乌兰布和沙漠东北缘三种豆科绿肥植物生物量和养分含量及其对土壤肥力的影响

土壤肥力是限制乌兰布和沙漠东北缘沿黄灌区建立高产绿洲的主要因子之一。在内蒙古自治区磴口县试验地种植3种绿肥植物,比较它们改良土壤的效果。结果表明,1～2年生紫花苜蓿的总生物量干重为最高,而沙打旺则因其抗风沙能力强,地上部分生长较其它两种植物为好,由于植株中水分含量较高,其生物量的鲜重在三者中是最高的。2年生绿肥植物总生物量干重和养分含量的测定结果则显示,全氮和全磷含量的变化趋势为沙打旺〉紫花苜蓿〉草木樨,而全钾含量则为紫花苜蓿〉草木樨〉沙打旺;从3种植物对土壤改良效果来看,改良作用为沙打旺〉紫花苜蓿〉草木樨。与两种常用的绿肥作物相比,沙打旺因其对风沙较强的抗性而具有较高的改良土壤能力,因此在同类型的沙漠绿洲开发初期可以作为改良土壤的首选植物。     

引入草木樨对半干旱黄土高原区早期植物群落演替和土壤养分的影响

植被演替早期的优势物种是影响演替进程的重要因素。以半干旱黄土高原地区退化耕地植被的自然恢复为对照,于植被恢复的早期引入两年生豆科植物草木樨(Melilotus officinalis L.),在种植密度为11.3kg.hm-2条件下,考察了6年内引入草木樨对退化耕地植被恢复过程中植物群落演替进程的影响。结果表明,与自然恢复植被相比,草木樨的引入不仅可以提高地表植被覆盖度和加速植物群落演替进程,促使一些群落演替后期物种如冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)、阿尔泰狗哇花(Heteropappus altaicus)和短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)等在植被恢复的第3年出现,同时有利于提高植被生产力和稳定性。同自然恢复相比,试验期间引入草木樨后的植被地上平均生物量提高67.90%。同时,植被恢复早期生物多样性与土壤全氮含量呈显著正相关,而草木樨的引入有利于提高土壤全氮含量;在植被恢复初期(2003～2005)引入草木樨的土壤全氮平均含量比自然恢复高7.32%;试验期间土壤速效磷含量与物种丰富度呈显著负相关。因此,在半干旱区黄土高原退化耕地植被恢复早期阶段,两年生豆科植物草木樨的引入和磷肥的施用对于加快植被恢复有着积极作用。     

冬季火对川西亚高山草地植物群落结构和牧草质量的影响北大核心CSCD

火是继土壤、水分、温度之后,塑造地表植被的主要力量。该文以2010年"12·5"冬草场火烧事件为背景,通过对比川西亚高山草地火烧区域和未火烧区域火后第一年植被群落结构和牧草质量,探讨亚高山草地植被对冬季火烧的响应机制。通过物种多样性分析、双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和干重等级法(dry-weight-rank)分析发现,冬季火烧未改变植被的生物多样性、均匀度和物种丰富度,却改变了植被群落结构的物种组成。冬季火烧导致一年生禾草、一年生杂草、灌木等3种生活型植物的数量和生物量增加;多年生杂草数量减少,生物量增加;多年生禾草数量和生物量减少。冬季火烧也极大地减少了可食禾草的比例,增加了各种杂草的生物量比例。此次火烧事件降低了细柄草(Capillipedium parviflorum)和早熟禾(Poa sp.)等可食禾草的竞争能力,增加了一些杂草(如火绒草(Leontopodium leontopodioides)、白莲蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、草玉梅(Anemone rivularis)等)在资源竞争中的相对优势,最终表现为火后牧草的可食性下降。     

白桦和辽东栎纯林腐殖层土壤对9种灌草的化感效应

采集立地条件基本相同的白桦和辽东栎林地及无林荒地(对照)腐殖质层土壤,在塑料大棚内进行9种灌草植物播种盆栽试验,研究森林腐殖质土壤对林下灌草植物的化感效应.结果表明: 白桦林腐殖质土壤显著抑制紫花苜蓿和草木樨种子萌发,降低草木樨、小冠花、紫花苜蓿和胡枝子过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,提高柠条、小冠花和沙打旺幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量,小冠花、紫穗槐、紫花苜蓿、草木樨和沙打旺生物量在白桦林腐殖质土壤中显著降低48.2%、45.1%、44.2%、37.3%和36.0%.辽东栎纯林腐殖质土壤显著抑制紫花苜蓿和沙打旺发芽率,降低毛苕子、紫穗槐和紫花苜蓿叶片叶绿素含量,提高胡枝子、柠条、草木樨和沙打旺MDA含量,沙打旺、紫花苜蓿、草木樨和紫穗槐生物量在辽东栎林腐殖质土壤中显著降低52.6%、43.8%、35.5%和34.6%.白桦林腐殖质土壤对紫花苜蓿、草木樨和紫穗槐,辽东栎林腐殖质土壤对紫花苜蓿、沙打旺和紫穗槐生长整体上存在明显化感抑制效应.     

