茶尺蠖人工饲料的研究

本报道饲养茶尺蠖(Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli)的5种人工饲料及其饲养方法．5种人工饲料均可用于大规模饲养一代幼虫．其中62号配方可用于续代饲养,在实验室内饲养5代的结果表明。效果良好．在饲料成分的加工．配制及饲养方法等方面．较前人有相当大的改进,因而叶因子用量减少,幼虫历期缩短．用人工饲料饲养的幼虫历期为13-20天。基本接近以茶叶饲养的对照(11—18天)．实验结果还表明饲料含水量．饲养方法．饲养密度和添加饲料的次数不同,对茶尺蠖的生长发育有明显的影响．初龄幼虫用平面培养基倒置饲养和高龄幼虫用片状饲料正置饲养为最佳方法．     

一种简单实用的人工营养液饲养豆蚜的方法

采用经修改的半纯人工饲料配制营养液及自制饲养装置来人工饲养豆蚜Aphis craccivoraKoch。实验结果表明,应用该营养液及自制饲养装置饲养豆蚜)存活率高,且操作简单、饲养装置、条件容易达到,能满足对蚜虫等同翅目昆虫生物测定的要求。     

大螟人工饲养技术的初步研究

利用大豆粉、玉米粉、麦胚和鲜茭白等成分配制了大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)的半合成人工饲料,利用该饲料配方,发展了大螟的长期、继代饲养技术,即初孵-2日龄幼虫在茭白上饲养,3日龄-化蛹在人工饲料上饲养。利用该方法连续饲养大螟3代,幼虫的发育历期、蛹重、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、卵孵化率和单雌产卵量等生活史参数与在天然饲料茭白上饲养的大螟相比,二者没有任何显著差异。而且利用该方法饲养,成本低、省工省力,能显著减少病原菌的感染。这说明该饲养技术适于大螟种群的长期、继代饲养。     

不同营养源添加的人工饲料对加州新小绥螨的生物学影响

【目的】加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus是世界范围内广泛分布的天敌捕食螨,对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae防效显著。2010年我国发现其本土品系,并已实现规模化饲养。但传统饲养方法成本较高,为降低生产成本,本研究开展了人工饲料的相关试验。【方法】本文对比了两种饲喂装置的饲养效果,采用3种营养源,以不同添加量配制8种人工饲料,饲喂加州新小绥螨,研究人工饲料对加州新小绥螨的生物学影响。【结果】采用渗透装置,饲喂添加20%柞蚕蛹血淋巴的人工饲料饲养效果较好,加州新小绥螨可以完成生长发育,并产卵,产卵量为7.0粒/雌。用人工饲料饲养雌成螨,其产卵量为27.1粒/雌。【结论】此研究结果对实现人工饲料规模化生产加州新小绥螨提供了重要信息。     

豇豆荚螟人工饲料的初步研究

本文以绿豆粉、长豇豆粉、酵母粉、多维葡萄糖、琼脂、山梨酸和甲醛为原料配制了6种人工饲料饲养豇豆荚螟Maruca testulalis Geyer,以改进其人工饲料的饲养效果。结果表明：以绿豆粉和长豇豆粉为主要原料配制的配方5和配方6饲养效果较好。尤其是配方6,豇豆荚螟的幼虫存活率和历期、蛹重和化蛹率、成虫羽化率与天然饲料饲养的豇豆荚螟相比没有差异,表明该人工饲料可用于室内人工饲养豇豆荚螟。     

棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料

用不同人工饲料连续饲养棉铃虫Heliothis armtgera;通过试验比较,设计和发展了适合于大量饲养棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料。与自然饲料相比,用这种人工饲料饲养的棉铃虫发育快、存活率高、蛹大、成虫产卵多。已经用紫云英-麦胚人工饲料连续饲养棉铃虫16代,各代幼虫的存活率在85—97%之间,成虫平均产卵1,000多粒,孵化率不低于70%。6龄幼虫对这种人工饲料的利用和转化效率分别是26.7%和65.0%。     

