应用5.8S rDNA及ITS区序列分析链格孢种级分类*

对9个链格孢小孢子种和3个大孢子种共20个链格孢菌株的5.8S rDNA及其两侧的ITS1区和ITS2区进行了序列分析。聚类分析结果表明形态差异大的种可以明确加以区分,而供试的9个小孢子种之间差异很小,不能根据对所选区段的序列分析加以区分。传统分类上的滨菊链格孢不属于Alternaria, 其分类地位需进一步研究。     

应用5.8S rDNA及ITS区序列分析链格孢种级分类

对9个链格孢小孢子种和3个大孢子种共20个链格孢菌株的5.8S rDNA及其两侧的ITS1区和ITS2区进行了序列分析。聚类分析结果表明形态差异大的种可以明确加以区分,而供试的9个小孢子种之间差异很小,不能根据对所选区段的序列分析加以区分。传统分类上的滨菊链格孢不属于Alternaria, 其分类地位需进一步研究。     

应用5．8SrDNA及ITS区序列分析链格孢种级分类

对9个链格孢小孢子种和3个大孢子种共20个链格孢菌株的5．8SrDNA及其两侧的ITS1区和ITS2区进行了序列分析。聚类分析结果表明形态差异大的种可以明确加以区分,而供试的9个小孢子种之间差异很小,不能根据对所选区段的序列分析加以区分,传统分类上的滨菊链格孢不属于Alternaria,其分类地位需进一步研究。     

小孢子链格孢OPA2-1核苷酸序列分析及系统发育研究

本研究采用引物对OPA2-1L/OPA2-1R对供试小孢子链格孢菌株OPA2-1区段进行扩增,所有菌株都可获得PCR产物。核苷酸序列分析表明:不同小孢子链格孢种OPA2-1核苷酸序列存在明显差异。利用邻近结合法构建系统发育树,供试菌株被分为8个组,梨黑斑链格孢Alternaria gaisen、长柄链格孢A.longipes、树状链格孢A.arborescens明显被归于不同分支,显示OPA2-1核苷酸序列对这些种均具有区分能力;链格孢A.alternata的一些不同分离物被聚在不同组中,说明链格孢A.alternata存在明显遗传差异,可能为一个复合体。OPA2-1核苷酸序列富于变化,可作为小孢子链格孢系统发育研究的一种有用的手段。     

小孢子链格孢endoPG基因核苷酸序列分析及系统发育研究

对供试小孢子链格孢菌株的内聚半乳糖醛酸酶(endoPG)基因进行扩增,大部分菌株都可获得PCR产物。核苷酸和氨基酸序列比较表明:不同种小孢子链格孢endoPG基因核苷酸序列存在明显差异,甚至表现在氨基酸水平,这些差异可以作为一些种如梨黑斑链格孢、长柄链格孢区分的分子性状。利用邻近结合法构建系统发育树,所有菌株被分为8个聚类组。在系统发育树上,链格孢的一些不同分离物被聚在不同组中,而细极链格孢、链格孢的部分菌株、苹果链格孢、柑橘链格孢、粗柠檬褐斑链格孢、橘树链格孢被聚为一组,显示根据形态学特征划分的这些种与分子性状的不一致性。endoPG基因核苷酸序列富于变化,为小孢子链格孢系统发育研究提供了一种有用的手段。     

小孢子链格孢endoPG基因核苷酸序列分析及系统发育研究

对供试小孢子链格孢菌株的内聚半乳糖醛酸酶(endoPG)基因进行扩增,大部分菌株都可获得PCR产物。核苷酸和氨基酸序列比较表明:不同种小孢子链格孢endoPG基因核苷酸序列存在明显差异,甚至表现在氨基酸水平,这些差异可以作为一些种如梨黑斑链格孢、长柄链格孢区分的分子性状。利用邻近结合法构建系统发育树,所有菌株被分为8个聚类组。在系统发育树上,链格孢的一些不同分离物被聚在不同组中,而细极链格孢、链格孢的部分菌株、苹果链格孢、柑橘链格孢、粗柠檬褐斑链格孢、橘树链格孢被聚为一组,显示根据形态学特征划分的这些种与分子性状的不一致性。endoPG基因核苷酸序列富于变化,为小孢子链格孢系统发育研究提供了一种有用的手段。     

