揭开植物开花之谜——成花素的发现

开花现象是绿色开花植物所特有的,对其机理的研究一直是生物学学家极为关注的研究领域。成花素假说认为植物叶片在光的诱导下产生一种叫成花素（Flofigen）的分子,成花素可以运输到植物茎顶端诱导花芽的分化,但是成花素的化学本质一直没有被鉴定。最近发现成花素是一种叫做FT的蛋白分子,该分子广泛存在于植物界参与花器官的诱导,至此,成花素假说不再是假说。回顾了成花素假说形成的历史,介绍成花素发现的最新成果。     

青叶胆开花动态及有性生殖特征的解剖学研究

对中国云南区域性特色药用植物青叶胆(Swertia mileensis)单花开放、雌雄配子体形成、胚胎发育过程进行了观察研究。结果显示:(1)青叶胆繁殖生长始于每年8月底9月初,蕾期较长,一般为35d左右;花期较短,2~3d即完成开花;果实期最长,为40~45d。(2)青叶胆具有一系列机制来保证其异花授粉,如:花药为丁字着药;雌雄异熟,雄蕊比雌蕊早熟23h左右,在性成熟时间上二者仅有1~2h的重叠期;此外,发现一种新的避免自花授粉机制,即雄蕊与雌蕊在空间上位置的变化,花药正面由最先与雌蕊紧贴,倒转180°后,变成背面面对雌蕊,同时花丝发生30°的偏移,导致花药位置最后发生了210°的变化。(3)解剖学观察显示:青叶胆花药4室,花药壁发育为基本型,分化完全的花药壁由5层细胞组成;绒毡层单层,2型起源,为腺质绒毡层,药室内的\"类胎座\"或\"横格\"是早期该层细胞有丝分裂凸入药室中央并原位退化形成的;中层2层;药室内壁退化;表皮宿存,纤维状加厚。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式主要为四面体形;成熟花粉为2-细胞或3-细胞类型。子房上位,2心皮,1室;侧膜胎座,薄珠心,单珠被;倒生胚珠;大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成4个大孢子直线形排列,合点端的大孢子具功能,雌配子体发育为蓼型。3个反足细胞宿存,每个细胞均多核和异常膨大,反足吸器明显,并在胚乳之外形成染色较深的类似\"外胚乳\"的结构。珠孔受精,属有丝分裂前类型。胚乳发育为核型;胚胎发育为茄型。果实成熟时,种子发育至早心形胚阶段,具发达的胚柄。发达的反足细胞和胚柄结构对青叶胆种子的后熟具有重要的生殖适应与进化意义。     

苎麻的激光诱变效应研究

激光辐照苎麻无性繁殖材料结果表明,一定剂量的CO_2,He-Ne激光辐照促进植株生长,一次或多次累加剂量过大将抑制苎麻生长,甚至产生致死效应,同时,植株的株形、叶形等也发生了一些变化,He-Ne激光辐照还有利于提高苎麻的抗寒、抗旱性。     

开花的探索—植物开花的分子遗传学研究

开花是一个复杂的、发生在植物生活史上的一个重大变化:从无限型的营养生长过渡到有限的生殖结构的生长。花的形成要经历几个明显的阶段(参阅评论:Schwarz-Sommner等人,1990;Meyerowitz,1991)。首先,茎顶端分生组织停止形成叶子,而开始形成花序或花分生组织。下一步,花原基起源于这些花分生组织。接着,出现四轮花器官各自的原基——花萼、花瓣、雄蕊和心皮,并逐渐特化。最后,花器官原基分化出与其相应的细胞及组织类型。环境因子,如日照长度和温度都影响这些过程,但对于开花控制的遗传基础还不大了解。     

苎麻酶法脱胶研究

Bacillas sp.No.5黄产生果胶酶的最适条件是氮源1％(NH_4)SO_4,碳源5％麸皮,诱导物2％甜菜渣:34℃、培养34h。酶作用最适温度50℃,最适pH9.6;50℃以下、pH8.4以下,酶的稳定性较好。用粗酶液脱胶时,先将苎麻纤维放入稀酸中煮30分钟,再放入80～100ngu/ml(粗酶液pH9.6,保温50℃、4小时,可脱去麻纤维93％的胶质。在脱胶过程中,可用测定还原基团来指示脱胶程度。     