Effects of a winter wildfire on plant community structure and forage quality in subalpine grassland of western Sichuan,China

火是继土壤、水分、温度之后, 塑造地表植被的主要力量。该文以2010年“12·5”冬草场火烧事件为背景, 通过对比川西亚高山草地火烧区域和未火烧区域火后第一年植被群落结构和牧草质量, 探讨亚高山草地植被对冬季火烧的响应机制。通过物种多样性分析、双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和干重等级法(dry-weight-rank)分析发现, 冬季火烧未改变植被的生物多样性、均匀度和物种丰富度, 却改变了植被群落结构的物种组成。冬季火烧导致一年生禾草、一年生杂草、灌木等3种生活型植物的数量和生物量增加; 多年生杂草数量减少, 生物量增加; 多年生禾草数量和生物量减少。冬季火烧也极大地减少了可食禾草的比例, 增加了各种杂草的生物量比例。此次火烧事件降低了细柄草(Capillipedium parviflorum)和早熟禾(Poa sp.)等可食禾草的竞争能力, 增加了一些杂草(如火绒草(Leontopodium leontopodioides)、白莲蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、草玉梅(Anemone rivularis)等)在资源竞争中的相对优势, 最终表现为火后牧草的可食性下降。     

水蚀风蚀交错区典型植被土壤水分消耗和补充深度对比研究

研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域8种植被类型条件下植物消耗土壤水分深度与降水对应的补充深度。结果表明:裸地、农地、撂荒地、人工草(灌)地(苜蓿地、柠条地、沙打旺地)、当地典型草地(荒草地、长芒草地)在平水年及干旱年,土壤水分均表现为负平衡;丰水年部分样地土壤水分得到补充。平水年以及干旱年(2010—2011年)植物耗水深度依次为:柠条地撂荒地沙打旺地苜蓿地≈长芒草地≈荒草地农地裸地,降水补充深度为农地裸地撂荒地荒草地长芒草地沙打旺地苜蓿地柠条地。丰水年(2012年)裸地、苜蓿地、荒草地与沙打旺地土壤水分并未显示出明显负平衡过程,但柠条地耗水深度依然达到260 cm,其它样地依次为撂荒地农地长芒草地;降水入渗深度排序:农地裸地撂荒地=柠条地荒草地=苜蓿地长芒草地沙打旺地。水蚀风蚀交错区土壤蒸发(裸地蒸发)以及降水补充深度一般为0—120 cm范围内,丰水年土壤水分能得到恢复。农地的土壤水分消耗与补充深度略有增加。农地撂荒后耗水深度与撂荒地植被类型有密切联系,随植被盖度与丰度的增加,耗水有进一步加深的趋势,撂荒地土壤水分补充深度小于等于消耗深度。农地退耕还草所种植的深根性植被(苜蓿、沙打旺、柠条等)不仅会迅速消耗当季降水,同时会进一步消耗土壤深层储水,致使120 cm以下观测土层土壤含水量较低,造成土壤水分消耗深度较浅的假象。除撂荒地外,高生物产量的人工草(灌)耗水量高,耗水深度也深,因此在退耕还林(草)过程中,应该充分考虑不同植被类型的年度水分交换深度,采取措施降低消耗深度,增加入渗深度。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型土壤微生物特性

