.5;在pH 2.0～10.0范围内, 酶活性保留80％以上;酶的作用最适温度为60℃;酶的比活性为356.7U/mg,酶动力学分析表明其K,/i>_m为0.49mmol/L,V_max为238U/mg;该酶对胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶有一定的抗性。该研究为哈夫尼菌属来源植酸酶的首次报道。     

大肠杆菌苯丙氨酸合成途径关键酶基因pheA的克隆与表达

为了通过基因工程手段来增加苯丙氨酸的生物产量,利用ＰＣＲ方法从大肠杆菌中克隆了抗反馈抑制突变型及野生型的ｐｈｅＡ基因,进行了核苷酸序列分析,并利用高效的原核表达载体ＰＢＶ２２０对ｐｈｅＡ基因编码的突变型及野生型分支酸变位酶／预苯酸脱水酶（ＣＭ／ＰＤ）进行了表达。序列分析表明突变型基因碱基第５８０位由Ｔ变为Ｃ,相应氨基酸由Ｖａｌ变为Ａｌａ,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ图谱扫描分析表明目的蛋白ＣＭ／ＰＤ的表达量占全菌体蛋白的４３％,占上清总蛋白的５７％。酶活性测定表明其ＣＭ和 ＰＤ活性分别提高了 １５．５和６．７倍,产酸量也有了一定的提高,为构建产苯丙氨酸的生物工程菌奠定了基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。