Compartmentation of soluble carbohydrates,of starch and of malate in motor organs (pulvini) and other parts of Phaseolus coccineus L. leaves

Quantitative histochemistry was used to investigate the tissue-specific compartmentation of soluble carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose), starch and malate in the laminar pulvinus, leaf blade and petiole of Phaselous coccineus L. at day and night positions of diurnal leaf movement. Total carbohydrate levels measured in a series of cross sections along individual pulvini of 24-d-old plants showed only small differences between the day and night positions of the respective leaf. In contrast, the level of malate changed during diurnal leaf movement, especially in the central part of a pulvinus. The levels of glucose and fructose in the pulvinus increased towards the transition zones between the pulvinus and lamina, and pulvinus and petiole, and this trend was even more pronounced for starch. By contrast, sucrose levels were highest in the pulvinus proper. The transverse compartmentation of metabolites was studied in distinct, approx. 0.5-mm-thick tissue slices from the central part of a pulvinus. These were dissected further into up to 14 distinct subsamples (bundle, bundle sheath, motor tissues, flanks). Irrespective of the position of the leaf (day or night), the central vascular core and the surrounding bundle sheath had high levels of sucrose (up to 500 mmol-(kg DW)^–1) and low levels of glucose and fructose (below 100 mmol-(kg DW)^–1), while in the cortex the situation was reversed. In the night position the level of sucrose decreased by approx. 30% in the bundle sheath and the central vascular core but not in the other sections. We thus suggest that because of the relatively small diurnal changes in their cortical pools, soluble sugars are not involved in the osmotic processes resulting in leaf movement. In contrast, pulvini from 14-d-old plants showed an interesting diurnal change in starch and malate pools in the outermost layer of the extensor. Here starch increased at night while the malate pool was lowered nearly stoichiometrically. Inverse pool sizes were found in the day position of the respective leaves. Although less significant, the opposite diurnal variation occurred in samples taken from the flexor region. We thus were able to locate areas of different carbohydrate activities in the laminar pulvinus of P. coccineus. The central vascular core, including the bundle sheath, is involved in temporary storage of photoassimilates, and the cortical regions are responsible for osmotically driven leaf movement. The results are discussed with respect to guard-cell physiology.Abbreviations CLP cut-leaf pulvini - ILP intact-leaf pulvini This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

中国东北典型森林生态系统植物叶片的非结构性碳水化合物研究

植物叶片的非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)不仅可以反应植物的碳供应状况,也能反应植物对外界环境的适应策略。利用传统的蒽酮比色法测定了东北3个典型森林生态系统(呼中、凉水和长白山)242种常见植物叶片的非结构碳水化合物,探讨了温带主要森林植物叶片NSC沿纬度梯度的变化趋势及其在物种-生活型-群落间的分布规律。实验结果表明:3个典型森林生态系统植物叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均呈偏正态分布,多数物种的含量偏中低水平;242种植物叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC的平均含量分别为63.31、65.66和128.96 mg/g。在所调查的森林生态系统中,叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量在不同生活型中表现各异。此外,乔木植物叶片的可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量从北到南呈递增趋势,呼中最低,凉水次之,长白山最高。乔木淀粉含量均表现为落叶树种大于常绿树种,可溶性糖和NSC含量变化趋势复杂。研究结果不仅为阐明东北主要森林生态系统植被碳代谢和生长适应对策提供数据基础,而且对理解植物对未来气候变化的响应机理提供数据支撑。     

Differences in growth and nitrogen productivity between a stay-green genotype and a wild-type of Lolium perenne under limiting relative addition rates of nitrate supply