采用熏蒸-提取法、Biolog微平板培养法,研究了定西典型人工乔木林、人工灌木林、农田、撂荒地、天然草地等植被类型下0～20cm土层土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物群落代谢多样性,并通过通径分析的方法解释了土壤微生物与土壤养分的关系,从土壤微生物的角度对当地典型植被类型做出了评价.结果表明:相对于耕作而言,退耕还林(草)对恢复土壤微生物资源具有积极意义;研究区垄坡荒地、撂荒地和油松林的土壤微生物生物量碳较高,其次为柠条林、苜蓿地、侧柏-山杏和道沿荒地,以小麦和马铃薯农田较低;研究区垄坡荒地、撂荒地、油松林、柠条林和苜蓿地的土壤微生物生物量氮较高,小麦和马铃薯农田较低;具有根瘤固氮菌的植被(柠条和苜蓿)的土壤微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例最高;农田由于长期生物量损耗且补充不足,其土壤微生物的储量和活性均很低,而通过种植人工乔木林、灌木林或弃耕撂荒,土壤微生物数量和活性能恢复到天然草地的水平,且效果随恢复年限的增加而更显著;柠条灌木林通过20a的恢复,其地下微生物数量与50a林龄的油松林相近,其微生物活性和土壤养分利用效率甚至超过了油松林.综合考虑不同立地条件下植被的土壤微生物特性,认为豆科灌木(如柠条)是恢复植被的较好选择.     

三种豆科牧草种子在萌发阶段对盐渍环境的生理适应及主要离子调控

试验对3种豆科牧草紫花苜蓿、草木樨、沙打旺的种子,在萌发阶段对盐渍环境的适应性和离子调控机制进行了研究,测定了盐渍环境中种子的萌发率和恢复萌发率;同时,对400 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理后,种子恢复萌发、胚的主要离子含量变化、水分吸收等情况进行了测定。结果表明：50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理中,紫花苜蓿种子的最终萌发率受到明显的抑制而降低;300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液处理中,草木樨的最终萌发率明显高于紫花苜蓿和沙打旺;沙打旺种子的初始萌发过程被300 mmol·L^-1NaCl抑制而推迟,推迟的时间长于紫花苜蓿和草木樨达5 d。400 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理种子1、2 和4 d后,3种植物种子的吸水速率受到明显抑制;紫花苜蓿种子的恢复萌发率明显低于草木樨和沙打旺;紫花苜蓿种子胚积累的Na⁺明显高于草木樨和沙打旺,而且有较多的K⁺和Ca²⁺养分离子流失。盐渍环境下,3种牧草种子萌发受到的影响是由于渗透胁迫和离子毒害引起的,但3种植物种子的生理适应机制却存在明显的差异。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区三种豆科人工草地的植被与土壤特征

在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区以 4龄苜蓿 (Medicago sativa)、沙打旺 (Astragalus adsurgens)和甘草 (Giycyrrhiza uralensis)单播人工草地为材料 ,人工牧草、杂草和土壤 3方面研究了其生产性能和生态特性。在相同的管理条件下 ,沙打旺种群高度平均高于苜蓿 33.8% ,是甘草的 6 .2倍 ;苜蓿的密度分别是甘草和沙打旺的 5 .9倍和 2 .6倍 ;沙打旺盖度最大 ,苜蓿次之 ,甘草最小。三种牧草的地上生物量及其占群落生物量的比例依次是苜蓿 >沙打旺 >甘草 ;苜蓿种群生物量占群落的比例接近沙打旺 ,二者远高于甘草。甘草人工草地的杂草种数、杂草生物量及其生物量占群落的比例均最大。0～ 10 0 cm土层内三种人工草地的地下生物量依次为甘草 >苜蓿 >沙打旺。 0～ 10 0 cm土层内营养物质含量 :全 P,苜蓿 >甘草 >沙打旺 ;全 N,苜蓿与甘草接近 ,高于沙打旺 ;速效 P、速效 N都是甘草最高 ;有机质含量 ,苜蓿接近甘草、高于沙打旺。讨论了管理措施与人工草地的关系 ,加大投入是维持人工草地群落稳定的前提之一     