青海地区萝卜黑心病病原

2018-2021年自青海西宁及其周边地区采集萝卜黑心病样品66份,采用组织分离法对样品进行分离并纯化,获得80株轮枝菌属菌株,编号为VL1-VL80。供试菌株在PDA上生长十分缓慢,培养后产生微菌核和轮枝状分生孢子梗。微菌核不规则形,53.91-164.42×8.91-29.81 μm,平均长宽比大于2。分生孢子透明且较长,5.35-9.31×2.12-4.78 μm,不产生厚垣孢子和休眠菌丝。ITS和ACT序列测定分析表明,供试菌株均属于长孢轮枝菌A1/D1株系。测定4株代表性菌株的ITS、ACT、EF、GPD、OX和TS的片段序列,分别构建ITS片段和多基因系统发育树,ITS发育树表明供试菌株与长孢轮枝菌位于同一个分支,多基因系统发育分析表明供试菌株与长孢轮枝菌A1和D1株系位于同一个分支。致病性测定结果表明,可侵染萝卜引起黑心病症状。以上研究结果表明,青海地区萝卜黑心病菌病原为长孢轮枝菌A1/D1株系,这是我国首次报道长孢轮枝菌A1/D1株系。     

白菜种传黑斑病菌rDNA ITS区序列分析

本文以来自国内外的20株白菜黑斑病菌及近源种为研究材料,进行了5.8SrDNA及其侧翼ITS区的克隆、测序、序列变异及遗传进化关系分析。黑斑病菌及其近源种真菌核糖体5.8SrDNA及其侧翼ITS区序列比对结果显示,不同种菌株ITS1比ITS2在碱基构成上有更大变异,而且ITS1的序列长度变异比ITS2的大;而种内虽然各菌株的寄主和地理来源不同,但ITS1和ITS2在长度上均没有变异,碱基构成上存在微小的变异。对该区序列的聚类分析表明,白菜黑斑病菌3个种芸薹链格孢Alternariabrassicae、甘蓝链格孢A.brassicicola和萝卜链格孢A.japonica虽然地理来源和寄主不同,但种内的不同菌株均在一个独立的聚类组中,种之间以及其和链格孢属内其它种在聚类关系上能明显分开,可基于该区进行黑斑病菌的分类鉴定。     

套袋苹果褐点病菌分类鉴定及致病性

2011和2012年山东栖霞、蓬莱、沂源等地套袋苹果果实出现了一种红褐色病斑。从病斑上分离获得两株枝顶孢属Acremonium真菌,其中一株产生头状排列的分生孢子,另一株产生链状排列的分生孢子。2个菌株都能从伤口侵染近成熟期的苹果果实,导致果肉细胞坏死,表面凹陷,形成红褐色坏死斑。2个菌株都不能侵染无伤果实。2个菌株的ITS、β-微管蛋白基因、核糖体大亚基（nucLSU）和小亚基（nucSSU）的DNA序列完全相同。依椐两个菌株的ITS和nucLSU的DNA序列和形态特征,将2个菌株鉴定为菌核生枝顶孢Acremonium sclerotigenum。A. sclerotigenum是一种机会真菌,条件适宜时可侵染套袋的苹果果实,导致褐色坏死病斑,称之为枝顶孢褐点病。     

