丝状真菌的顶端生长及与细胞壁关系研究进展

丝状真菌菌丝的生长,与其它植物极性细胞（如花粉管、根毛等）生长一样,以细胞的顶端生长为特征（17,’7）,其生长仅限十菌丝顶端的穹窿区域,在直径均匀的后部管状区域则几乎不再伸长。菌丝的顶端生长方式在一个世纪前已被发现（”）,随后的研究对此进行了进一步阐述,指出菌丝的生长速率在顶端最大,距顶lpm处壁的合成速率可能是50Pm处的50倍（12）,而在伸长区的基部,生长速率可能降为零（’7〕。菌丝的顶端生长是多种因素造成的,包括泡囊、肌动蛋白、膨压、细胞壁等（12）,其中最主要的影响来自于菌丝细胞壁。菌丝细胞壁的成分…     

同步糖化发酵菊芋生产酒精

以黑曲霉A-15形成的菌丝球作为载体对酿酒酵母C-15进行固定化,研究各种因素对黑曲霉A-15菌丝球吸附率的影响。结果表明:在40℃、80 r/min、菌种个数混合比例为1∶10时,菌丝球对酵母的吸附可达到66.9%;以菊粉为底物,利用混合菌丝球进行同步糖化与发酵,30℃发酵48 h,发酵醪酒精体积分数达到12.8%,并且混合菌丝球可以耐受19%的酒精。     

氮源浓度对平菇菌丝生长和子实体形成的影响

本文报道了合成培养基中不同氮素水平对平菇菌丝生长和子实体原基产生的影响。平菇菌丝对基质中氮含量的要求较宽。在０．０２８－０．０９３％范围内生长都良好;但缺氮时严重抑制生长,菌丝也不发生扭结。实验结果还表明,硫胺素可能对氮素利用有促进作用,较高的起始氮浓度（０．０４７－０．０９３％）有利于子实体原基的形成。     

抗生素

研究了由产黄青霉菌PQ一96菌株,用L- (1一14~C),撷氨酸(1.75GBq/ mmol)生产放射活性青霉素G。由原生质体分离的泡囊所产生的青霉素G的放射比活性为1.45G-Bq/mmol,用藻酸钙凝胶固定的泡囊合成的青霉素G的放射比活性为1.48GBq/mm。     

Ap、Km和Cm抗性细菌在土壤中的差异分布及成因

从不同区域土壤中分离细菌：对其进行氨苄青碡素、卡那霉素和氯霉素的抗性测试,以及抗药性质粒分析。结果表明,对照区和生活区土壤细菌抗氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素菌株比例未见显著性差异,未检出抗氯霉素细菌。保护区中抗氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素菌株含质粒比例均为18.2％,生活区中抗氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素菌株含质粒比例分别为36.4％和27．3％。随机抽提质粒转化无抗忡菌,表明部分抗菌素抗性基因是由质粒携带。实验结果认为本地土壤中抗菌素抗性菌分布差异尚未有显著性表现。     

木耳菌丝老化过程的微形态学研究

分别从显微和超微结构观察木耳菌种老化过程中菌丝细胞的形态变化。结果显示：接种后30d时,光镜下观察到菌丝结构均匀紧凑,细胞壁光滑;电镜下观察到细胞结构完整,内含物丰富,各种细胞器形态规整,没有老化现象。接种后60d时,光镜下菌丝部分肿胀,色泽加深;电镜下细胞壁疏松,线粒体和液泡肿大,细胞核不规则肿胀,核仁消失,脂肪滴和囊泡增多,并有少量电子致密度高的嗜锇性黑色颗粒状物质出现,表明菌丝开始老化。90d时,光镜下部分菌丝严重肿胀,且色泽更深;电镜下线粒体和液泡肿胀明显,部分细胞核破裂,脂肪滴、囊泡和电子致密度高的嗜锇性黑色颗粒状物质显著增多,细胞壁更加疏松。120d时,光镜下许多菌丝开始断裂,色泽进一步加深;电镜下细胞壁塌陷,膜系统也随之解体,线粒体等细胞器部分溶解消失。150d时,光镜下大部分菌丝完全断裂,并失去菌丝形态;电镜下细胞膜及其内含物已基本消失,只剩部分严重塌陷的细胞壁残骸。由此表明,木耳菌丝的老化是一个由个别向整体逐渐过渡的不可逆的过程。     

抗病品种中小麦条锈菌细胞的超微结构变化过程

本文就寄主抗病性表达过程中,小麦条锈菌细胞的超微结构变化进行了系统地观察研究。结果表明:胞间菌丝的细胞壁染色逐渐加深,厚度加宽,结构疏松,形成小空洞,并逐渐解体;细胞质逐渐凝聚、脂肪粒的数量增多、有黑色颗粒状沉积物积累;细胞质中小囊泡数目增多并逐渐融合成大液泡,线粒体数目增多,并逐渐肿胀和解体。次生吸器畸形,初生吸器体呈圆球形。吸器壁加厚,染色加深;在吸器的中央,细胞质逐渐分解而形成空泡;线粒体数目增多,并逐渐肿胀和解体;吸器外质膜呈皱褶状,吸器外间质加宽,其中有大量的丝状或颗粒状内含物形成;吸器形态结构的变化均早于其胞间菌丝。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对杨树水泡溃疡病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用

测定了枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2菌株对杨树水泡溃疡病菌菌丝生长的影响,发现BS-2菌株能够抑制病菌菌丝的生长,并导致菌丝形态畸变,表现为菌丝伸长生长受抑制、扭曲、原生质浓缩、局部膨大成球形或椭圆形以及菌丝断裂和菌丝细胞变成空泡等。BS-2发酵液对病菌菌丝生长也有明显的抑制作用,培养时间越长,其培养液的抑菌作用越强;在不同培养基中获得的发酵液对病菌的抑制效果不同。     

四种羊肚菌在固体发酵条件下的菌丝生物量和降解淀粉作用

本文对4种羊肚菌在固体发酵条件下的菌丝生物量和降解淀粉作用进行了研究,结果表明：羊肚菌(Morchella esculenta)、尖顶羊肚菌(M conica)、黑脉羊肚菌(M angusticeps)和皱柄羊肚菌(M. crassipes)在玉米粉培养基或马铃薯粉培养基上进行固体发酵时,菌丝生物量之间无显著差异;但a-淀粉酶活力、淀粉降解率差异显著。4种羊肚菌中,尖顶羊肚菌的降解淀粉能力最强。在培养基中添加Ca²⁺和氮源以及将发酵时间从15天延长到25天均能显著提高羊肚菌的菌丝生物量、a-淀粉酶活力和淀粉降解率。在添加10％黄豆粉、0.1％Ca(Cl)₂25℃发酵25天的玉米粉和马铃薯粉的发酵产物中,尖顶羊肚菌对玉米淀粉的降解率可达到74.2％,对马铃薯淀粉的降解率可达到79.8％。     

银鲫受精卵中卵黄粒和线粒体的超微结构变化

电镜观察到雌性银鲫肝脏中正在形成的卵黄物质具有晶形主体结构,银鲫卵的卵黄粒内无晶形主体,第一次卵裂前的受精卵卵黄粒内有两种形式的空泡。一种是一些中空的小空泡;另一种是一个大的空泡,泡内含有线粒体和颗粒状的核糖体,泡的边缘有片层状的类脂物。受精卵中的线粒体内部结构多样,有些含有颗粒状物,有些含有片层状的类脂物。     

菜青虫感染蜡蚧轮枝菌后的组织病理变化

对感病菜青虫Pieris rapae组织切片的观察研究表明, 蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticillium lecanii主要通过昆虫的体壁侵染虫体。菜青虫各龄幼虫在体壁接菌12 h后,附着在虫体表面的孢子即可萌发。2～3龄幼虫,蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝24 h就可穿透体壁进入血腔,48 h可见脂肪体等器官发生病变; 4～5龄幼虫,36 h菌丝才可穿透体壁,48 h可见虫体内有部分菌丝体。侵入虫体内的菌丝对寄生组织没有选择性。菌丝首先在入侵的血腔中生长,然后侵入脂肪体和肌肉,随菌丝在虫体内的增殖,中肠、马氏管、丝腺等相继被侵染。受侵的组织器管均发生明显的病变,如体壁分离,脂肪体变形、溶解,肌纤维排列松散,中肠上皮细胞脱落并出现许多空泡等。     

Electron microscopic study of active and inactive variants of Proactinomyces (Nocardia) mediterranei, a producer of rifamycin B

Four mutants of Proactinomyces (Nocardia) mediterranei, an organism producing rifamycin B were subjected to electron microscopic investigation. The mutants differed in the biosynthetic activity. The investigation showed correlation between the length of the hyphal fragments of the over-substrate mycelium and the level of the organism activity. The study of the fine structure of the mycelium revealed changes in the structure of the cell wall, character of the nuclear material and hyphae vacuolization.     

Autolytic enzymes in hyphae of Aspergillus nidulans: their action on old and newly formed walls.

Walls, purified from hyphae of the ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans, autolyzed on incubation and liberated glucose, mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and soluble oligosaccharides. Digestion proceeded at linear rates until approximately 3% of the wall polymers had been hydrolyzed and then slowed markedly. The change in the rate of autolysis was not due to loss of enzyme activity but was caused by the disappearance of a fraction of the wall which was highly susceptible to digestion. Radioactive labeling showed that this fraction was the newly formed wall. The new wall was highly susceptible to enzyme action both when it was deposited at the apex in growing hyphae or when deposited laterally in hyphae treated with cycloheximide. The relations between wall modification and apical growth are discussed.     

Gravitropism of the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes: morphological and physiological aspects of the graviresponse

The fruiting body of the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes shows a distinct negative gravitropic response. Maturing fruiting bodies in the rapid elongation phase become graviresponsive with basidiospore differentiation. Lateral gravistimulation by horizontal arrangement of the fruiting body results in unilateral growth regulation. Elongation in the upper Stipe side decreases to 40% during gravitropic reorientation of the fruiting body. Overshooting of the gravitropic response during reorientation is precisely regulated. The graviresponsiveness is concentrated to the apical area of the stipe, the transition zone between pileus and stipe, which features a prominent elongation capability. The small size and low vacuolization of the transition zone hyphae compared with differentiated basal stipe hyphae correspond with this physiological function on the light and electron microscopical levels. Curvature experiments using intact and explanted fruiting bodies demonstrated the graviperceptive role of the transition zone. The excision of various amounts of pilear tissue, even the disruption of the whole pileus, had no severe effect on gravitropic curvature, until the transition zone was damaged. Removal of the transition zone resulted in a dramatic loss of graviresponse, whereas the decrease of elongation was less drastic.     

Alcohol-induced vacuolization in bone marrow cells: ultrastructure and mechanism of formation

Vacuolization has been known for two decades to occur in the cytoplasm and over the nuclei of the erythroid and myeloid precursors in bone marrows of patients with acute alcoholism. Electron microscopic examination of the marrows from four acute alcohol-intoxicated subjects disclosed that the vacuoles are present only in the cytoplasm and free of organized structure. Surface invagination of the cell membrane of erythroblasts leads to endocytosis and consequent vacuole formation. Cytoplasmic vacuolization of bone marrow cells was reproduced in vitro in 8 of 12 bone marrows from normal individuals when incubated for 6 hours or more in nutrient medium containing alcohol. The critical alcohol concentration for vacuolization was 62.5 mg/dl. The proportion of cells developing vacuoles appeared to correlate with the concentration of alcohol particularly above levels of 250 mg/dl.     

营养液强度对AM真菌生长发育的影响*

研究了在贫营养基质中不同强度Hoagland营养液对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae, M)真菌Glomus versiforme生长发育的影响。结果表明:本试验条件下,菌根侵染率、菌丝量、孢子数间呈显著正相关。在施加5%~50%强度Hoagland营养液时, 菌根真菌的生长与宿主植物高粱根中磷浓度、可溶性糖浓度密切相关,而与氮浓度无显著相关。由此认为:在盆栽生产菌根菌剂时,基质中存在一个临界磷浓度,在这个临界浓度之下,菌根真菌的生长发育随磷浓度的提高而增长,超过该临界浓度则会随磷浓度的提高而下降。施用20%、50%强度Hoagland营养液对菌根真菌生长最为有利,其菌根侵染率、菌丝量、孢子数均高于其它处理,因此认为:宿主植物—菌根真菌之间共生关系的基础是营养条件,基质中养分的高低会影响互惠共生关系的建立和发展。在高质量菌剂生产中, 菌根共生体双方的生长发育完全可以由人工控制。施加营养液是一种有效的调控手段,有可能使共生平衡向有利于菌根真菌生长发育的方向倾斜,使真菌得到最大程度的生长。     

白色念珠菌对人口腔黏膜上皮角质细胞凋亡和增殖的影响

目的:探索白色念珠菌对人口腔黏膜上皮角质细胞(KB细胞)凋亡和增殖的影响。方法:分别培养孢子型白色念珠菌和菌丝型白色念珠菌,取健康志愿者的颊粘膜制备KB细胞,分别加入孢子型白色念珠菌(孢子组)和菌丝型白色念珠菌(菌丝组),另外取单纯KB细胞作为对照组。对比分析各组细胞凋亡率及各个周期的细胞数,统计分析各组细胞增殖指数(PI)。结果:菌丝组凋亡率显著高于对照组及孢子组(P0.05);菌丝组在G0/G1期的细胞比例均显著低于对照组及孢子组(P0.05);菌丝组在S期和G2/M期的细胞比例均显著高于对照组及孢子组(P0.05);菌丝组的PI显著高于孢子组和对照组(P0.05)。结论:菌丝型白色念珠菌可诱导KB细胞凋亡率的上升及改变KB细胞周期变化,并引起KB细胞的PI升高,对于临床上治疗口腔念珠菌病具有重要的指导意义。     

大白口蘑菌株"厦3"的分离驯化研究

采用菌柄组织分离,从野生大白口蘑获得菌株“厦3”,经转管驯化后,在适宜温度下,菌丝满管时间从32d左右缩短到15d左右。以棉籽壳基质的菌丝长速最快,沟叶结缕草基质次之,杂木屑基质最慢;经覆土袋栽,沟叶结缕草基质的生物效率（155.8%）高于木屑基质（80.1%）,增产94.5%。脱袋栽,在草料上的生物效率达123.9％。     

西瓜小孢子发育过程中几种细胞器的变化

用透射电子显微镜观察了西瓜（Ｃｉｔｒｕｌｌｕｓ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ Ｓｃｈｒａｄ．）小孢子发育过程中核糖体、线粒体、质体、内质网、高尔基体等细胞器的变化。核糖体和线粒体变化都有明显的规律性：核糖体密度在四分体时期高,液泡化时期降低,液泡化结束后再回升;线粒体经历一个脱分化与再分化周期,液泡化时期该细胞器数量及其内嵴数目减少而脱分化,液泡化结束后形状多样化、内嵴重新增多而再分化;质体结构不变,但体积变