荒漠草原土壤种子库对草地管理方式的响应

以宁夏中部不同封育年限(封育1a、3a、5a和7a)、不同放牧方式(中等强度自由放牧、中等强度4区轮牧)、补播改良(2006年补播沙打旺Astragalus adsurgens和紫花苜蓿Alfalfa stiva)及未封育等管理方式下的荒漠草原为研究对象,采用空间梯度代替时间梯度法,于2012年3月下旬用样线法采集土壤样品,采用温室萌发法,统计土壤种子库物种组成和种子数,研究了不同草地管理方式下的种子库与地上植被相似性、多样性等特征。结果表明:1)宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库中共出现14种植物,分属6科14属,除牛枝子(Lespedeza potanimii)为半灌木外其余均为草本植物。多年生植物占土壤种子库植物总数的65.3%,一年生植物占土壤种子库植物总数的35.7%;多年生植物种子数量随封育年限增加而表现为下降趋势,封育1a和未封育草地最多;2)不同管理方式下土壤种子库和地上植被的共有物种数为2—6种,封育时间延长导致土壤种子库物种与地上植被相似性下降,土壤种子库和地上植被共有物种数有减少趋势,自由放牧降低了土壤种子库和地上植被的共有物种数,补播恢复的草地土壤种子库中未出现补播物种;3)种子库物种多样性与管理方式无明显的相关性;种子库物种多样性指数4区轮牧草地最高,封育7a草地最低,物种丰富度指数封育1a草地最高,均匀度指数自由放牧草地最高,补播草地最低。若荒漠草原仅依靠土壤种子库恢复自然植被,则不建议封育时间过久,需间以适当的干扰(放牧);补播外来种未对荒漠草原土壤种子库产生贡献,反而对乡土种产生了一定限制。     

黄土丘陵半干旱区引种禾草柳枝稷的生物量与水分利用效率

加强优良引种禾草植物的生态适应性研究对促进我国黄土高原半干旱区草地建设和草业科学发展具有十分重要的意义。比较研究了引种禾草柳枝稷(Panicumvirgatum)在黄土丘陵半干旱区不同立地条件下地上生物量的大小和季节累积差异及其水分利用特征。2001~2002年川地柳枝稷草地地上生物量达13000~16000kg/hm2,山地梯田和坡地为2300~2650kg/hm2。不同立地条件柳枝稷返青后的生物量累积过程呈二次或三次多项式。柳枝稷的绝对生长速率(AGR)在整个生长季内呈双峰曲线变化,川地柳枝稷草地的现存量和总量AGR最大值分别为158.93和169.83kg/(hm2·d),梯田分别为27.31和38.25kg/(hm2·d),坡地为37.0和36.69kg/(hm2·d)。坡地柳枝稷生物量较大值和AGR最大值出现时间最早。不同立地柳枝稷生物量相对生长速率(RGR)在整个生长季内呈双峰曲线变化,均以返青后的20d内最大,平均AGR以川地最大,坡地和梯田相近,但坡地两峰值高于梯田。不同立地柳枝稷草地土壤水分主要利用层次为0~2m,月平均含水量顺序为梯田>坡地>川地。川地柳枝稷叶片和整体生物量水分利用效率均最高,梯田整体生物量水分利用效率大于坡地,但二者叶片水分利用效率相近。川地和山地地表下5cm生育期平均地温均为17.60℃,但4~5月份川地地温高出山地1.2~2.8℃,川地4~10月份平均气温较山地高1.5℃,这些差异影响不同立地条件柳枝稷草地水分利用和生长进程。     

Effect of legume species introduction to early abandoned field on vegetation development

One of the most important areas in ecology is to elucidate the factors that drive succession in ecosystems. The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of legume species (Medicago sativa, Melilotus suaveolens and Astragalus adsurgens) introduction to abandoned arable land on vegetation development in the Loess Plateau, China. Results from our study showed that addition of legume species strongly affected the composition of recently abandoned-field vegetation. Legume species were effective at reducing the number and dominance of natural colonizers (mainly weeds from the seed bank). The introduction of legume species into newly abandoned fields maintained high total cover and above-ground biomass and could improve soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. However, the effects of the treatments were species-specific. Melilotus suaveolens turned out to be severely suppressive to natural colonizers (weed species). Also, Melilotus suaveolens-adding maintained the highest cover and above-ground biomass and was helpful to improve later succession species, e.g. Stipa breviflora and Astragalus polycladus, to invade and establish. Medicago sativa-adding was superior in enhancing the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. The present results suggested that addition of legume species with greater cover and biomass strongly suppressed the dominance of the weedy species in early succession and the course of old-field succession may be accelerated by introduction of legume species at least temporarily. However, the experimental period was too short to assess to what extent succession may be affected in the longer term.     