武汉梅花炭疽病病菌的多样性研究

炭疽病是梅花（Prunus mume）栽培中的重要病害,对梅花的栽培构成严重威胁。本研究从武汉发病的梅花叶片样品上分离、获得了170个炭疽病菌菌株,它们在形态特征、致病性、分子遗传水平等方面都表现出较大的差异。按菌落形态、色素分泌、拟菌核产生、分生孢子及孢子梗形态和大小等形态特征将梅树炭疽病菌分为7种类型,其中Ⅵ型和Ⅶ型菌株在PDA培养基上可以连续产生大量的有性后代。7种类型的菌株只能侵染梅花、樱树、梨树、苹果、桃树、杏树等蔷薇科园艺植物,并且存在着明显的致病力分化,但不侵染吉祥草、柑桔、大叶黄杨、豇豆、紫荆、高粱等供试的其它科植物。依据致病力可将梅树炭疽病菌分为强、中、弱3类。ITS序列表明它们均属于胶孢炭疽（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides）。对其中7种类型36个梅树炭疽病菌菌株的进行了RAPD聚类分析,在55%相似水平上,供试菌株可以分为3组,所聚类群与形态学类型和致病力分化所形成的强、中、弱3类没有明显的相关性。表明梅花炭疽病菌菌株间存在丰富的遗传多样性。     

Comparative geno-plasticity analysis of Mycoplasma bovis HB0801 (Chinese isolate)

Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in cattle has been epidemic in China since 2008. To investigate M. bovis pathogenesis, we completed genome sequencing of strain HB0801 isolated from a lesioned bovine lung from Hubei, China. The genomic plasticity was determined by comparing HB0801 with M. bovis strain ATCC? 25523?/PG45 from cow mastitis milk, Chinese strain Hubei-1 from lesioned lung tissue, and 16 other Mycoplasmas species. Compared to PG45, the genome size of HB0801 was reduced by 11.7 kb. Furthermore, a large chromosome inversion (580 kb) was confirmed in all Chinese isolates including HB0801, HB1007, a strain from cow mastitis milk, and Hubei-1. In addition, the variable surface lipoproteins (vsp) gene cluster existed in HB0801, but contained less than half of the genes, and had poor identity to that in PG45, but they had conserved structures. Further inter-strain comparisons revealed other mechanisms of gene acquisition and loss in HB0801 that primarily involved insertion sequence (IS) elements, integrative conjugative element, restriction and modification systems, and some lipoproteins and transmembrane proteins. Subsequently, PG45 and HB0801 virulence in cattle was compared. Results indicated that both strains were pathogenic to cattle. The scores of gross pathological assessment for the control group, and the PG45- and HB0801-infected groups were 3, 13 and 9, respectively. Meanwhile the scores of lung lesion for these three groups were 36, 70, and 69, respectively. In addition, immunohistochemistry detection demonstrated that both strains were similarly distributed in lungs and lymph nodes. Although PG45 showed slightly higher virulence in calves than HB0801, there was no statistical difference between the strains (P>0.05). Compared to Hubei-1, a total of 122 SNP loci were disclosed in HB0801. In conclusion, although genomic plasticity was thought to be an evolutionary advantage, it did not apparently affect virulence of M. bovis strains in cattle.     

我国猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NT0901分离株分子特征

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)是目前引起国内外养猪业严重经济损失的重要病原之一,病毒基因和毒力变异较大。PRRSV NT0801株分离自我国发病猪群,毒力较强,但NSP2基因不存在高致病性PRRSV 30个氨基酸的缺失。为了进一步阐明该分离株的分子特征,本研究对该毒株全基因序列进行了测定和分析,结果该毒株基因组全长15 439 bp,其中包含29 nt Poly(A)。与高致病性PRRSV毒株JXA1比较,核酸序列同源性为96.7%,推导的GP3和GP5氨基酸序列同源性分别为97.2%和98.5%,但NSP2基因无30个氨基酸的缺失;与传统型毒株ch-1a比较,推导的GP3和GP5氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.9%和91.5%;基因进化树分析结果显示其介于高致病性和传统PRRSV毒株之间。与其它不同毒力PRRSV分离株基因序列比较,未发现明显重组信号。不同毒力毒株氨基酸残基比对分析结果显示,15个位点潜在毒力相关氨基酸残基中,该毒株有9个与高致病性PRRSV毒株一致,3个与高致病性PRRSV毒株不同,但与传统型和JXA1疫苗株相同,1个位点只与JXA1疫苗株相同,2个与其它毒株都不相同。表明该分离株与高致病性PRRSV密切相关,PRRSV流行毒株变异与基因突变有关,从而为该病毒毒力基因定位研究奠定了基础。     

