副流感病毒的研究进展

副流感病毒是一类有包膜的单股负链RNA病毒,属副黏病毒,是一种常见的易被忽略的呼吸道感染病原体,主要引起婴幼儿及儿童严重的下呼吸道感染,其致病性仅次于呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV).目前,对副流感病毒的感染,缺乏有效的治疗药物和病毒疫苗.因此,建立快速、敏感和特异的副流感病毒感染的诊断方法,研发新型抗病毒药物和安全有效的副流感病毒疫苗成为研究热点.本研究就副流感病毒的生物学特性、疫苗研究、防治及检测技术作一综述.     

实时聚合酶链反应方法检测人偏肺病毒的比较研究

人偏肺病毒(the human metapneumovims,hMPV)是2001年首次从荷兰儿童的鼻咽部吸出物中分离出来的,为一种负链RNA病毒,初步被归属于副粘病毒科偏肺病毒属。hMPV和流感病毒、副流感病毒、腺病毒、鼻病毒、冠状病毒、人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)一样可导致儿童、成人及免疫功能受损患者的急性呼吸道感染(ARTI)。在儿童病原体不明的ARTI中,hMPV占1．5％-10％。但是,该病毒在     

套式RT—PCR方法检测临床样品中的猪流感病毒

猪流感是由猪流感病毒(Swine influenza vi rus, SIV)引起的一种呼吸道传染病,具有发病率高、死亡率低的特点,罹患流感的怀孕母猪还有并发流产的危险。猪流感已给我国养猪业带来严重危害。SIV属于正粘病毒科 A 型流感病毒属[1]。A型流感病毒可感染多种动物,一般认为,水禽是流感病毒的自然宿主和基因库,猪则是人流感病毒株与禽流感病毒株的中间宿主和混合器[1],通过基因重配产生抗原转移而导致新流感病毒株的出现。研究病毒两种受体[2],因此所有A型流感病毒都能感染猪,猪在流感病毒的生态分布中占有重要地位。目前猪流感的主要流行血…     

流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂药物耐药现状及机制研究进展

流感病毒可引起急性呼吸道传染病,严重危害人们的身体健康。神经氨酸酶抑制剂(NAI)是以神经氨酸酶为靶点的药物,可以有效抑制甲型和乙型流感病毒复制,是目前流感预防和治疗的一线用药。然而由于NA或者HA的突变,导致病毒对该药耐药。不同亚型流感病毒对神经氨酸酶抑制剂的耐药情况也不同,不同的检测方法也对判断病毒是否耐药有影响。     

冬季肺炎和哮喘急性加重患儿呼吸道微生物多样性

目的研究冬季肺炎和哮喘患儿呼吸道微生物的多样性。方法选择2017年11月至2018年1月在我院急诊科治疗的确诊为肺炎和哮喘急性加重的患儿159例,其中肺炎患儿102例,哮喘急性加重患儿57例。选择同时期在本院就诊的无呼吸道疾病患儿88例,设为对照组。检测患儿呼吸道微生物分布情况。结果肺炎和哮喘患儿呼吸道微生物多样性增加。肺炎患儿菌群丰度前3位的菌属分别是链球菌属、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属。哮喘患儿菌群丰度前3位的分别是嗜血杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属、葡萄球菌属。呼吸道病毒检测结果显示,肺炎患儿检出率前3位的病毒分别是肺炎支原体、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型。哮喘患儿病毒检出率前3位的是柯萨奇病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和肺炎支原体。肺炎患儿肺炎支原体检出率明显高于哮喘患儿,柯萨奇病毒检出率明显低于哮喘患儿。结论冬季肺炎和哮喘患儿的临床表现和体征较为相似,但是病原微生物检出情况有所不同。病原微生物检出的差异性有助于正确诊断和鉴别儿童肺炎和哮喘。     

季节性流感病毒与其他病原混合或继发感染的研究进展与思考

流感病毒包括甲(A)、乙(B)、丙(C)和丁(D)四种型。人流行性感冒是由甲型和乙型季节性流感病毒引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病。流感病毒感染患者主要表现出呼吸道症状,严重时可以导致肺炎。此外,与其他病毒、细菌和支原体等病原体混合或继发感染时,会增加流感患者的重症率和死亡率。近几年,流感病毒与其他病原协同感染的病例有增加趋势。本文归纳总结了流感病毒与其他病原混合及继发感染的研究现状,希望为流感病毒复杂感染情况的临床诊断和治疗方案的制定提供线索。     