植物开花的组蛋白甲基化调控分子机理

开花是指植物从营养生长转变到生殖生长的生理过程, 是植物个体发育和后代繁衍的中心环节, 既受遗传基础决定,同时又受到温度和光周期等多种环境因素的调控。在拟南芥中, 已经分离了大量的与开花相关的基因, 从遗传学上已初步形成了一个开花调控的网络。组蛋白甲基化是植物发育过程的重要调节方式, 近年来关于其参与开花调控的研究有了重要进展。本文综述了具有代表性的组蛋白H3赖氨酸甲基化修饰参与调控植物开花发育的机制, 提出该研究领域的发展方向和前景。     

苎麻叶的研究和开发利用

苎麻叶的研究和开发利用管晓晴（南京中医学院２１００２９）苎麻［Ｂｏｅｈｍｅｒｉａｎｉｖｅａ（Ｌ．）Ｇａｎｄ．］,又名天青地白草、青麻、白麻、野苎麻、银苎,为荨麻科植物。其茎皮是重要的纺织工业原料,根是传统中药材。但近年来的研究发现,苎麻叶除具有与苎麻...     

植物开花的组蛋白甲基化调控分子机理

开花是指植物从营养生长转变到生殖生长的生理过程,是植物个体发育和后代繁衍的中心环节,既受遗传基础决定,同时又受到温度和光周期等多种环境因素的调控。在拟南芥中,已经分离了大量的与开花相关的基因,从遗传学上已初步形成了一个开花调控的网络。组蛋白甲基化是植物发育过程的重要调节方式,近年来关于其参与开花调控的研究有了重要进展。本文综述了具有代表性的组蛋白H3赖氨酸甲基化修饰参与调控植物开花发育的机制,提出该研究领域的发展方向和前景。     

基于ITS序列的苎麻属大叶苎麻组的系统发育研究

大叶苎麻组(Sect.Duretia)是荨麻科苎麻属(Boehmeria)的一个种类比较多的组,目前对该组植物的系统发育还不清楚.本研究测定了其中9种4变种的核糖体DNA的ITS序列.ITS平均长度约687 bp.选取冷水花属作为外类群,根据ITS序列的差异计算出种间遗传距离.分别采用最简约法和邻接法进行系统发育分析.细野麻(Boehmeria gracilis)、赤麻(B.silvestrii)、野线麻(B.japonica)和疏毛水苎麻(B.pilosiuacula)、束序苎麻(B.siamensis)亲缘关系较近聚成一支,自展支持率为76%(MP)和89%(NJ);密球苎麻(B.densiglomerata)、长序苎麻(B.dolichostachya)、灰绿水苎麻(B.macrophylla var.canescens)、糙叶水苎麻(B.macrophylla var.scabrella)、圆叶水苎麻(B.macrophylla vat.rotundifolia)和海岛苎麻(B. formosana)、福州苎麻(B.formosana var.stricta)则聚为另一支,自展支持率为74%(MP)和94%(NJ);歧序苎麻(B.polystachya)单独为一支,与大叶苎麻组的其他种在一级分支中就分开,和其他种亲缘关系较远.     

苎麻细胞质雄性不育“三系”ISSR 特异片段克隆和序列分析

利用ISSR 分子标记技术对苎麻细胞质雄性不育“三系”mtDNA 进行多态性分析; 在选用的38 个ISSR引物中, 有6 个引物的扩增产物在不育系、保持系和恢复系之间存在差异。对这些特异性片段进行克隆和序列测定, 结果表明: 片段21-MS 全长956 bp , 包含一个525 bp 的完整编码区, 共编码174 个氨基酸。片段31-M􊄯R 全长778 bp , 包含一个404 bp 的不完整编码区, 共编码134 个氨基酸; 其核苷酸和氨基酸序列与已报道的多种植物中的番茄红素β-环化酶基因分别存在71%～76%和73%～77%的同源性。     

