同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术

本文从人工饲料的组成与类型、饲养方法及饲养结果等方面总结了同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术的研究现状 ,并简要讨论了其存在的问题和改进方法。     

家蚕人工饲料研究简介

1908年,Bog danow第一次成功地用肉汁、淀粉、蛋白胨及无机盐配制的人工饲料,饲养了黑颊丽蝇(Call phoravornitoria),拉开了昆虫人工饲料研究的序幕。植食性昆虫人工饲料的研究始于Bottger(1942)和Becks(1949)。家蚕(Bombyx mori)属寡食性昆虫,食料的取得自古以来就靠栽桑,用人工饲料养蚕早在1930年就曾有试验,直至1960年日本蚕丝试验场福田纪文首次全龄用人工饲料养蚕获得成功,开创了蚕丝业发展和研究的新领域。     

棉铃虫人工饲料概述

自 Bogdanow 1 90 8年首先发表了黑颊丽蝇 Vomitoria Calliphora的人工饲料配方以后 ,昆虫人工饲料的研究逐步发展起来。国外Singh等 [1] 曾收集了 1 0 0多种昆虫的饲料配方和饲养方法 ,国内忻介六等 [2 ,3]也对多种昆虫、螨类和蜘蛛的人工饲料进行论述。昆虫的人工饲料一般可分为 3种类型 ,即所有成分均为纯化学物质的全纯饲料 ,多数成分为纯化学物 ,另含一种或几种粗制动、植物材料的半纯饲料和主要由粗制动、植物材料组成的实用饲料 (又称半合成或半人工饲料 )。棉铃虫 H elicoverpa armigera(Hubner)是棉花生产的主要害虫。长期以…     

甜菜夜蛾人工饲料及饲养技术研究

研究了人工继代繁殖甜菜夜蛾饲料配方及饲养方法 ,测定了各虫态发育历期、幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、羽化率、蛹畸形率及不同世代蛹重。采用改进的饲料配方饲养的深圳种群 ,第 2代幼虫死亡率、化蛹率、蛹畸形率、羽化率分别为 7 8% ,97 3 % ,2 7%和 93 8% ,第 2 ,5 ,9,1 2代平均单头蛹重分别为 1 1 9 7± 1 6 1 ,98 3± 1 1 4,94 3± 1 2 6和 82 4± 9 6mg,平均单雌产卵量分别为 1 1 3 7 2± 63 3 ,684 5± 5 3 7,45 6 9± 40 2和 3 91 7± 45 6粒。人工饲养的甜菜夜蛾 ,卵、幼虫、蛹、雌性成虫的发育历期分别为 2 5～3 5 ,1 0～ 1 2 5 ,7～ 8 5和 8～ 1 4天 ,完成一个世代需要 2 1～ 2 5天。     

二化螟人工饲料研究初报

在温度为(29±1)℃,相对湿度为80%~90%的条件下,分别以3种人工饲料和天然饲料(新鲜水稻茎杆)对二化螟Chilo suppressalisWalker进行连续继代饲养。结果表明,3种人工饲料饲养的二化螟幼虫的生长历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹期及羽化率等均与天然饲料的基本接近,而且这3种人工饲料配制简便、成本较低,也不易霉变,是3种较为理想的人工饲料。通过第2代和第3代的继代繁殖表明,3种人工饲料和天然饲料饲养的二化螟的发育情况都稍有下降,但3种人工饲料与天然饲料间不存在显著差异。     

龟纹瓢虫的人工饲养及防治园林蚜虫试验初报

以黄粉虫为基础营养组分配制的人工饲料,能満足龟纹瓢虫幼虫和成虫生长发育需要,筛选的配方具有材料来源广泛、成本低等优点,但连续喂饲人工饲料3代,会导致幼虫历期、蛹历期延长,羽化率、成虫获得率、孵化率降低等现象,生产上应通过野化等措施加以解决。在野外释放人工饲料扩繁的龟纹瓢虫成虫以瓢蚜比1:1防治园林蚜虫,取得了良好效果,可以不用打药而能有效地控制蚜害。     

小菜粉蝶的人工饲料及饲养方法

<正> 小菜粉蝶Pieris rapae L.是我国重要的蔬菜害虫。多年来,在其农药筛选、抗药性和生物防治的研究中,用虫均来自田间。这些虫源往往受季节、施药及病源和寄生等因子的影响,     

蛇饲料及人工喂蛇方法研究初探

蛇饲料及人工喂蛇方法研究初探徐龙辉（广东省昆虫研究所广州５１０２６０）广东人对养蛇场归结了一句话：“十个蛇场九个亏”。可见养蛇之艰难。养蛇失败,究其原因主要有两条：一是收来的蛇多有内伤或经蛇仓、转运等周折而互传疾病,身体虚弱,到养蛇场以后便不断死亡。...     

草地贪夜蛾室内人工饲料群体饲养技术

制备和评价草地贪夜蛾的人工饲料配方,为草地贪夜蛾室内批量养殖和生物学研究奠定基础。以自制夜蛾饲料为基础配方(配方Ⅰ),设定3种不同配方(配方Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ)的人工饲料喂食草地贪夜蛾,在饲养条件为温度26℃±0.5℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h的养虫室中进行批量饲养,以成活率、历期和各龄期虫体重量作为评价指标,确定草地贪夜蛾饲养的最佳饲料配方。配置的4种饲料中,配方Ⅲ(黄豆粉125 g,玉米粉225 g,酵母粉40 g,琼脂30 g,干酪素20 g,胆固醇0.6 g,肌醇0.1 g,山梨酸6 g,氯化胆碱3 g,复合维生素7 g,对羟基本甲酸甲酯7.5 g和蒸馏水1500 mL)饲养草地贪夜蛾成活率最高83.3%,历期最短27.8 d,单雌产卵量最多452粒。常用的夜蛾饲料经改进后配制的饲料均可作为室内草地贪夜蛾的饲养,其中以配方Ⅲ饲料最适宜。     

橘小实蝇、瓜实蝇和南亚果实蝇人工饲料的优化

在温度25²8℃、相对湿度70%28℃、相对湿度70%⁷5%和光照周期L∶D=14∶10条件下进行了人工大量饲养橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)和瓜实蝇B.cucurbitae(Coquillett)成虫人工饲料配方的筛选试验。结果显示,1∶2重量比例混合的蔗糖和啤酒酵母是饲养这2种果实蝇的最佳成虫人工饲料,用其饲养的单雌产卵量、产卵期和孵化率分别为424.1675%和光照周期L∶D=14∶10条件下进行了人工大量饲养橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)和瓜实蝇B.cucurbitae(Coquillett)成虫人工饲料配方的筛选试验。结果显示,1∶2重量比例混合的蔗糖和啤酒酵母是饲养这2种果实蝇的最佳成虫人工饲料,用其饲养的单雌产卵量、产卵期和孵化率分别为424.16⁴45.75粒,30.90445.75粒,30.90³1.87 d,74.60%31.87 d,74.60%⁷5.40%。同时,对18种由不同配方配制成的幼虫人工饲料饲养橘小实蝇、瓜实蝇和南亚果实蝇B.tau(Walker)的效果进行了比较。结果表明,玉米和麦麸作为饲料的介质优于麦片和麦麸。橘小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的优化配方为:玉米+麦麸(125 g+25 g),蔗糖25 g,啤酒酵母25 g,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.9 g,1 mol/L盐酸4 mL,纸巾4 g,自来水300 mL;用其幼虫人工饲料饲养该虫的生物学参数包括子代孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率和平均蛹重分别为81.17%±0.05%,96.41%±0.02%,94.85%±0.01%与(19.40±0.08)mg。而瓜实蝇和南亚果实蝇幼虫人工饲料的优化配方为:玉米+麦麸(100 g+50 g),蔗糖30 g,啤酒酵母25 g,以及一定量的其他组分(同上);用其饲料饲养这2种果实蝇的相关参数:子代孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率和平均蛹重分别为78.50%±0.04%与76.96%±0.12%,95.73%±0.03%与94.69%±0.02%,94.57%±0.02%与95.82%±0.03%,(18.62±0.23)mg与(22.83±1.38)mg。试验证实,优化后的成、幼虫人工饲料具有饲养效果好、方法简便,配方材料来源广泛和价格低廉等优点,可用于室内人工大量饲养上述3种果实蝇属害虫。     