The stay-green mutation of the nuclear gene sid inhibits chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence in grasses. Decreased productivity is expected under conditions of limited external N availability, due to the higher retention of N in senescent tissues. However, this has not been reported when plants are grown at limiting low external concentrations of N. In the present study a different approach was taken, based on the relative addition rate method for defining limiting N supply. Wild-type and stay-green genotypes of Lolium perenne L. were grown for 30 days in flowing solution culture and then supplied with NO3- on an hourly basis over 35 days at relative addition rates (RARs) of 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 and 0.12 day-1, ranging from severe N limitation to optimal supply. Plants were steady-state labelled with 15NO3- prior to RAR treatments, then switched to 14NO3- to allow measurement of the re-distribution of N absorbed prior to RAR control. Following acclimation, relative growth rates (RGRs) approached the corresponding RAR, but were significantly lower for stay-green than wild-type at RARs of 0.03 and 0.06 day-1. Tiller numbers were lower in stay-green plants after 35 days at all RARs except 0.12 day-1. Concentrations of total N in senescent laminae of stay-green plants exceeded those in wild-type plants by a similar margin (4.8-6.8 mg g-1 DW) irrespective of RAR. Maximum nitrogen productivity (Pn) was 3.9 g DW g-1 N day-1 (Nmin = 7.1 mg g-1 DW) in wild-type plants, and 5.1 g DW g-1 N day-1 (Nmin = 10.7 mg g-1 DW) in stay-green plants. The higher N productivity of stay-green plants indicated these plants used a smaller pool of metabolically available N more efficiently in biosynthesis compared with wild-type plants. The retention of N, absorbed prior to RAR treatments, in senescent laminae was significantly higher in stay-green plants at RAR of 0.03 day-1 after day 21 (i.e. 20% versus 15% of the total N recovered). However, in terms of the whole N economy of the plant the margin represented only 1.7% of the total N content on day 35.     

Increased chilling tolerance and altered carbon metabolism in tomato leaves following application of mechanical stress

We investigated the effects of brushing on the chilling tolerance and metabolism of nonstructural carbohydrates (soluble sugars and starch) in tomato leaves before, during and after a chilling stress. Tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Caruso) were cultivated either without mechanical stress application (control plants) or with daily brushing treatments for 15 days (brushed plants), prior to a 7-day chilling treatment (8/5°C day/night). Brushing resulted in shorter plants with a 34% reduction in leaf dry weight per area and a 59% reduction of soluble sugars and starch, on a dry weight basis. The sugar to starch ratio was not affected by brushing. A greater chilling tolerance in the brushed plants was demonstrated by the maintenance of a significantly higher PSII efficiency in brushed plants (42%) compared to that of the control plants (30%) after 7 days of chilling treatment, less visible damage to the leaf tissue, and a more rapid resumption of growth during 3 days of recovery as compared to control plants. During the chilling treatment levels of soluble sugars per leaf dry weight increased 15-fold in the brushed plants and 5-fold in control plants. In the present study we have demonstrated that brushing can increase chilling tolerance in tomato plants. The observed differences in chilling tolerance and concentration of soluble sugars in the leaves may indicate an involvement of soluble sugar levels in acclimation to chilling.     

Patterns of Assimilate Production and Translocation in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) : I. Diurnal Patterns

Continuous monitoring of steady-state carbon dioxide exchange rates in mature muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) leaves showed diurnal patterns of photosynthesis and respiration that were translated into distinct patterns of accumulation and phloem export of soluble sugars and amino acids. Leaf soluble sugar patterns in general followed the pattern of photosynthetic activity observed in the leaf, whereas starch accumulated steadily throughout the light period. Sugar and starch levels declined through the dark phase. Phloem exudate analysis revealed that diurnal levels of the major transport sugars (stachyose and sucrose) in the phloem did not appear to correlate directly with the photosynthetic activity of the leaf but instead were inversely correlated with leaf starch accumulation and degradation. The amino acid pool in leaf tissues remained constant throughout the diurnal period; however, the relative contribution of individual amino acids to the total pool varied with the diurnal photosynthetic and respiratory activity of the leaf. In contrast, the phloem sap amino acid pool size was substantially larger in the light than in the dark, a result primarily due to enhanced export of glutamine, glutamate, and citrulline during the light period. The results indicate that the sugar and amino acid composition of cucurbit phloem sap is not constant but varies throughout the diurnal cycle in response to the metabolic activities of the source leaf.     

Analysis of nonstructural carbohydrates in storage organs of 30 ornamental geophytes by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

A comprehensive analysis of nonstructural carbohydrates in storage organs (bulbs and corms) of 30 ornamental geophytes was conducted by employing a variety of extraction techniques followed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD). Among species, starch, fructan, glucomannan and soluble sugars accounted for 50-80% of storage organ dry weight (DW). Starch ranged from 24 to 760 mg g(-1) DW, fructan (commonly occurring with starch) from 25 to 500 mg g(-1) DW, and glucomannan from 15 to 145 mg g(-1) DW. An acid hydrolysis protocol for concurrent determination of fructan and glucomannan was developed. The average degree of polymerization (DP) of ethanol and water-soluble fructan and the man : glu ratio of glucomannan also varied between species. The 80% ethanol fraction contained soluble sugars and short-chain fructans (< 25 DP), whereas water extracts contained soluble sugars, fructans (both short- and long-chain, 相似文献   

Expression of E. coli inorganic pyrophosphatase in transgenic plants alters photoassimilate partitioning

Transgenic plants were constructed expressing a novel cytosolic inorganic pyrophosphatase in order to reduce the cytosolic pyrophosphate content. To this end the Escherichia coli gene ppa encoding inorganic pyrophosphatase was cloned between the 35S CaMV promoter and the poly(A) site of the octopine synthase gene and transferred into tobacco and potato plants by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Regenerated plants were tested for the expression of the ppa gene by Northern blots and activity gels. Plants expressing active inorganic pyrophosphatase showed a dramatic change in photoassimilate partitioning. In both transgenic tobacco and potato plants the ratio between soluble sugars and starch was increased by about 3-4-fold in source leaves as compared with the wild-type. However, whereas source leaves of transgenic tobacco plants accumulated much higher levels of glucose (up to 68-fold), fructose (up to 24-fold), sucrose (up to 12-fold) and starch (up to 8-fold) this was not observed in potato plants where the change in assimilate partitioning in source leaves was due to an increase of about 2-fold in sucrose and a reduction in starch content. Expression of the cytosolic inorganic pyrophosphatase in tobacco results in stunted growth of vegetatively growing plants due to a reduced internode distance. Upon flowering the transgenic plants increase their growth rate, reaching almost the same height as control plants at the end of the growth period. Old source leaves accumulate up to 100-fold more soluble sugars than control leaves. This increase in soluble sugars is accompanied by a reduction in chlorophyll content (up to 85%). Transgenic potato plants showed a less dramatic change in their growth behaviour. Plants were slightly reduced in size, with stems more highly branched. Tuber number increased 2-3-fold, but tuber weight was lower resulting in no net increase in fresh weight.     

Effect of culture medium and light conditions on the morphological characteristics and carbohydrate contents of Medicago strasseri calli

Using 6 culture media (12, 12D, 12G, 11, A and B) made up of MS medium (Murashige-Skoog, 1962) supplemented or not with glycerine, with different cytokinins, and/or 2,4-D, the morphological characteristics and contents in total carbohydrates, reducing sugars, sucrose and starch were studied in calli induced from explants (cotyledon, petiole, hypocotyl and leaf) obtained from Medicago strasseri seedlings. Callus formation was induced under photoperiod (16h light/8h darkness) conditions or in the absence of light. Considerable variability in the calli was observed, depending on the explants and media used. Under photoperiod conditions, medium A with KIN (1 mg/l) and 2,4-D (3 mg/l) induced many calli with the highest contents in total carbohydrates (886.1–889.3 mg/g DW), sucrose (132.1–188.2 mg/g DW) and starch (125.2–247.6 mg/g DW) and the lowest contents in reducing sugars (118.4–173.3 mg/g DW). In media 11, A and B, under conditions of darkness, calli degenerated at the start of culture. Calli developed in darkness generally had dry weights and total carbohydrate and starch contents lower than those cultured under photoperiod conditions. However, sucrose contents were greater in calli formed in darkness. At these cultures times, differentiation, in the form of organogenesis, was only seen using medium B with cotyledons, petioles and leaves as explants. It was also observed when petioles were cultured in medium A but with a less pronounced organogenic response.     

中国4种典型森林中常见乔木叶片的非结构性碳水化合物研究

植物叶片的非结构性碳水化合物(non-structural carbohydrates,NSC)不仅为植物的代谢过程提供重要能量,还能一定程度上反映植物对外界环境的适应策略。以温带针阔混交林(长白山)、温带阔叶林(东灵山)、亚热带常绿阔叶林(神农架)和热带雨林(尖峰岭)4种森林类型的树种为研究对象,利用蒽酮比色法测定了163种常见乔木叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC(可溶性糖+淀粉)含量,探讨了不同森林类型植物叶片NSC的差异及其地带性变化规律。结果显示：（1）从森林类型上看,植物叶片NSC含量从北到南递减,即温带针阔混交林(170.79 mg/g)>温带阔叶林(100.27 mg/g)>亚热带常绿阔叶林(91.24 mg/g)>热带雨林(80.13 mg/g)。（2）从生活型上看,无论是落叶树还是阔叶树,其叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均表现为：温带针阔混交林>温带阔叶林>亚热带常绿阔叶林>热带雨林;北方森林叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均表现为落叶树种>常绿树种,或阔叶树种>针叶树种。（3）森林植物叶片NSC含量、可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值与年均温和年均降水量均呈显著负相关。研究表明,森林植物叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量以及可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值均具有明显的从北到南递减的地带性规律;其NSC含量以及可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值与温度和水分均呈显著负相关的变化规律可能是植物对外界环境适应的重要机制之一。该研究结果不仅为阐明中国主要森林树种碳代谢和生长适应对策提供了数据基础,而且为理解区域尺度森林植被对未来气候变化的响应机理提供新的视角。     