麻体细胞胚胎发生研究初报

将苎麻“浏阳大叶绿”的子叶培养在附加０．５ｍｇ／ＬＣＰＡ、０．０５ｍｇ／ＬＢＲ的ＣＸＷ培养基上,可获得淡黄色或浅灰绿色的颗粒状愈伤组织。将愈伤组织转移至附加０．１ｍｇ／ＬＣＰＡ、０．０５ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ、１．５ｍｇ／ＬＺＴ的ＣＸＷ培养基上继代,颗粒状结构非常明显。继续培养在添加２ｍｇ／ＬＭｅｔ,３ｇ／ＬＹＥ的上述继代培养基上,可分化出一些相互独立的胚状体,继而发育成为胚状体幼苗。     

苎麻细胞质雄性不育"三系"ISSR特异片段克隆和序列分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术对苎麻细胞质雄性不育"三系"mtDNA进行多态性分析;在选用的38个IS-SR引物中,有6个引物的扩增产物在不育系、保持系和恢复系之间存在差异。对这些特异性片段进行克隆和序列测定,结果表明:片段21-MS全长956bp,包含一个525bp的完整编码区,共编码174个氨基酸。片段31-M/R全长778bp,包含一个404bp的不完整编码区,共编码134个氨基酸;其核苷酸和氨基酸序列与已报道的多种植物中的番茄红素β-环化酶基因分别存在71～76和73～77的同源性。     

成花光敏感的雌雄性不育苎麻活性氧代谢研究

为研究成花光敏感雌雄不育苎麻(Floral initiation photo-sensitive male and female sertile ramie,SMSFS)的败育与活性氧代谢的关系,对SMSFS及其回复突变株SMSFS(R)花器官的活性氧(ROS)清除酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量测定．结果表明：SMSFS蕾的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显高于可育株SMSFS(R),而膜脂过氧化产物MDA的含量低于SMSFS(R);与蕾期相比,败育期SMSFS雌雄花除POD活性有所上升,而SOD和CAT活性则显著下降,MDA含量升高并高于开花期可育株．可见活性氧代谢的失衡引起了的膜脂过氧化,与SMSFS雌雄性败育明显相关．     

苎麻雄性不育系生化代谢和育性遗传研究

用不同温度和日长处理盆栽材料,测试苎麻雄性不育系的温光反应;于雌雄性器官发育期取盆栽植株顶部展开叶往下数第7叶,分析不育系的生化代谢;根据杂交及自交后代育性分离情况,鉴定不育系的不育性遗传方式.结果如下高温加速营养生长,而短日促进生殖生长,短日高温明显加快不育系的发育进度,但高温的促进作用随日长增加而减弱,以至消失.不育系的叶片粗蛋白质、氨基酸含量比可育系减少,尤其是天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和精氨酸减少明显,但游离脯氨酸含量增加.这些物质代谢的变化,可能是导致苎麻雄性不育的原因.不育系GS14-1、SS370、GSA-2、GS15-8和SS387等的不育性遗传与1对相对性状的遗传方式相符,已找到不育系的保持系和恢复系.     

In vitro plant regeneration from seedling-derived explants of ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud]

Ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud] is one of the most important perennial fiber crops in China. In vitro tissue culture of ramie could serve as an important means for its improvement through genetic transformation. To improve the regeneration capacity of ramie, the effects on plant regeneration of donor plant age, basal medium, plant growth regulators, and culture conditions were evaluated using explants derived from the cotyledon, hypocotyl, leaf, petiole, and stem of ramie seedlings. Cotyledons and hypocotyls excised from 4-d-old seedlings and leaves and petioles and stems from 15-d-old seedlings were optimal explants. The highest regeneration efficiency was obtained on Murashige and Skoog salts with Gamborg’s B₅ vitamins basal medium containing 2.27 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.054 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for the five explant types tested. A photoperiod of 16:8 h (light/dark) was found to be superior than continuous darkness for regeneration of ramie using TDZ. The regenerated shoots were transferred to hormone-free medium for shoot elongation and successfully rooted on half-strength Murashige and Skoog supplemented with 0.134 μM NAA. The rooted plantlets with four to five leaves were transplanted to greenhouse for further growth.     