大螟人工饲养技术的初步研究

利用大豆粉、玉米粉、麦胚和鲜茭白等成分配制了大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)的半合成人工饲料,利用该饲料配方,发展了大螟的长期、继代饲养技术,即初孵-2日龄幼虫在茭白上饲养,3日龄-化蛹在人工饲料上饲养。利用该方法连续饲养大螟3代,幼虫的发育历期、蛹重、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、卵孵化率和单雌产卵量等生活史参数与在天然饲料茭白上饲养的大螟相比,二者没有任何显著差异。而且利用该方法饲养,成本低、省工省力,能显著减少病原菌的感染。这说明该饲养技术适于大螟种群的长期、继代饲养。     

A plastic container for rearing insects on artificial diets

Abstract

Entomology Division’s Insect Rearing Section, in Auckland, has developed an insect rearing container especially suited to use with artificial diets (Fig. 1).     

二化螟人工饲养技术

二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)是我国水稻上的重要害虫,为促进其防控技术研究,迫切需要建立二化螟标准化饲养技术。根据二化螟对关键营养成分的需求,研制了一种适合其生长发育、存活和繁殖的人工饲料配方,并发展了其长期、继代、规模化饲养的标准饲养技术。已用该饲料配方和饲养技术连续饲养二化螟69代,其适合度指标仍保持较高水平。该饲料配方和饲养技术适合二化螟的周年继代和规模化饲养,同时也为其它寡食性昆虫人工饲料的研制与开发提供借鉴和参考。     

Artifical diets and rearing of the nun moth, Lymantria monacha

Artificial diets were reviewed and two tested. The highest level of survival to the adult stage (72%) was obtained on a modified diet of Odell & Rollinson (1966). Rearing required 61 days for males and 70 days for females. Wing deformation occurred in 16% of the adults. The sex ratio ( : ) was 0.80. Average pupal weight was 281 mg for males and 368 mg for females. Females averaged 102 eggs (range 80–125 eggs). Neonates from field-collected egg masses started hatching on 6 December; frost was not necessary for hatching. Hatching could be postponed until at least 10 November of the following year by storing egg masses at-2°C. L. monacha can be maintained continuously in the laboratory.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine Massenvermehrung der Nonne, Lymantria monacha (L.), trat in 1984 auf 500 ha Pinus sylvestris bei Budelerbergen (S.O. der Niederlande) auf und betraf 1985 eine Fläche von 2800 ha. Obwohl die Vermehrung durch eine Luftapplikation mit Dimilin 25 bekämpft werden konnte, wurden Untersuchungen begonnen zur Entwicklung von für die Umwelt sicheren Bekämpfungsmethoden, besonders die Anwendung von Virosen. Das Ziel bestand in der Virusproduktion in künstlichen Raupenzuchten. Die Nonne wurde bisher mit verschiedenen für andere Insektenarten oder speziell für diesen Zweck entwickelten künstlichen Nährböden gezüchtet. Da die Zusammensetzung dieser Nährböden und die Zuchtmethoden nicht veröffentlicht waren und da wenige Details über die Raupenentwicklung vorlagen, wurden modifizierten Nährböden von McMorran sowie von Odell & Rollinson für die Massenzucht der Nonne geprüft.