629例住院儿童临床七种常见呼吸道病毒分布特征

目的了解本地区七种常见呼吸道病毒临床分布特征,旨在为呼吸道病毒的预防、治疗提供帮助。方法随机选取2 001例呼吸科住院患者样本,采用直接免疫荧光法进行呼吸道病毒抗原检测。结果 2 001例患者样本中,共检测出629例阳性病毒,阳性率为31.43%,阳性率前三位的病毒依次为甲型流感病毒(FluA)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、乙型流感病毒,分别为12.14%、9.90%和3.80%,而副流感病毒II型检出率最低,为0.50%。冬、春季节为呼吸道病毒高发季节,其中一月和二月的检出率高达56.91%和43.15%;而夏、秋季节检出率相对较低,六月的检出率仅为7.00%;1岁年龄组病毒阳性检出率最高,且随年龄增大,阳性检出率明显降低。结论冬、春季节是呼吸道病毒的高发季节;FluA和RSV是呼吸道感染中最常见的病毒;1岁年龄组病毒阳性检出率最高。     

WLL-1株博卡病毒(Bocavirus)全基因组序列分析

儿童下呼吸道感染已成为当前儿科发病率最高的一种疾病,而病毒是小儿下呼吸道感染的重要原因。临床上有相当比例的小儿下呼吸道感染病因未能作出明确的实验室诊断,给临床诊断与治疗带来了较大的困难。小儿下呼吸道感染可以由不同病毒引起,其中包括呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒、腺     

569例呼吸道感染住院儿童7种常见呼吸道病毒病原学分析

目的了解呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道病毒的分布情况。方法选取2015年7月至2016年6月呼吸道感染的住院患儿病例,抽取鼻咽分泌物,采用直接免疫荧光法检测常见的7种病毒,即呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、甲型流感病毒(IVA)、乙型流感病毒(IVB)、副流感病毒1型(PIV1)、副流感病毒2型(PIV2)、副流感病毒3型(PIV3)、腺病毒(IVD)。结果共有569例样本送检,193例病毒检测阳性(33.92%),其中有3例为2种病毒的混合感染。男性共369例,女性共200例。其中RSV、PIV3、ADV的感染率居前三位。呼吸道病毒的感染率随着患儿年龄的增长逐渐下降,除新生儿外,6个月内的婴幼儿呼吸道病毒检出率最高。RSV检测阳性率自11月开始呈增高趋势,12月最高,达55.86%。PIV3的检出高峰出现在7月,达13.64%。结论 RSV是本地区儿童呼吸道感染最常见的病毒。呼吸道病毒的检出率与年龄、季节等因素有关。     

重组人干扰素α2a滴鼻剂抗病毒药效学研究

为了检测干扰素滴鼻剂抗病毒药效作用,采用组织细胞培养法及建立流行性感冒动物模型,对不同浓度的干扰素滴鼻剂进行了体内外抗病毒药效学研究。结果显示:在体外有抑制流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒、麻疹病毒、腺病毒、柯萨奇B3病毒的作用,对单纯疱疹病毒有部分抑制作用。在体内可有效抑制流感病毒所致的病毒性肺炎。可见,重组人干扰素α2a滴鼻剂在体内外均有较明显的抗呼吸道病毒的作用。     

WU多瘤病毒在中国浙江地区的发现与鉴定

呼吸道病毒种类很多,大部分的病毒感染机体后可以导致大面积人群不同程度的发病,严重的可导致死亡[1].     

Identification of a third human polyomavirus

We have previously reported on a system for large-scale molecular virus screening of clinical samples. As part of an effort to systematically search for unrecognized human pathogens, the technology was applied for virus screening of human respiratory tract samples. This resulted in the identification of a previously unknown polyomavirus provisionally named KI polyomavirus. The virus is phylogenetically related to other primate polyomaviruses in the early region of the genome but has very little homology (<30% amino acid identity) to known polyomaviruses in the late region. The virus was found by PCR in 6 (1%) of 637 nasopharyngeal aspirates and in 1 (0.5%) of 192 fecal samples but was not detected in sets of urine and blood samples. Since polyomaviruses have oncogenic potential and may produce severe disease in immunosuppressed individuals, continued searching for the virus in different medical contexts is important. This finding further illustrates how unbiased screening of respiratory tract samples can be used for the discovery of diverse virus types.     

280例呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒病原学检出情况及流行规律分析

目的:了解呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒病原学检出情况及其流行规律,为儿童呼吸道感染的预防、诊断及治疗提供病原学依据。方法:选取2016年1月-2017年12月期间中国人民解放军中部战区总医院收治的280例呼吸道感染患儿为研究对象,分析患儿呼吸道分泌物中呼吸道病毒的检出情况,并分析呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒感染与年龄、季节、疾病类型的关系。结果:280例呼吸道感染患儿中共检出98份阳性标本,阳性率为35.00%,其中有2份标本中检出2种病毒感染,混合感染阳性率为0.71%;在所有病毒类型中,呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)病毒感染阳性率最高。1岁患儿的病毒感染阳性率最高,与其他年龄段病毒感染阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。呼吸道感染患儿春季、冬季的病毒感染阳性率明显高于夏季、秋季(P0.05)。不同呼吸道感染疾病类型患儿病毒感染阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),以喘息性肺炎、毛细支气管炎、肺炎患儿病毒感染阳性率较高。结论:RSV是呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒感染的主要致病病原体,1岁的婴幼儿较易感染,春季、冬季为其高发季节,且以肺炎、毛细支气管炎、喘息性肺炎患儿的病毒感染阳性率较高。     

Selective infection of lower respiratory tract by respiratory viruses in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections.

