荧光假单胞杆菌AbⅢ745-6抑菌物质分离纯化和结构鉴定

荧光假单胞杆菌AbⅢ745-6能够抑制稻瘟病菌、小麦全蚀、番茄枯萎等多种植物病原菌的生长。AbⅢ745-6的发酵液预处理后,采用液-液萃取得到3种粗品,经液相色谱制备主要的单一组分获得强抑菌物质F-4。此化合物为红棕色油质物,可溶于乙酸乙酯、甲醇、丙酮等多种有机溶剂,微溶于水。化学结构分析初步命名F-4为苯胺基甲基乙酸,这是在荧光假单胞杆菌中发现的一种新抑菌活性物质。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌HR-2的分离鉴定及对水稻稻瘟病菌的拮抗效果

稻瘟病是一种严重威胁全球粮食安全的水稻真菌病害。本研究采用平板对峙法从湖南岳阳地区筛选出1株对水稻稻瘟病菌具有高效拮抗活性的菌株HR-2。通过形态特征验证、16S rRNA、gyrA和tuf基因序列比对分析,鉴定该菌株为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。抑菌广谱性测定结果表明菌株HR-2对水稻稻瘟病菌、油菜菌核病菌和番茄青枯病菌均有较强的拮抗效果,抑制率分别为82.34%、72.32%和72.64%。盆栽试验结果显示,菌株HR-210倍稀释液和100倍稀释液对水稻稻瘟病的防治效果分别达到63.81%和40.77%,其中HR-210倍稀释液的防效与50 mg/L嘧菌酯的防效相当。试验结果表明解淀粉芽胞杆菌菌株HR-2抑菌谱广,尤其对水稻稻瘟病具有显著的防治效果,可为抗稻瘟病生物防治药剂的开发奠定基础。     

荧光假单胞菌对食用菌的促生作用及其机理

从小麦根际分离到1株对食用菌有较强促生作用的荧光假单胞菌,命名为假单胞菌P2-10(Pseudomonas sp.P2-10)。该菌株与平菇天达300(Pleurotus ostreatus Td 300)、杏鲍菇杏6(Pleurotus eryngii X6)或鸡腿菇瑞7(Coprinus comatus R7)混合培养,可显著提高这些食用菌菌丝生长速度及诱导并促进子实体的形成和发育。假单胞菌P2-10对食用菌的促生作用来自其代谢产物,可能是通过其1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶降解食用菌产生的ACC、减少食用菌乙烯的合成及乙烯对菌丝生长和子实体发育的抑制作用。     

苹果树内生菌筛选及其对苹果腐烂病防治效果

为了获得苹果腐烂病菌的内生拮抗菌株,并初步研究其拮抗特性以及防治效果,用平板对峙法从苹果树根部、茎部、叶片筛选到具有拮抗作用的内生菌,明确其无菌滤液的抑菌效果,并测定拮抗菌株对苹果离体果实腐烂病害的防治效果。从分离纯化的56株内生菌中筛选出12株苹果腐烂病菌的拮抗菌,其中G2、G9、J32和Y40的抑菌效果比较明显,分别为69.64%、58.93%、67.86%、67.88%,当G2和G9的无菌滤液浓度达到8%时,其抑制率最高,分别达到了78.26%、76.29%,J32和Y40的无菌滤液浓度达到8%时抑制率均达到72.33%;在苹果果实离体试验中,G2、Y40的抑制率分别达到32.56%和26.89%;所筛选的这4株菌株对小麦赤霉病菌(Fusa Hum graminearum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria longipes)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporun f.sp.vasinfectum)、稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae Cav)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerium)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)均有一定的抑制作用,其中抑制率最高达79.65%;4株菌对苹果腐烂病病原菌的抑制大多数会导致病原菌菌丝畸形。试验结果表明拮抗真菌G2、G9、J32和Y40均对苹果腐烂病菌有较强拮抗作用,为进一步开展苹果主要病害的生物防治研究提供了潜在资源菌。     

五种假单胞菌的分离鉴定及其生物活性

【目的】从湖南长沙市采集到的土样中分离假单胞菌并进行归类,研究各菌株抑菌和抗肿瘤生物活性,以丰富假单胞菌菌种资源并为微生物次级代谢物的挖掘奠定基础。【方法】采用大蜡螟诱集法诱集分离假单胞菌,结合形态观察、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,鉴定并归类各细菌,通过平板扩散法、对峙培养法和肿瘤细胞毒性试验分别研究各菌株抑制细菌、拮抗真菌和抗肿瘤细胞等生物活性。【结果】从湖南长沙市郊区菜地、林地中分离得到5株假单胞菌,归类并命名为Pseudomonas protegens CY01、绿针假单胞菌CY02(Pseudomonas chlororaphis CY02)、栖稻假单胞菌CY04(Pseudomonas oryzihabitans CY04)、Pseudomonas sp.CY05和恶臭假单胞菌CY06(Pseudomonas putida CY06)。P.protegens CY01和P.chlororaphis CY02对枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtillis)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)具有较好的抑菌效果,P.chlororaphis CY02对水稻稻瘟病菌(Pyricularia oryzae)具有良好的拮抗作用,对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16具有较强的细胞毒性。【结论】分离得到的P.chlororaphis CY02,在抑制病原细菌、拮抗水稻稻瘟病菌和抗肿瘤细胞等方面具有显著效果。     

假单胞菌T1-3-2的抑菌特性及其对杉木的抗病促生作用

【背景】生物防治是“基于自然的解决方案”,有利于生态文明和可持续发展,开展生物防治技术研究的基础是明确菌株的生防作用和抑菌特性。【目的】探究杉木内生菌株T1-3-2的抑菌促生特性,为研制该菌株生防菌剂、防治杉木炭疽病(Cunninghamia lanceolata anthracnose)奠定基础。【方法】通过形态学特征、生理生化特性及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定菌株T1-3-2的分类地位;通过平板对峙、菌落径向生长抑制率和平板倒扣等方法测定细菌及其挥发性气体和次级代谢产物的抑菌作用;同时,测定其促生作用和室内防效。【结果】菌株T1-3-2与桉生假单胞菌(Pseudomonas eucalypticola)亲缘性较近,属于假单胞菌属。该菌株对分属于6个属的10株靶标菌株具有较强的拮抗作用,尤其对炭疽菌属、拟盘多毛孢属、黑孢霉属和葡萄座腔菌属的6株靶标菌株抑制率高达80%以上。室内盆栽试验显示：菌株T1-3-2用Kings Medium B液体培养基的发酵菌液对杉木炭疽病的防效可达74.20%,同时能有效改善杉木幼苗的生长状况、增加生物量。【结论】菌株T1-3-2隶属于假单胞菌属,对杉木具有良好的抗病促生作用,是一株具有开发潜力的生防菌株。     

骏枣内生生防细菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

选择交城骏枣(Zizyphus jujube cv.Jiaocheng Junzao)作为分离内生细菌的材料,从中共分离到18株内生菌株,运用平板对峙法从中筛选出5株对大枣病原菌及部分植物病原菌有拮抗作用的内生细菌。抑菌试验结果表明:筛选出的5株细菌对刺盘胞菌Colletotrichum gloeosporides、链格孢菌Alternaria alternata、尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporium、烟草赤星病菌Alternarial longipes、稻瘟病菌Pyricularia oryzae、人参立枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani、人参菌核病菌Sclerotinia schinseng和小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana均有一定的抑菌活性。对这5株内生细菌进行了形态特征观察和生理生化鉴定。     

向日葵枯萎病拮抗芽胞杆菌的筛选与生防评价

目的筛选向日葵枯萎病拮抗芽胞杆菌菌株并研究其抗菌谱,探讨环境条件对菌株抑菌活性的影响并通过植物栽培完成生防评价。方法从向日葵根际土壤中选择性分离芽胞杆菌,通过5点对峙法确定1株高效拮抗菌株,进行鉴定后,测定其抑菌谱;单因素实验探讨环境条件对抑菌活性的影响;向日葵发芽实验完成生防评价。结果确定1株高效的枯萎病拮抗菌株WBFL-1,经鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌,该菌对镰刀菌属具有广谱抗性,其抑菌活性的最佳条件是温度40℃,pH值7.0,接种量150μL,发酵时间48 h。生防评价表明该菌对枯萎病的拮抗效果显著。结论该菌可为农作物枯萎病的生物防治提供有效菌种储备。     

番茄根内生假单胞菌的分离与鉴定

[目的]通过对番茄根内生假单胞菌的分离和纯化,为研究番茄根内生假单胞菌生态学及其与植物生长之间的关系,筛选潜在的植物病害生防菌株奠定基础。[方法]以福州闽侯蔬菜大棚种植的番茄为研究对象,采用传统微生物培养技术分离纯化根内生细菌。通过16S rDNA序列同源比对与分析,鉴定和统计番茄根内生菌中可培养假单胞菌的种类和数量。[结果]在分离纯化得到的21株番茄根内生菌中,经分子鉴定其中12株为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas),序列对比和系统发育分析表明12株假单胞属可分为4个不同的类群。从统计结果来看,假单胞菌属占所培养的番茄根内生菌总数的52.1%。[结论]假单胞属细菌占番茄根可培养内生菌总数的52.1%,为优势菌,并具有较高的种类多样性。     

铜绿假单胞菌体外抑菌活性研究

目的 观察铜绿假单胞菌抗菌物质对鲍曼不动杆菌等细菌的体外抑菌效果.方法 用交叉条带实验方法检测了铜绿假单胞菌对鲍曼不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌的体外抑制活性.结果 铜绿假单胞菌对鲍曼不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌体外抑菌活性良好,10株铜绿假单胞菌中,有8株对鲍曼不动杆菌的抑制率均达到了100％.另外有8株对耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌的抑菌率均为100％;有6株对粪肠球菌的抑菌率为100％.结论 铜绿假单胞菌对上述3种致病菌具有较强的抗菌活性,具有开发前景.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

A conspectus of the Cladocera of the subterranean waters of the world

A synthesis of current knowledge of the Cladocera living in non-surface waters is provided. For all 94 species and subspecies recorded (Dec. 1994) we give information on their ranges, ecological characteristics, and a review of literature data. We also give a historic survey of the development of concepts, identify categories among groundwater-dwelling species, and discuss their adaptations and the evolutionary lines present. Of the estimated total of c. 450 non-marine Cladocera of the world, c. 20% may occur in underground aquatic habitats, but true groundwater forms (stygobionts or stygobites) are relatively few, possibly not more than 10 species (c. 2.5% of the total). This number may increase, as attention is given to subterranean habitats outside Europe.