     

黄曲条跳甲人工饲养技术改进

通过室内人工饲养建立实验种群,是开展黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)各种研究的基础,解决其幼虫阶段的人工饲养技术是建立其实验种群的关键。介绍经改进后的黄曲条跳甲室内人工饲养技术,该方法简单易行,可以方便地获取试虫的不同虫态;采用小菜苗法和萝卜薄片堆叠法室内饲养黄曲条跳甲幼虫,最高存活率可达90%以上。     

Host rearing is a bottleneck for classical biological control of the cherry bark tortrix: A comparative analysis of artificial diets

This paper describes a comparative analysis of the suitability of three artificial diets for the development of the cherry bark tortrix (CBT), Enarmonia formosana Scopoli (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to simplify the rearing process for this species and its potential classical biological control agents. The three diets tested included (1) a pinto bean-based diet modified specifically for the CBT, (2) the diet for codling moth, Cydia pomonella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and (3) the Singh general-purpose diet. Survival from first instar to the pupal stage was very low on the pinto bean, codling moth, and Singh general-purpose diets (29, 0, and 0%, respectively). Survival was consistently greater, yet still low, for larvae that were reared through the first instar on bark and subsequently transferred to the codling moth or Singh general-purpose diets (5 and 32%, respectively). In comparison, larvae started on the pinto bean diet as second instars had a survival rate of 90%, only slightly below that of sibling larvae from the cherry bark control group (100%). Larval development time was fastest on cherry bark (36±2?days), differing significantly from that on the pinto bean diet (started as first instars: 58±2?days; started as second instars: 46±2?days), but not from the development time of larvae on the Singh general-purpose diet (44±3?days). Pupal weights were greatest for specimens from the Singh general-purpose diet (14.9±0.5?mg) and lowest for those from the pinto bean diet (started as first instar: 12.3±0.6?mg; started as second instar: 12.1±0.4?mg). Pupal weights from cherry bark were intermediate (13.5±0.6?mg). Early mortality, resulting primarily from rejection of the diet, remains to be the critical impediment in CBT rearing. It is therefore suggested that a phagostimulant from cherry bark be identified and included in an artificial diet shown to be nutritionally suitable, such as the Singh general-purpose diet or the pinto bean diet.     

Continuous rearing of the maize stem borerBusseola fusca on an artificial diet

Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of maize and sorghum in many countries of tropical Africa. Hitherto, research on this important pest has been hampered by the occurrence of a six-month long diapause in the last larval stage and the lack of an artificial diet for rearing the insect in the laboratory. Incorporating 4 to 8-week-old sorghum powder in a nutritionally adequate diet and rearing larvae individually in vials at ambient laboratory conditions (25–30°C, 50–80% r.h., and L12: D12) have made it possible to rear 15 successive non-diapausing generations ofB. fusca capable of producing between 35 to 40 healthy pupae/litre of diet and upto 70% pupation without loss of vigour or reproductive capacity. Five to six generations were completed per year and the overall mean developmental period (egg-egg) was 68 days (egg 6, larval 45, pre-pupal 1, pupal 14 and pre-oviposition 2 days). Larval period lasted 70 days in the first generation compared to 32.3 days in the fifteenth generation. Average fecundity increased from 158.0 to 394.6 eggs per female with a concomitant increase of egg hatch from 44.8 to 79.6% in the first and fifteenth generation, respectively.     

卵形刺甲的生物学和人工饲养

对卵形刺甲Platyscelis obvatus sp.nov.Ren的生物学和人工饲养进行初步研究。结果表明,该虫3年发生1代,世代重叠明显,3月上旬至5月下旬产卵,卵期20~45d,以幼虫和成虫越冬;人工饲养易于进行,可选用麦麸为其主要饲料成分,对于幼虫的饲料加入适量的酵母可收到良好的效果;成虫产卵量受性别比例影响明显,高比例的雄虫可显著提高产卵量;幼虫的生长与虫口密度密切相关,过高或过低皆不利于幼虫的生长。