Thirty preschool children presenting with recurrent respiratory infections and their unaffected siblings were observed prospectively for a year. The index children experienced more episodes of acute respiratory infection than their siblings. Respiratory viruses were the major cause of respiratory infections. The index children had lower respiratory tract disease, predominantly wheeze, during 34% of proved respiratory virus infections compared with 11% of such infections experienced by the control children (p less than 0.02). Atopic children had an increased tendency to wheeze that did not reach significance, but atopy was not associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.     

Respiratory infections in the first year of life in children at risk of developing atopy.

Ninety-two infants, each of whom had one parent with asthma or hay fever, were followed up from birth to age of 1 year and 72 to the age of three years. During the first year of life respiratory symptoms, eczema, and respiratory viral infections were all reported. Within the first year 24 babies developed eczema; 28 had a wheal of 1 mm in diameter or more on prick skin testing with cutaneous allergens. Forty-three children had one or both of these characteristics and formed an atopic subgroup; by the same criteria, 49 children were non-atopic. The number of respiratory infections in the two groups was not significantly different; similar viruses were isolated from both groups. These viruses were associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Wheezing was a clinical feature in 12 children during lower respiratory tract infections. Of these babies six were atopic in the first year of life. Of the six non-atopic babies, one had eczema in the second year and five children developed raised total serum IgE values within the 3 years.     

Aetiology of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalised Children in Cyprus

In order to improve clinical management and prevention of viral infections in hospitalised children improved etiological insight is needed. The aim of the present study was to assess the spectrum of respiratory viral pathogens in children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory tract infections in Cyprus. For this purpose nasopharyngeal swab samples from 424 children less than 12 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections were collected over three epidemic seasons and were analysed for the presence of the most common 15 respiratory viruses. A viral pathogen was identified in 86% of the samples, with multiple infections being observed in almost 20% of the samples. The most frequently detected viruses were RSV (30.4%) and Rhinovirus (27.4%). RSV exhibited a clear seasonality with marked peaks in January/February, while rhinovirus infections did not exhibit a pronounced seasonality being detected almost throughout the year. While RSV and PIV3 incidence decreased significantly with age, the opposite was observed for influenza A and B as well as adenovirus infections. The data presented expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in Cypriot children and will be helpful to the clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections.     

2株WU多瘤病毒全基因组序列测定和分析

WU多瘤病毒(WUPyV)是多瘤病毒科多瘤病毒属的新成员,近来发现与人呼吸道感染等有关。本研究对2株WUPyV进行全基因组序列测定和拼接,获得这2株病毒全基因组序列,并与已上传到GenBank的国内外几株WUPyV的全基因组序列和氨基酸序列进行比对和系统进化分析。这2株WUPyV是环状、双链DNA病毒,基因组全长5 228bp,比GenBank已知WUPyV全序列少1bp。缺失的一对碱基位于位点4 536处,属于大T抗原的非编码区。病毒全基因组编码5个蛋白,分别是3个衣壳蛋白VP2、VP3、VP1与大T抗原和小T抗原。系统进化分析显示相对中国福建福州的FZ18株,另一株FZTF株与参考株-澳大利亚的B0株关系较近。     

Infections caused by RSV among children and adults during two epidemic seasons

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infections in young children, immunocompromised patients (children and adults), patients with chronic respiratory diseases and elderly people. Reinfections occur throughout the life, but the severity of disease decreased with subsequent infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of RSV infections in two selected subpopulations: young children (below 5 y.) and adults with chronic respiratory diseases (25-87 y.). Nasopharyngeal swabs (334) collected from October 2008 to March 2010 were examined. The presence of RSV genome was determined by RT-PCR and the presence of RSV antigen by quick immunochromatographic test. Positive results of RT-PCR were found in 45.2% of all swabs: 48.6% samples in 2008; 41.5% in 2009; 50.8% in 2010. The highest frequency of RSV-positive samples was in fall-winter months, but differences in RSV epidemic seasons were found. In the first season (2008-2009) an increased number of RSV infections was observed from November 2008, but in the second season--from January 2010. Generally, the frequency of RSV-positive RT-PCR among children was 53%, among adults 25%. The highest difference was observed in the first three-month period of 2010. RT-PCR positive samples were found in 68.5% of children and 5.9% of adults. However, the RSV antigen was found in 44.4% of samples collected from adults in this period. Our results indicate that the contribution of RSV infections during epidemic season of respiratory tract infections in Poland was really high among children and adults.