Effect of Paclobutrazol on Soluble Sugars and Starch Content of de novo Regenerating Potato Stem Explants

Changes in the content of soluble sugars and starch were determined during the first phase of de novo organogenesis in stem internode segments (SIS), taken either from control plants or from the plants grown on medium with 10^–8 M paclobutrazol (PBZ). Transient accumulation of soluble sugars was observed in both variants during the first two days. Control SIS accumulated higher amount [22.0 mg g^–1(f.m.)] of soluble sugars than the PBZ pretreated SIS [15.2 mg g^–1(f.m.)]. PBZ variant showed four times higher starch content at the start of experiment in comparison with the control. Both variants accumulated starch during cultivation until the beginning of regeneration.     

南亚热带人工林16种木本植物重要叶特征参数的相互关系

以南亚热带退化丘陵生态恢复进程中16种3 a生木本植物为对象,研究叶片重要特征参数间的相互关系.结果表明,植物叶片的N、P含量平均值低于全国平均值,N:P平均值则高于全国的平均水平;成熟叶片的N和P含量之间有极显著正相关关系(P<0.00001),N:P与N有弱的正相关关系(r=0.322,P<0.01),与P显著负相关,推断植物叶N:P主要由P决定(r=0/639,P<0.00001).含N量高的植物具有高的最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光合N利用效率(PNOE)和低的比叶重(LMA),反之,含N量低植物具有低的Pmax、PNUE和高的LMA;Pmax与PNUE极显著正相关,LMA与PNUE极显著负相关.     

Leaf nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations of understory woody species regulated by soil phosphorus availability in a tropical forest

Leaf soluble sugars and starch are important components of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs), which are crucial for plant growth, development, and reproduction. Although there is a large body of research focusing on the regulation of plant NSC (soluble sugars and starch) concentrations, the response of foliar NSC concentrations to continuous nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition is still unclear, especially in tropical forests. Here, we used a long‐term manipulative field experiment to investigate the response of leaf NSC concentrations to continuous N and P addition (3‐, 5‐, and 8‐year fertilization) in a tropical forest in southern China. We found significant species‐specific variation in leaf NSC concentrations in this tropical forest. Phosphorus addition dramatically decreased both leaf soluble sugar and starch concentrations, while N addition had no significant effects on leaf soluble sugar and starch concentrations. These results suggest that, in plants growing in P‐limiting tropical soil, leaf NSC concentrations are regulated by soil P availability rather than N availability. Moreover, the negative relationships between NSC concentrations and leaf mass per area (LMA) revealed that NSCs could supply excess carbon (C) for leaf expansion under P addition. This was further supported by the increased structural P fraction after P fertilization in our previous study at the same site. We conclude that soil P availability strongly regulates leaf starch and soluble sugar concentrations in the tropical tree species included in this study. The response of leaf NSC concentrations to long‐term N and P addition can reflect the close relationships between plant C dynamics and soil nutrient availability in tropical forests. Maintaining relatively higher leaf NSC concentrations in tropical plants can be a potential mechanism for adapting to P‐deficient conditions.     

Intrinsic morphology and spatial distribution of non-structural carbohydrates contribute to drought resistance of two mulberry cultivars

• Drought is one of the most adverse environmental stresses limiting plant growth and productivity. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding metabolism of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in source and sink organs are still not fully elucidated in woody trees.
• Saplings of mulberry cv Zhongshen1 and Wubu were subjected to a 15-day progressive drought stress. NSC levels and gene expression involved in NSC metabolism were investigated in roots and leaves. Growth performance and photosynthesis, leaf stomatal morphology, and other physiological parameters were also analysed.
• Under well-watered conditions, Wubu had a higher R/S, with higher NSC in leaves than in roots; Zhongshen1 had a lower R/S with higher NSC in roots than leaves. Under drought stress, Zhongshen1 showed decreased productivity and increased proline, abscisic acid, ROS content and activity of antioxidant enzymes, while Wubu sustained comparable productivity and photosynthesis. Interestingly, drought resulted in decreased starch and slightly increased soluble sugars in leaves of Wubu, accompanied by notable downregulation of starch-synthesizing genes and upregulation of starch-degrading genes. Similar patterns in NSC levels and relevant gene expression were also observed in roots of Zhongshen1. Concurrently, soluble sugars decreased and starch was unchanged in roots of Wubu and leaves of Zhongshen1. However, gene expression of starch metabolism in roots of Wubu was unaltered, but in leaves of Zhongshen1 starch metabolism was more activated.
• These findings revealed that intrinsic R/S and spatial distribution of NSC in roots and leaves concomitantly contribute to drought resistance in mulberry.

     

Alteration of the Amount of the Chloroplast Phosphate Translocator in Transgenic Tobacco Affects the Distribution of Assimilate between Starch and Sugar

Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) transformed with sense and antisense constructs of a cDNA encoding the tobacco phosphate-triose phosphate-3-phosphoglycerate translocator (phosphate translocator) were shown to contain altered amounts of phosphate translocator mRNA and protein. Phosphate translocator activity in intact chloroplasts isolated from transformed plants showed a 15-fold variation, from 20% of the wild-type activity in antisense transformants to 300% of the wild-type activity in sense transformants. However, the maximal rates of photosynthesis and the rates of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in ambient CO2 showed no consistent differences between transformants. Starch content was decreased by 20% and total soluble sugars were increased by 20% in leaves of antisense transformants compared to sense transformants. The 40% decrease in the ratio of starch to total soluble sugars in antisense transformants relative to sense transformants indicates that distribution of assimilate between starch and sugar had been altered. However, the amount of sucrose in the leaves was unchanged. The changes in total soluble sugars were accounted for completely by changes in glucose and fructose, suggesting the existence of a homeostatic mechanism for maintaining sucrose concentrations in the leaves at the expense of glucose and fructose.     

Contribution of carbohydrate pools to the variations in leaf mass per area within a tomato plant

The contribution of the starch and soluble carbohydrate pools to the diurnal variations of leaf mass per unit area (LMA) has been investigated in tomato leaves. A glasshouse experiment was carried out with plants pruned to two or five fruits per truss. Leaflets were sampled at sunrise, noon and sunset at different positions within the leaf (basal or terminal), and on different sympods along the stem. Carbohydrate contents and LMA were significantly higher in the terminal than in the basal leaflets, except at sunrise. During the day, differences in starch accumulation between terminal and basal leaflets increased with leaf height on the plant. Among sympods, the soluble carbohydrate content of the terminal leaflets did not vary significantly, whereas at 13.00 h the LMA was minimum in the middle of the plant and maximum at the top, and the leaf starch content significantly increased half-way up the plant. The plant fruit load had only small and non-significant effects on the LMA and carbohydrate contents. The response of LMA and carbohydrate contents to changing source activity was observed under controlled climatic conditions. The starch pool of fully expanded leaves was rapidly filled and emptied under increasing and decreasing source activity. In young expanding leaves, this pool was hardly filled during daylight. On average the soluble carbohydrates did not contribute significantly to the diurnal variations in LMA, whereas fluctuations in starch explained c . 70% and 44% of these variations in the upper and lower leaves, respectively. The results are discussed with respect to the modelling of LMA at the level of individual tomato leaves or sympods.     

Transgenic tobacco plants expressing yeast-derived invertase in either the cytosol, vacuole or apoplast: a powerful tool for studying sucrose metabolism and sink/source interactions

In higher plants sucrose plays a central roles with respect to both short-term storage and distribution of photoassimilates formed in the leaf. Sucrose is synthesized in the cytosol, transiently stored in the vacuole and exported via the apoplast. In order to elucidate the role of the different compartments with respect to sucrose metabolism, a yeast-derived invertase was directed into the cytosol and vacuole of transgenic tobacco plants. This was in addition to the targeting of yeast-derived invertase into the apoplast described previously. Vacuolar targeting was achieved by fusing an N-terminal portion (146 amino acids long) of the vacuolar protein patatin to the coding region of the mature invertase protein. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the yeast-derived invertase in different subcellular compartments displayed dramatic phenotypic differences when compared to wild-type plants. All transgenic plants showed stunted growth accompanied by reduced root formation. Starch and soluble sugars accumulated in leaves indicating that the distribution of sucrose was impaired in all cases. Expression of cytosolic yeast invertase resulted in the accumulation of starch and soluble sugars in both very young (sink) and older (source) leaves. The leaves were curved, indicating a more rapid cell expansion or cell division at the upper side of the leaf. Light-green sectors with reduced photosynthetic activity were evenly distributed over the leaf surface. With the apoplastic and vacuolar invertase, the phenotypical changes induced only appear in older (source) leaves. The development of bleached and/or necrotic sectors was linked to the source state of a leaf. Bleaching followed the sink to source transition, starting at the rim of the leaf and moving to the base. The bleaching was paralleled by the inhibition of photosynthesis.     