The Bw4/Bw6 difference between HLA-B*0802 and HLA-B*0801 changes the peptides endogenously bound and the stimulation of alloreactive T cells

 HLA-B^*0801 is unique among HLA-B allotypes in having dominant amino acid anchors at positions 3 and 5 of the peptide-binding motif. HLA-B^*0802 is a variant of HLA-B^*0801 in which the Bw6 sequence motif is replaced by a Bw4 sequence motif. This change, involving substitutions at positions 77, 80, 81, 82, and 83 of the B^*08 heavy chain, is probably the result of a single evolutionary event of interallelic conversion. Moreover, the difference between B^*0802 and B^*0801 is sufficient to stimulate a cytotoxic T-cell response. To assess further the functional impact of the Bw4 motif on a B8 background, we compared the peptide-binding specificity of the B^*0801 and B^*0802 allotypes by sequencing the mixture of peptides endogenously bound to B^*0802 and 12 individual peptides purified from that mixture. The HLA-B^*0802 allotype, while able to bind some peptides bound by B^*0801, has a broader repertoire of endogenously bound peptides than B^*0801: the peptides bound by B^*0802 are more variable in length and exhibit greater diversity in the carboxyl-terminal amino acid which interacts with the F pocket. Received: 29 October 1997     

拮抗植物病原真菌链霉菌菌株ZH-356的鉴定及其生防评价

[目的]对实验室分离到的菌株ZH-356进行鉴定并评价其对植物病原真菌的生物防治效果,为研发针对植物真菌病害的生防菌剂提供理论指导。[方法]通过平板对峙法确定菌株ZH-356抗菌谱,并通过16S rRNA基因序列分析确定其种属,利用离体枝条的苹果树腐烂病菌感染预防试验和患腐烂病苹果树的防治试验评价其生防效果。[结果]菌株ZH-356鉴定为链霉菌属,与直丝紫链霉菌(Streptomyces rectiviolaceus)相似性最高,为99.71%。抗菌谱试验表明,菌株ZH-356对苹果树腐烂病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、小麦根腐病菌和番茄早疫病菌等多种植物病原真菌均具有较强的抑制作用,这种抑制作用可导致苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝变粗、交叉扭曲、分支变少且容易断裂。此外,ZH-356产生的抑菌活性物质对温度和酸碱度具有高度稳定性,并且该活性物质只存在于其胞内,只有当ZH-356遇到植物病原真菌时才会被分泌出来以抑制它们的生长。在离体枝条的苹果树腐烂病菌感染预防试验中,ZH-356对苹果树腐烂病防效可达94%以上,而在患腐烂病苹果树的防治试验中,ZH-356菌制剂对苹果树腐烂病的防效高达100%。[结论]链霉菌ZH-356抑菌谱广,对多种植物病原真菌均具有良好的拮抗活性,可作为防治植物真菌病害的生防菌株,为基于ZH-356菌株的生防菌剂的开发和防治苹果树腐烂病等植物真菌病害奠定了基础。     

正己醇降解菌的分离、筛选及分类鉴定

为获得可降解正己醇的真菌菌种,分别以苹果园土壤、苹果渣、苹果酒醪和醋醅为分离源,采用富集培养和紫外线定向诱变,得到了两株能在pH3.8-4.0的条件下降解正己醇的真菌菌株TF和TM。菌株TM和TF在马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中对4.0mg/mL正己醇的降解率分别为45.60±5.43%和23.82±9.27%,与对照在α=0.01水平上差异显著。结合形态学特征及26S rDNA D1/D2区(菌株TM)和ITS区(菌株TF)序列分析,对两株菌进行了分类鉴定。结果表明:菌株TM属于地霉属Geotrichum,菌株TF为白地霉Geotrichum candidum(有性型Galactomyces geotrichum)。     

Separate and combined disruptions of two exo-beta-1,3-glucanase genes decrease the efficiency of Pichia anomala (strain K) biocontrol against Botrytis cinerea on apple

The modes of action of the antagonistic yeast Pichia anomala (strain K) have been studied; however, thus far, there has been no clear demonstration of the involvement of exo-beta-1,3-glucanase in determining the level of protection against Botrytis cinerea afforded by this biocontrol agent on apple. In the present study, the exo-beta-1,3-glucanase-encoding genes PAEXG1 and PAEXG2, previously sequenced from the strain K genome, were separately and sequentially disrupted. Transfer of the URA3-Blaster technique to strain K, allowing multiple use of URA3 marker gene, first was validated by efficient inactivation of the PaTRP1 gene and recovery of a double auxotrophic strain (uracil and tryptophan). The PAEXG1 and PAEXG2 genes then were inactivated separately and sequentially with the unique URA3 marker gene. The resulting mutant strains showed a significantly reduced efficiency of biocontrol of B. cinerea when applied to wounded apple fruit, the calculated protection level dropping from 71% (parental strain) to 8% (mutated strain) under some experimental conditions. This suggests that exo-beta-1,3-glucanases play a role in the biological control of B. cinerea on apple. Furthermore, biological control experiments carried out in this study underline the complexity of the host-antagonist-pathogen interaction. Two experimental parameters (yeast inoculum concentration and physiological stage of the fruit) were found to influence dramatically the protection level. Results also suggest that, under some conditions, the contribution of exo-beta-1,3-glucanase to biological control may be masked by other modes of action, such as competition.     

Analyzing the gene expression profile of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with real-time PCR arrays

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The Real-time PCR Array System is the ideal tool for analyzing the expression of a focused panel of genes. In this study, we will analyze the gene expression profile of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with real-time PCR arrays. METHODS: Real-time PCR array was designed and tested firstly. Then gene expression profile of 11 pediatric AML and 10 normal controls was analyzed with real-time PCR arrays. We analyzed the expression data with MEV (Multi Experiment View) cluster software. Datasets representing genes with altered expression profile derived from cluster analyses were imported into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Tool. RESULTS: We designed and tested 88 real-time PCR primer pairs for a quantitative gene expression analysis of key genes involved in pediatric AML. The gene expression profile of pediatric AML is significantly different from normal control; there are 19 genes up-regulated and 25 genes down-regulated in pediatric AML. To investigate possible biological interactions of differently regulated genes, datasets representing genes with altered expression profile were imported into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Tool. The results revealed 12 significant networks. Of these networks, Cellular Development, Cellular Growth and Proliferation, Tumor Morphology was the highest rated network with 36 focus molecules and the significance score of 41. The IPA analysis also groups the differentially expressed genes into biological mechanisms that are related to hematological disease, cell death, cell growth and hematological system development. In the top canonical pathways, p53 and Huntington's disease signaling came out to be the top two most significant pathways with a p value of 1.5E-8 and2.95E-7, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the gene expression profile of pediatric AML is significantly different from normal control; there are 19 genes up-regulated and 25 genes down-regulated in pediatric AML. We found some genes dyes-regulated in pediatric AML for the first time as FASLG, HDAC4, HDAC7 and some HOX family genes. IPA analysis showed the top important pathways for pediatric AML are p53 and Huntington's disease signaling. This work may provide new clues of molecular mechanism in pediatric AML.     

一株对苹果树鳞翅目害虫高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌YX-1

苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)YX-1是从土壤中分离的对多种鳞翅目害虫具有杀虫活性的新菌株。为了探索该菌株在果树上应用的可行性,本研究测定了Bt YX-1菌株对苹果树上6种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫毒力,同时对该菌株的晶体形态特征、蛋白型、生长特性、基因型等进行了分析。结果表明,Bt YX-1菌株产生菱形伴胞晶体,SDS-PAGE分析表明该菌株表达的主要蛋白条带分子量约为130ku和60ku;基因型鉴定表明,Bt YX-1菌株含有cry1Ac、cry2Ac、cry1I、vip3Aa和cry34-35基因;生物活性测定表明,Bt YX-1菌株的孢晶混合物对美国白蛾Hlyphantria cunea、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura、梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta、苹小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana以及苹掌舟蛾Phalera flavescens的LC50分别为14.48、2.72×103、6.24×104、1.01×102、3.52×104、4.73×103mg/L,均低于标准菌株Bt HD-1的LC50。发酵上清液的杀虫活性很低,2龄棉铃虫幼虫的死亡率仅为8.33%,但是该上清液能显著提高孢晶混合物的毒力,说明上清液中含有增效物质。研究结果表明该菌株具有进一步开发为商品制剂的潜力。     

Role of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis GA1 in the reduction of grey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea on apple

AIM: Test of Bacillus subtilis strain GA1 for its potential to control grey mould disease of apple caused by Botrytis cinerea. METHODS AND RESULTS: GA1 was first tested for its ability to antagonize in vitro the growth of a wide variety of plant pathogenic fungi responsible for diseases of economical importance. The potential of strain GA1 to reduce post-harvest infection caused by B. cinerea was tested on apples by treating artificially wounded fruits with endospore suspensions. Strain GA1 was very effective at reducing disease incidence during the first 5 days following pathogen inoculation and a 80% protection level was maintained over the next 10 days. Treatment of fruits with an extract of GA1 culture supernatant also exerted a strong preventive effect on the development of grey mould. Further analysis of this extract revealed that strain GA1 produces a wide variety of antifungal lipopeptide isomers from the iturin, fengycin and surfactin families. A strong evidence for the involvement of such compounds in disease reduction arose from the recovery of fengycins from protected fruit sites colonized by bacterial cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here demonstrate that, despite unfavourable pH, B. subtilis endospores inoculated on apple pulp can readily germinate allowing significant cell populations to establish and efficient in vivo synthesis of lipopeptides which could be related to grey mould reduction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work enables for the first time to correlate the strong protective effect of a particular B. subtilis strain against grey mould with in situ production of fengycins in infected sites of apple fruits.     

Stress–strain behavior of mitral valve leaflets in the beating ovine heart

Excised anterior mitral leaflets exhibit anisotropic, non-linear material behavior with pre-transitional stiffness ranging from 0.06 to 0.09 N/mm² and post-transitional stiffness from 2 to 9 N/mm². We used inverse finite element (FE) analysis to test, for the first time, whether the anterior mitral leaflet (AML), in vivo, exhibits similar non-linear behavior during isovolumic relaxation (IVR). Miniature radiopaque markers were sewn to the mitral annulus, AML, and papillary muscles in 8 sheep. Four-dimensional marker coordinates were obtained using biplane videofluoroscopic imaging during three consecutive cardiac cycles. A FE model of the AML was developed using marker coordinates at the end of isovolumic relaxation (when pressure difference across the valve is approximately zero), as the reference state. AML displacements were simulated during IVR using measured left ventricular and atrial pressures. AML elastic moduli in the radial and circumferential directions were obtained for each heartbeat by inverse FEA, minimizing the difference between simulated and measured displacements. Stress–strain curves for each beat were obtained from the FE model at incrementally increasing transmitral pressure intervals during IVR. Linear regression of 24 individual stress–strain curves (8 hearts, 3 beats each) yielded a mean (±SD) linear correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.994±0.003 for the circumferential direction and 0.995±0.003 for the radial direction. Thus, unlike isolated leaflets, the AML, in vivo, operates linearly over a physiologic range of pressures in the closed mitral valve.