Vegetation succession of abandoned croplands in Ruanliang and Yingliang in the Ordos Plateau

Shrub encroachment has been a key phenomenon in arid and semi-arid grasslands over the last century. However, little research has been dedicated to vegetation dynamics in the abandoned croplands, which are surrounded by shrub-encroached grasslands. In this study, several abandoned croplands in Ruanliang and Yingliang in the Ordos Plateau were selected, and the biomass, coverage, density, root pattern, and plant litter dynamics were studied. The results showed that: (1) The abandoned croplands in Ruanliang experienced three community types, including weeds community, the subshrub Artemisia ordosica community, and the perennial grass community, while the abandoned croplands in Yingliang experienced three community types, including weeds community, perennial Stipa bungeana with Artemisia frigida community, and S. bungeana community. (2) The important value for the annual or biennial grass in abandoned croplands in Ruanliang declined during the restoration process, for the perennial grass it increased, and for the subshrub it first increased and then went down to zero. In Yingliang abandoned croplands, however, the perennial grass remained dominant during the succession process. (3) The root of A. ordosica in Ruanliang abandoned croplands was mainly distributed in soil depths of 0–30?cm; the root of the perennial grass was mainly in the 0–20?cm range, and S. bungeana was found at soil depths of 0–5?cm. To restore to a natural vegetation state, about 20?years would be needed to recover the total biomass, and 10?years would be needed to restore the vegetation coverage in Ruanliang abandoned croplands. For Yingliang abandoned croplands, about 15 and 20?years would be needed to restore the total biomass and vegetation coverage, respectively, to a state of natural vegetation.     

Comparative analysis of annual rings of perennial forbs in the Loess Plateau,China

Although recent studies have demonstrated that annual growth rings are present among perennial forbs species at high northern latitudes, little is known about whether there are demarcated growth rings of perennial forbs in the Loess Plateau of China where plant growth is strongly limited by dry climate conditions and severe soil erosion. In this study, we collected the main roots of 11 perennial forbs species along the precipitation gradient in the Loess Plateau, and analyzed the growth rings in the secondary root xylem. We found that ten species showed distinct annual growth rings, and the anatomical patterns, including vessel size and density, varied considerably among different families. Our results suggest, for forbs species in the Loess Plateau, that vessel diameter in the root xylem was strongly correlated with growth rate of the forb’s roots. Ring widths of the forbs showed a significant declining trend, reflecting the deteriorating signal of growth condition with age. In comparison to other families, forb species of Fabaceae usually have the evidently larger vessels that link directly to higher hydraulic capacity and growth rate. In terms of annual ring width patterns, this study provides an applicable approach to detecting effects of limited climatic conditions and life history strategies on herbaceous vegetation in the Loess Plateau.     

Can the restoration of natural vegetation be accelerated on the Chinese Loess Plateau? A study of the response of the leaf carbon isotope ratio of dominant species to changing soil carbon and nitrogen levels

For the heavily degraded ecosystem on the Chinese Loess Plateau, it would be of great significance if vegetation restoration could be accelerated anthropogenically. However, one major concern is that if the late successional species were planted or sown in degraded habitats, would they still be competitive in terms of some critical plant traits associated with specific habitats? Water use efficiency (WUE) is a major plant trait shaping the pattern of species turnover in vegetation secondary succession on the Loess Plateau. We hypothesized that if late successional stage plants could still hold a competitive advantage in terms of WUE, the prospects for an acceleration of succession by sowing these species in newly abandoned fields would be good. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the leaf C isotope ratio (δ¹³C) value (a surrogate of WUE) of dominant species from different successional stages at given soil C and N levels. Results indicated that leaf δ¹³C of the two dominant species that co-dominated in the second and third stages were significantly more positive than that of the dominant species from the first stage regardless of changing soil C and N. Yet the dominant species from the climax stage is a C₄ grass assumed to have the highest WUE. In addition, increasing soil nutrition had no effects on leaf δ¹³C of two dominant species in the late successional stage, indicating that dominant species from the late successional stages could still have a competitive advantage in terms of WUE in soil C- and N-poor habitats. Therefore, from the perspective of plant WUE, there are great opportunities for ecosystem restoration by sowing both dominant species and other species that co-occur in late successional stages in newly abandoned fields, for the purpose of enhancing species diversity and optimising species composition.     

黄土高原半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量与土壤干燥化效应的模拟

 黄土高原人工刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林地深层土壤干燥化现象普遍发生, 日益严峻地威胁着人工植被建设成效。分析和比较半干旱和半湿润地区刺槐林地生物量演变趋势、深层土壤干燥化发生规律和区域分布特征差异, 能够为黄土高原因地制宜地营造刺槐林提供科学依据。在WinEPIC模型气象、土壤和作物参数数据库组建与模拟精度验证的基础上, 应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了1957–2001年黄土高原半湿润地区洛川和长武、半干旱地区延安和固原等地1–45年生刺槐林地生物量演变规律和深层土壤干燥化效应。结果表明: 洛川、长武、延安和固原的刺槐林地连年净生产力模拟值在5–8年生时达到最大值后, 随着降水量年际波动呈现出明显的波动性降低趋势, 其平均值分别为5.33 × 10³、4.56 × 10³、4.03 × 10³和3.35 ×10³ kg·hm^–2·a^–1; 1–7年生刺槐林地年耗水量高于同期年降水量, 导致林地0–10 m土层土壤强烈干燥化, 洛川、长武、延安和固原刺槐林地年均土壤干燥化速率分别为164.3、165.7、187.1和190.0 mm·a^–1, 8–45年生刺槐林地有效含水量在0–250 mm的较低水平上随降水量变化而波动; 1–9年生刺槐林地0–10 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化剧烈, 土壤湿度逐年降低且土壤干层逐年加厚, 7–9年生时土壤干层厚度已经超过10 m, 8–45年生刺槐林地2–10 m土层土壤湿度保持相对稳定的干燥化状态; 洛川和长武刺槐林地水分生产力较高且相对稳定, 刺槐林地生长期可以超过45年; 而延安和固原刺槐林地水分生产力较低且稳定性差, 刺槐林稳定生长期不超过40年。     

A comparison of soil qualities of different revegetation types in the Loess Plateau, China

Serious soil erosion has resulted in widespread land degradation in the Loess Plateau of China. In the past two decades, great efforts have been made to restore degraded soil such as reconverting croplands into forestlands or grasslands. A comparison of soil qualities of different revegetation types has important implications in soil reclamation. Our study investigated the effect of different revegetation types on the physicochemical and microbial soil properties in the Loess Plateau, with the aim of determining which revegetation type has the best capacity for soil recovery. The vegetation types included two shrublands (Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides), two grasslands (Astragalus adsurgens and Panicum virgatum), and two species from croplands that were abandoned for natural recovery (Artemisia capillaries and Heteropappus altaicus). Among the plants studied, H. altaicus and A. capillaries had the highest values of soil organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P, moisture content, microbial biomass C (MBC), substrate-induced respiration, saccharase, urease, catalase, and peroxidase. Soil sampled from the A. adsurgens plot had the highest bulk density and microbial biomass N, and soil from the H. rhamnoides plot had the highest metabolic quotient (basal respiration/MBC). The soil quality index, which was obtained based on the available N, metabolic quotient, MBC, urease, polyphenol oxidase, and bulk density, shows that the abandoned cropland for natural recovery had the highest soil quality, followed by grassland, and then shrubland. Vegetation types affect the physicochemical and microbial properties of soils in arid climatic conditions. Abandoned cropland for natural recovery has the best capacity for improving soil quality in the Loess Plateau among all studied revegetation types. Our study suggests that in the Loess Plateau, natural recovery is the best choice for soil revegetation of sloping croplands.     

黄土丘陵区植被与地形特征对土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征的影响

研究黄土丘陵区植被与地形特征对土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征影响有助于深入理解黄土丘陵区不同植被带下土壤和土壤微生物相互作用及养分循环规律.选择黄土丘陵区延河流域3个植被区(森林区、森林草原区、草原区)和5种地形部位(阴/阳沟坡、阴/阳梁峁坡、峁顶)的土壤作为研究对象,利用生态化学计量学理论研究植被和地形对土壤和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征的影响.结果表明: 土壤及土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量在不同地形之间的差别主要表现在沟坡位置和阴坡高于其他坡位和阳坡.植被类型的变化对两个土层(0～10、10～20 cm)土壤和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响均达到显著水平,坡向对表层(0～10 cm)土壤和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响强于坡位,而在10～20 cm土层,坡位对土壤和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷影响更显著.植被类型显著影响土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P和土壤微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P,坡向和坡位仅影响土壤C∶P和N∶P,植被类型的变化是影响土壤C∶N的主要因素.同时,植被类型对土壤养分和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量特征的影响大于地形因子.标准化主轴分析结果表明,黄土丘陵区不同植被带土壤微生物具有内稳性,特别在草原带,土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量学特征具有更加严格的约束比例.在黄土丘陵区,土壤微生物生物量N∶P或许可以作为判断养分限制的另一个有力工具,若将土壤微生物生物量N∶P与植物叶片N∶P配合使用可能有助于我们更加精确地判断黄土丘陵区的土壤养分限制情况.