Over-expression of PHO1 in Arabidopsis leaves reveals its role in mediating phosphate efflux

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in multi-cellular eukaryotes depends not only on Pi influx into cells, but also on Pi efflux. Examples in plants for which Pi efflux is crucial are transfer of Pi into the xylem of roots and release of Pi at the peri-arbuscular interface of mycorrhizal roots. Despite its importance, no protein has been identified that specifically mediates phosphate efflux either in animals or plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana PHO1 gene is expressed in roots, and was previously shown to be involved in long-distance transfer of Pi from the root to the shoot. Here we show that PHO1 over-expression in the shoot of A. thaliana led to a two- to threefold increase in shoot Pi content and a severe reduction in shoot growth. (31) P-NMR in vivo showed a normal initial distribution of intracellular Pi between the cytoplasm and the vacuole in leaves over-expressing PHO1, followed by a large efflux of Pi into the infiltration medium, leading to a rapid reduction of the vacuolar Pi pool. Furthermore, the Pi concentration in leaf xylem exudates from intact plants was more than 100-fold higher in PHO1 over-expressing plants compared to wild-type. Together, these results show that PHO1 over-expression in leaves leads to a dramatic efflux of Pi out of cells and into the xylem vessel, revealing a crucial role for PHO1 in Pi efflux.     

EFFECT OF PETIOLE PHLOEM DISRUPTION ON STARCH AND MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN SENESCING SOYBEAN LEAVES

Normally, starch (sugars) and minerals are redistributed from the leaves to the pods during monocarpic senescence in maturing soybean plants. Petiole phloem destruction (steam girdling), which blocked this redistribution by interrupting export through the petiole, altered the foliar senescence pattern producing a distinctive interveinal yellowing with green areas along the veins on pod-bearing plants. This suggests that blockage of the petiole phloem may cause nutrients to accumulate in the green zones along the leaf veins instead of being redistributed to the pods. In the leaves of untreated plants, starch showed the same distribution pattern as chlorophyll; however, starch was preserved in yellow areas as well as the green zones of the steam-girdled leaves. Mineral analyses of the veinal and interveinal zones of treated leaves and controls showed that the veinal green zones and interveinal yellowing in treated plants were not respectively enriched and depleted in minerals corresponding to a redistribution of minerals within the leaves. Depodding also blocked leaf yellowing, net mineral redistribution and starch breakdown. Thus, the pods are able to induce chlorophyll breakdown without net mineral redistribution or starch loss in leaves with petiole phloem destruction. This shows that chlorophyll breakdown is not obligatorily coupled with mineral redistribution or starch breakdown.     

热带次生林不同林层植物叶片非结构性碳水化合物的季节变化及其对氮磷添加的响应

非结构性碳水化合物(Non-structural Carbohydrates, NSCs)是植物生长代谢过程中重要的能量来源。通过在华南热带次生林进行氮磷添加试验,探究不同林层植物叶片NSCs的季节变化及其对氮磷添加的响应,取样时间为2019年1月、4月、7月和10月。结果表明:1)植物叶片NSCs存在显著的种间差异,磷(P)添加对叶片淀粉和NSCs含量具有显著影响,且物种与磷添加的交互作用显著影响叶片淀粉含量。2)黑嘴蒲桃和紫玉盘叶片NSCs含量对氮(N)添加的响应较为敏感,而白车和竹节叶片NSCs含量对P添加的响应较为敏感,氮磷同时添加(+NP)对植物叶片NSCs的增效作用最好。3)植物叶片NSCs存在显著的季节性变化,且季节与林层间的交互作用对叶片可溶性糖和NSCs含量具有显著影响。4)不同林层植物对氮磷添加的响应不同,氮磷添加使林下层植物叶片可溶性糖含量增高,林冠层降低,在干季,N添加会使林下层植物叶片淀粉含量增高,林冠层降低。P添加的影响恰好与之相反。在湿季,氮磷添加使林下层和林冠层植物叶片的淀粉含量增加。5)林冠层植物叶片NSCs含量高于林下层,且林下层植物叶片NSCs含量...