同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术

本文从人工饲料的组成与类型、饲养方法及饲养结果等方面总结了同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术的研究现状 ,并简要讨论了其存在的问题和改进方法。     

棉露尾甲在不同饲料上的生长发育及繁殖力比较

【目的】棉露尾甲Haptoncus luteolus Erichson是棉花和番荔枝科等植物上重要的传粉昆虫,研究其室内人工饲养技术对于开发其传粉价值和以其为对象进行转基因棉花安全性评价等方面具有重要意义。【方法】利用筛选的人工饲料和油菜花粉2种潜在的人工饲料,同时以天然饲料丝瓜花为对照,观察比较棉露尾甲初孵幼虫在3种饲料上的生长发育及羽化为成虫后的繁殖力差异。【结果】棉露尾甲初孵幼虫在3种饲料上发育至成虫的生存曲线无显著差异;与丝瓜花和油菜花粉相比,人工饲料饲养棉露尾甲的幼虫期缩短,蛹期延长;人工饲料饲养的雌成虫羽化后20d内累计产卵量显著高于丝瓜花和油菜花粉处理,且可以维持较长时间的单日高产卵量,从而显著提高繁殖力。【结论】人工饲料饲养的棉露尾甲生物学特征与丝瓜花饲养的相似,但繁殖力显著提高,可以利用人工饲料结合配套的饲养技术进行棉露尾甲的室内长期大量饲养。     

棉铃虫人工饲料的研究

为了实现棉铃虫病毒的全年生产和工厂化,人工饲料的研制极为重要。 国外有关棉铃虫人工饲料的报道较多,如Shcrey(1963)用半人工饲料(Bean diet)饲养棉夜蛾等。Falcon(1967)用人工饲料大量饲养美国棉铃虫进行颗粒体病毒的研究。但国内有关棉铃虫人工饲料的正式报道尚少。1974年以来,我们根据18种天然饲料喂养棉铃虫的试验结果,对棉铃虫(Heliothis armigcra)人工饲料进行了改进和研究,从37种配方中选出了原料来源广、成本较低、效果优于天然饲料的“3号饲料”配方。1977年10月以来,室内连续喂养棉铃虫24代,实验种群生长、发育、繁殖仍然正常。我们的饲养方法是:     

七星瓢虫的室内培养和生活史观察

七星瓢虫隶属昆虫纲、鞘翅目,在我国广泛分布。通过组织学生饲养可观察昆虫的完全变态,并能以此为材料学会制作完全变态的标本,从而激发学生对生命科学的兴趣。１　成虫的饲养在放有湿棉球的玻璃缸内加入捕到的成虫。玻璃缸放在光线较充足的地方（温度２０～２８℃;相对湿度７０％～８０％）,每日喂食２次。喂食时可将蚜虫连同少量寄主植物放入饲养缸内,以维持蚜虫的生活。若蚜虫不足,可用人工饲料替代。配制方法是将去掉结缔组织的新鲜猪肝∶蔗糖∶蜂蜜（５∶１∶１）混合,匀浆后离心（８０００ｒｐｍ）１０ｍｉｎ,上清液放入冰箱…     

Factitious prey and artificial diets for predatory lady beetles: current situation,obstacles, and approaches for improvement: a review

Predatory lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are important natural enemies of many pests in crop ecosystems throughout the world. Although several species are currently mass-reared and sold by biocontrol companies, there is an urgent need to reduce rearing costs. Cost-effective mass rearing of lady beetles involves the use of factitious prey/foods or artificial diets in lieu of natural prey. This review summarises the literature on the various kinds of factitious prey/foods and artificial diets as well as the feeding efficiency of predatory lady beetles. Factitious prey/foods generally satisfy the nutritional requirements for development of lady beetles, and lepidopteran immatures are the most widely used species. However, artificial diets, based on vertebrate protein and devoid of arthropod constituents, often yield disappointing results. We also highlight several successful examples and novel approaches for improving feeding efficiency. Moreover, available approaches and perspectives for speeding up the development and screening of cost-effective diets for mass rearing are stated in this review.     

二化螟人工饲料研究初报

在温度为(29±1)℃,相对湿度为80%~90%的条件下,分别以3种人工饲料和天然饲料(新鲜水稻茎杆)对二化螟Chilo suppressalisWalker进行连续继代饲养。结果表明,3种人工饲料饲养的二化螟幼虫的生长历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹期及羽化率等均与天然饲料的基本接近,而且这3种人工饲料配制简便、成本较低,也不易霉变,是3种较为理想的人工饲料。通过第2代和第3代的继代繁殖表明,3种人工饲料和天然饲料饲养的二化螟的发育情况都稍有下降,但3种人工饲料与天然饲料间不存在显著差异。     

Development and reproduction of Geocoris varius (Hemiptera: Geocoridae) on two types of artificial diet

Biological control using the polyphagous predator big-eyed bug Geocoris varius (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Geocoridae) is currently being investigated in Japan. However, the production costs of G. varius are relatively high because the eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) are used as the major food source for mass rearing. Development time and reproductive fitness were therefore examined for G. varius fed two types of artificial diet based on liver and ground pork. The diets were administered either by wrapping in Parafilm^® or by presenting the food in lyophilized form. The results were compared with those obtained by rearing G. varius on E. kuehniella eggs. Although development time of Geocoris varius fed the artificial diets was significantly delayed compared with G. varius fed on E. kuehniella eggs, delays are slight and not serious for mass rearing projects. The findings suggested that both artificial diets could be used to reduce the costs associated with mass rearing of G. varius.     

大蜡螟饲料配方的优化

大蜡螟Galleria mellonella L.广泛应用于昆虫生理生化、杀虫剂筛选和昆虫毒理学等多个领域,因此,选择物美价廉的饲料对其进行大规模饲养具有重要的现实意义。选取占饲料成本份额较高的奶粉和酵母粉作为研究对象,分5组配方进行大蜡螟的饲养实验。通过对每组各个历期和产卵数进行比较,获得了优化后的饲料配方:奶粉50g、酵母粉20g、面粉100g、麦麸100g、玉米粉100g、蜂蜡50g、蜂蜜50g及甘油60g;并首次比较了奶粉和酵母粉在大蜡螟发育过程中的作用,进而明确了酵母粉对大蜡螟幼虫期、蛹期的发育和繁殖能力具有重要的促进作用;而奶粉对幼虫期发育和繁殖能力具有促进作用,但作用小于酵母粉;同时两者与成虫的寿命无关。     

Rearing larval stages of Hippodamia variegata Goeze (Col.: Coccinellidae) on artificial diet

The ladybird Hippodamia variegata Goeze is a widespread species found in many parts of the world. It is an efficient predator which feeds on a wide range of pests, specially aphids and other sap feeders. Mass rearing of this predator, in order to use in biological control programmes, entails a great deal of difficulties, among which are the aspects associated with nutrition. Applying artificial diets is of a great importance in mass rearing of biological control agents. We investigated the use of 15 artificial diets that included three separated experiments, in order to rear larval stages of this ladybird. The survival rate and developmental time were assessed on each treatment. The survival rate of the larvae on best diet was 53.30, 93.33, and 93.33% in different experiments. The developmental time in the experiment 1, 2 and 3 for the larva fed on the Aphis fabae was 15.59, 15.51 and 15.94, respectively, but when nourished by the best artificial diets, this factor was 26.59, 26.60 and 20.59, respectively. Developmental time for the larvae fed on A. fabae was significantly shorter than developmental time of larvae on artificial diets. Our results showed that artificial diets have the capacity to support the larval development to adulthood.     

Benefits and limitations of factitious prey and artificial diets on life parameters of predatory beetles,bugs, and lacewings: a mini-review

The primary peer-reviewed literature pertaining to rearing of predatory beetles, true bugs, and lacewings was reviewed and synthesized. This study focused on the literature published from 1998 to 2007. Advances in rearing were revealed in relation to the influence of factitious prey and artificial diets on predator life parameters. Eggs of the Angoumois grain moth and Mediterranean flour moth were factitious prey that supported the development and reproduction of many species in lieu of natural prey. Artificial diets based on vertebrate protein were generally inferior to factitious prey for production of predators. A few exceptional cases demonstrated potential for continuous rearing of true bugs and lacewings on artificial diet, as a stand-alone food source. Factors that could ensure progressive rearing success might involve (1) exploiting the highly polyphagous nature of certain species, (2) exposing predators to artificial diet for multiple generations to incite adaptation, (3) formulating artificial diets to match the texture and chemical composition of preferred natural prey, and (4) encasing the diet within Parafilm^® to resemble the shape of natural prey. Encasement may also reduce desiccation and retard spoilage of the diet. Identification of other factitious prey and development of artificial diets that ensure production of predators of high quality should be possible. This review was conducted, for the most part, in support of generalist insect predators used, or having the potential to be used, in augmentative biological control of pests on plants in semi-closed systems, such as greenhouses and interiorscapes.     

二种改进人工饲料对红脉穗螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

在温度(29±1)℃和相对湿度75%±5%条件下,研究了2种改进人工饲料和天然饲料椰子幼果对红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena Walker生长发育、繁殖力和营养的影响。结果表明:与天然饲料相比,用改进人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟幼虫生长发育速度、幼虫存活率、蛹重及产卵量均提高;幼虫相对生长率(RGR)、食物利用率(ECI)及食物转化率(ECD)均显著提高,而相对取食量(RCR)则显著降低。表明红脉穗螟幼虫对2种人工饲料有很好的适应性,可用于大量饲养。     

冬虫夏草蝙蝠蛾人工饲养技术的初步研究

在人工饲养条件下 ,研究了不同温度条件对蝙蝠蛾Hepialusspp .卵及幼虫的影响和半人工饲料的饲喂效果。试验表明 ,卵在湿度适宜的情况下 ,以 1 5℃下的孵化率最高 ,为 86 75 %。用冷冻的方法可以将幼虫保存一定的时间 ,在低温条件下幼虫的抵抗能力变弱。在人工饲养 90d的时间内 ,对各试验组综合分析 ,初步确定 1号料较适合蝠蛾幼虫生长 ;在饲料中添加的 2种不同的防腐剂对幼虫体重的影响不显著     

Performance of the Wheat Armyworm, Pseudaletia sequax Franclemont, on Natural and Artificial Diets

Armyworms in the genus Pseudaletia Franclemont are important pests of cereal crops worldwide. The development of pest management strategies is largely dependent on studies involving the relationship among the pest, its host plants and natural enemies, as well as its susceptibility to chemical and biological control strategies. Part of these studies requires rearing the species of interest under laboratory conditions, which can be greatly facilitated by the use of artificial diets. In the present study, the effects of three artificial diets on development, survival, reproduction and demographic parameters of P. sequax were compared to a natural host plant, Pennisetum clandestinum. A diet based on pinto beans, wheat germ and torula yeast provided the best results in comparison to those obtained with the host plant. The most important life history parameters used in the evaluation of the nutritional quality of the diets were fecundity, egg viability and pupae deformities. The intrinsic rate of increase and the net reproductive rate were higher when individuals were fed on the artificial diet if compared to the host plant, indicating the suitability of the tested diet for the rearing of P. sequax. This artificial diet has been used successfully for the rearing of P. sequax without any fitness effect for over 18 consecutive generations.