苎麻纤维素合酶基因BnCesA1全长cDNA的克隆与表达分析

苎麻是中国的传统纤维作物,能够生产最长的自然纤维。本研究旨在克隆苎麻纤维素合酶基因BnCesA1全长编码序列,对其表达模式进行分析。以已知的苎麻纤维素合酶基因序列(DQ077190)为基础,设计5’RACE引物,以湘苎三号为材料,得到了BnCesA1的5’端,拼接后得到了BnCesA1的全长序列,并从湘苎三号的cDNA中成功克隆到包括BnCesA1全部编码序列的cDNA序列。扩增得到的BnCesA1基因cDNA为3253bp,编码区3246bp,编码含1082个氨基酸的多肽。通过对这个基因进行核酸序列和蛋白结构域分析表明,BnCesA1和毛果杨、欧美山杨、巨桉、大叶相思等其他物种的纤维素合酶基因都有很高的同源性,根据得到的BnCesA1的5’端设计特异性表达检测引物,分析其在湘苎三号苎麻品种各组织中的表达情况,结果显示BnCesA1在所检测的各组织中均有表达,表达量为茎皮>叶>顶芽>根。本研究首次克隆到苎麻中编码全长蛋白的纤维素合酶基因,并且苎麻BnCesA1在茎皮中高表达提示该基因可能在苎麻韧皮纤维合成中有重要作用。     

Inhibition imposed by developing flowers on further flower-bud initiation in Chamelaucium uncinatum Schau

In Chamelaucium uncinatum, an Australian woody perennial, flower initiation ceases under continuous inductive short-day (SD) conditions after the first flowering flush. The developing flowers were found to be the prime cause of the cessation in flower initiation. Removal of flowering shoots or lowers as soon as the buds appeared resulted in continuous flower formation. Pruning the plants below the young flower buds at the same stage also caused increased flower formation at the tips of the new growth. If pruning was delayed until flower buds were approx. 3 mm in diameter, however, nor further flower initiation took place and the plants, although still under inductive conditions, shifted to vegetative growth. The inhibiting factor is translocated from one branch to another. At least a six-week rest period (a vegetative growth period under long-day conditions) is needed before the plants are able to respond to further SD stimuli.Abbreviations LD long day - SD short day - SE standard error     

Quantitation of gibberellins A1, A3, A4, A9 and an A9-conjugate in good- and poor-flowering clones of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) during the period of flower-bud differentiation

The levels of endogenous gibberellin A₁ (GA₁), GA₃, GA₄, GA₉ and a cellulase-hydrolysable GA₉-conjugate in needles and shoot stems of Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] grafts with different coning or flowering histories were estimated by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring using deuterated GA₃, GA₄ and GA₉ as internal standards. The samples were taken at the approximate time of the start of flower-bud differentiation, i.e. when the shoots had elongated approx. 95% of the final length. The needles of the good-flowering clones contained 11–12 ng per g fresh weight (FW) and 15–28 ng· (g FW) ^–1 of GA₉-conjugate and GA₉, respectively. The shoot stems of the same material contained no detectable amounts of GA₉-conjugate and 11–15 ng-(g FW)^–1 of GA₉. The amounts of GA₉-conjugate and GA₉ were apparently lower in the poor-flowering clones, the needles containing 4–9 ng-(g FW)^–1 and 7–17 ng·(g FW)^–1, respectively. Also in this material the shoot stems contained no detectable amounts of GA₉-conjugate. The amounts of GA₄ were very small in both materials, ranging from 1–1.6 ng-(g FW)^–1. The good-flowering clones contained no detectable amounts of the more polar gibberellins, GA₁ and GA₃. The poor-flowering clones, on the other hand, contained high levels of GA₁₅ 17–19ng·(gFW)^–1 in the needles and 10–13 ng·(g FW) ^–1 in the shoot stems, and also smaller amounts of GA₃, 2–3 ng·(g FW)^–1 in the needles and approx. 1 ng·(g FW)^–1 in the shoot stems. The results demonstrate differences in GA-metabolism between the poor- and the good-flowering clones. The higher amounts of GA₉-conjugate and GA₉ might indicate a higher capacity for synthesizing GA₄ in the good-flowering material. This synthesis does not, however, result in a build-up of the GA₄-pool, maybe because of a high rate of turnover. Gibberellin A₄ was apparently neither hydroxylated to GA₁ nor converted to GA₃ in the goodflowering material, as was the case in the poor-flowering material. This might indicate that gibberellin metabolism in the poor-flowering material is directed towards GA₁ and GA₃, GAs preferentially used in vegetative growth.Abbreviations FW fresh weight - GA_n gibberellin A_n - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography