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1.
窦薇  宛新荣 《兽类学报》2000,20(3):212-216
通过对Richards方程数学属性的分析表明,该方程具有变动的拐点值,因而在描绘兽类多种多样的生长过程时具有良好的可塑性。依据其方程参数n取植的不同,Richards方程包含了Spillman,Logistic,Gompertz以及Bertalanffy方程。为了评估Richards方程对兽类生长过程的拟合优度,作引用10组哺乳动物兽类生长数据,将它与一些经典的生长模型如Spillman,Log  相似文献   

2.
自1982年以来,作者在长江中下游进行类寄生虫区系调查时,收集了一定数量的粘孢子虫标本。在鉴定这些标本时发现,寄生在赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus(Richardson)和黄Hypseleotris swinhonis(Gnther)的两种粘孢子虫,均系科学上的新物种。现报道如下。所有度量大小均以μm为单位。模式标本保存在中国科学院水生生物研究所鱼病学研究室。1宜都足孢虫新种 Podospora yiduensis sp.nov.(图) 寄生:赤眼蹲Squaliobarbus …  相似文献   

3.
周洁  黄大有  刘鼎新 《生理学报》1994,46(5):488-494
本研究应用[3H]cortisol和[3H]dexamethasone(DEX)两种配基,观察到大鼠肝细胞膜上存在一类糖皮质激素(GC)特异结合位点。这些位点与GC的结合具有饱和性、高亲和力及低容量。其平衡解离常数(Kd)分别为12.84±6.58nmol/L和40.27±23.44nmol/L;最大结合容量(Bmax)分别为2.57±1.84pmol/mg蛋白质与0.64±0.18pmol/mg蛋白质(cortisol,n=4;DEX,n=3;±SE)。动力学实验数据所得的Kd值与Scatchard分析所得的Kd值结果基本一致。[3H]cortisol和[3H]DEX饱和结合实验数据用Scatchard作图分析,均显示为直线。Hill系数则分别为0.9880和0.9990.竞争抑制实验结果表明,cortisol对[3H]cortisol的结合位点有高度特异性竞争,比其它几种类固醇(强的松、黄体酮、RU486、DEX)的竞争力至少强40倍以上.用放射自显影技术进行研究,也提供了[3H]cortisol特异结合银粒位于大鼠肝细胞膜上的依据。  相似文献   

4.
中国双尾蚜属种类记述(同翅目:蚜科)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
1992-1997年,对双尾蚜属Diuraphis Aizenberg种类进行调查,共发现7种,其中1新种,害冰麦双尾蚜D.nociva Zahgn et Liang,sp.nov.新种的鉴别特征是:具上尾片,其长度仅仅为尾片的01.8。中国3新纪录种:雀麦蚜D.(Holcaphis)bromicola Hille Ris Lambers,西方麦蚜D.(Holcaphis)freqyuens(Wa  相似文献   

5.
香豆素的^1H—NMR检测及其在阿魏亚族化学分类中的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用1HNMR法检测中国阿魏亚族(FerulineaeDrude)8属27种3变种根部乙醚提取物的香豆素成分类型,其中主要为线型二氢呋喃型香豆素(Ⅰ)和角型二氢吡喃型香豆素(Ⅳ),线型二氢吡喃型香豆素(Ⅲ)和角型二氢呋喃型香豆素(Ⅱ)较少。据此,将8属分成4类:(1)阿魏属(FerulaL.)、球根阿魏属(SchumanniaKuntze)、簇花芹属(SoranthusLedeb.)和伊犁芹属(TalasiaKorov.)未测出(不含)香豆素;(2)弓翅芹属(ArcuatopterusShehetShan)和川明参属(ChuanminshenShehetShan)含Ⅰ类;(3)胀果芹属(PhlojodicarpusTurcz.exBes.)含Ⅳ类;(4)前胡属(PeucedanumL.)含Ⅰ类和Ⅳ类。上述结果支持将球根阿魏、簇花芹和伊犁芹3个属并入阿魏属,另3个寡种属与前胡属关系最密切。所分析的前胡属17种2变种可分成5组,其中不含香豆素的剌尖前胡和含Ⅲ类香豆素的紫花前胡及其变种最特殊,支持将它们分出前胡属的处理。  相似文献   

6.
美洲斑潜蝇等重要潜蝇的鉴别   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
陈乃中 《昆虫知识》1999,36(4):222-226
双翅目中的潜蝇科、花蝇科、果蝇科、实蝇科和水蝇科等类群虽然都含有潜叶种类,但只有潜蝇科绝大部分种类以潜叶为主,其潜叶种类包含不少农作物和花卉害虫。在潜蝇科的这些害虫种类中,又以豌豆彩潜蝇ChromatomyiahorticolaGoureau,番茄斑潜蝇Liriomyzabryoniae(Kaltenbach),拉美斑潜蝇L.huthebresis(Blan-chard),美洲斑潜蝇L.sativae Blanchard和三叶斑潜蝇L.trifolii(Burgess)最为重要,造成较大的损失,…  相似文献   

7.
提取并分离纯化了Ⅱ型胶原,研究了Tb(Ⅲ)与Ⅱ型胶原的相互作用,结果表明Ⅱ型胶原对Tb(Ⅲ)有配位作用,并能极大地增强其荧光强度.用荧光滴定法和Scatchard作图法确定了Ⅱ型胶原与Tb(Ⅲ)的结合常数和结合部位数,结果表明Ⅱ型胶原与Tb(Ⅲ)有两类结合部位.其结合部位数和结合常数分别为0.7;3.1×105和1.3;1.0×105.  相似文献   

8.
森林流域坡面流与壤中流耦合模型的构建与应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用饱和入渗理论、Saint-Venant方程和Richards方程构建了以有限差分法求解的坡面流与壤中流耦合模型,并模拟了不同坡度和不同雨强下的坡面产汇流室内实验.结果表明:该模型模拟的坡面流和壤中流过程与实测过程基本一致,峰现时间、径流历时、峰值流量、出流总量模拟值与实测值的相对误差均较小,基本小于10%.模型的模拟精度较高,实用性较强,为深入研究壤中流机制和改进流域降雨-径流模型提供了理论依据.  相似文献   

9.
[B3—Lys]—胰岛素的研究:受体结合及生物活性   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
本文用^125I-[B3-Lys]-胰岛素和^125I-胰岛素研究了[B3-Lys]-胰岛素和胰岛素与人胎盘细胞膜胰岛素受体结合物性并进行了比较。实验结果表明[B3-Lys]-胰岛素与HPM胰岛素受体结合能力比天然猪胰岛素高。由竞争取代曲线得到的[B3-Lys]-胰岛素和猪胰岛素的IC(50)值分另为0.65和1.11nmol/L。经Scatchard分别得出[B3-Lys]-胰岛素与HPM胰岛素  相似文献   

10.
三种小鲵和极北鲵的核型   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
本文报道了安吉小鲵(Hynobiusamjiensis)、中国小鲵(H.chinensis)、东北小鲵(H.leechi)(辽宁桓仁)和极北鲵(Salamandrelakeyserlingi)(吉林白河)的核型。3种小鲵2n=56,染色体按大小和形状分为大、中、小型双臂和小型单臂4组。极北鲵2n=62,染色体按大小和形状可分为大、中、小型3组。对东北小鲵辽宁桓仁与辽宁千山标本核型的显著差异结合分类学问题进行了讨论。对3种小鲵核型进行了比较分析,并讨论了中国的小鲵属核型特点。比较了不同地区极北鲵核型的异同,并将其与小鲵属核型进行了比较。  相似文献   

11.
Risk assessment, both human and ecological, embodies fundamental assumptions about hydrological processes, especially how they affect the movement of contaminants in the environment. The lateral movement of water through the soil, or interflow, is frequently a component of risk assessments for humid environments, but not of those for semiarid environments. Our research has shown that, contrary to what was previously thought, interflow can be important in semiarid landscapes and is, therefore, an essential consideration for risk assessment in these regions. To illustrate and assess the effect of interflow on estimates of risk, we (1) developed a simple conceptual model to describe the role that interflow may have in the redistribution of surface and near‐surface contamination, and (2) used RESRAD, an exposure model for assessing radionuclide doses to humans, to evaluate the effectiveness of landfill covers in mitigating doses of three contaminants (3H, 238U, and 239/240Pu) at a site in northern New Mexico at which interflow is known to be occurring. Only those calculations of the model that took interflow into account yielded the result that the radionuclides would contaminate groundwater‐underscoring the potential importance of interflow as a mechanism for the transport of contaminants. We conclude that failure to take interflow into account can render risk assessments inaccurate and remediation ineffective. Further, our work demonstrates that a general understanding of hydrological processes is essential for accurate risk assessment, ecological as well as human.  相似文献   

12.
Postnatal growth is an important life‐history trait that varies widely across avian species, and several equations with a sigmoidal shape have been used to model it. Classical three‐parameter models have an inflection point fixed at a percentage of the upper asymptote which could be an unrealistic assumption generating biased fits. The Richards model emerged as an interesting alternative because it includes an extra parameter that determines the location of the inflection point which can move freely along the growth curve. Recently, nonlinear mixed models (NLMM) have been used in modeling avian growth because these models can deal with a lack of independence among data as typically occurs with multiple measurements on the same individual or on groups of related individuals. Here, we evaluated the usefulness of von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, logistic, U4 and Richards's equations modeling chick growth in the imperial shag Phalacrocorax atriceps. We modelled growth in commonly used morphological traits, including body mass, bill length, head length and tarsus length, and compared the performance of models by using NLMM. Estimated adult size, age at maximum growth and maximum growth rates markedly differed across models. Overall, the most consistent performance in estimated adult size was obtained by the Richards model that showed deviations from mean adult size within 5%. Based on AICc values, the Richards equation was the best model for all traits analyzed. For tarsus length, both Richards and U4 models provided indistinguishable fits because the relative inflection value estimated from the Richards model was very close to that assumed by the U4 model. Our results highlight the bias incurred by three‐parameter models when the assumed inflection placement deviates from that derived from data. Thus, the application of the Richards equation using the NLMM framework represents a flexible and powerful tool for the analysis of avian growth.  相似文献   

13.
Body motions (kinematics) of animals can be dimensionally complex, especially when flexible parts of the body interact with a surrounding fluid. In these systems, tracking motion completely can be difficult, and result in a large number of correlated measurements, with unclear contributions of each parameter to performance. Workers typically get around this by deciding a priori which variables are important (wing camber, stroke amplitude, etc.), and focusing only on those variables, but this constrains the ability of a study to uncover variables of influence. Here, we describe an application of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for assigning importances to kinematic variables, using dimensional complexity as a metric. We apply this method to bat flight kinematics, addressing three questions: (1) Does dimensional complexity of motion change with speed? (2) What body markers are optimal for capturing dimensional complexity? (3) What variables should a simplified reconstruction of bat flight include in order to maximally reconstruct actual dimensional complexity? We measured the motions of 17 kinematic markers (20 joint angles) on a bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) flying in a wind tunnel at nine speeds. Dimensional complexity did not change with flight speed, despite changes in the kinematics themselves, suggesting that the relative efficacy of a given number of dimensions for reconstructing kinematics is conserved across speeds. By looking at subsets of the full 17-marker set, we found that using more markers improved resolution of kinematic dimensional complexity, but that the benefit of adding markers diminished as the total number of markers increased. Dimensional complexity was highest when the hindlimb and several points along digits III and IV were tracked. Also, we uncovered three groups of joints that move together during flight by using POD to quantify correlations of motion. These groups describe 14/20 joint angles, and provide a framework for models of bat flight for experimental and modeling purposes.  相似文献   

14.
Strunk  N. 《Hydrobiologia》1992,235(1):247-255
Changes of water and suspended sediment composition during three single flood events were investigated in two small catchments in the Mosel region. In addition to suspended sediment characteristics (turbidity, loss on ignition, density, chlorophyll content), several different nutrients and heavy metals were determined in the dissolved and particulate phase. The flood events investigated were characterized by a single peaked hydrograph. In contrast suspended sediment concentrations and the other parameters showed more complex behaviour. The transport of suspended sediment was not only controlled by discharge magnitude. In the course of a flood event different suspended sediment sources are activated. Using the chemograph and the timing of samples collected during the hydrograph these suspended sediment sources can be identified. In addition to the remobilization of sediment and channel erosion, inputs of suspended solids from a sewage plant, road discharge, topsoil and interflow could be identified.  相似文献   

15.
Many musculoskeletal systems, including the skulls of birds, fishes, and some lizards consist of interconnected chains of mobile skeletal elements, analogous to linkage mechanisms used in engineering. Biomechanical studies have applied linkage models to a diversity of musculoskeletal systems, with previous applications primarily focusing on two‐dimensional linkage geometries, bilaterally symmetrical pairs of planar linkages, or single four‐bar linkages. Here, we present new, three‐dimensional (3D), parallel linkage models of the skulls of birds and fishes and use these models (available as free kinematic simulation software), to investigate structure–function relationships in these systems. This new computational framework provides an accessible and integrated workflow for exploring the evolution of structure and function in complex musculoskeletal systems. Linkage simulations show that kinematic transmission, although a suitable functional metric for linkages with single rotating input and output links, can give misleading results when applied to linkages with substantial translational components or multiple output links. To take into account both linear and rotational displacement we define force mechanical advantage for a linkage (analogous to lever mechanical advantage) and apply this metric to measure transmission efficiency in the bird cranial mechanism. For linkages with multiple, expanding output points we propose a new functional metric, expansion advantage, to measure expansion amplification and apply this metric to the buccal expansion mechanism in fishes. Using the bird cranial linkage model, we quantify the inaccuracies that result from simplifying a 3D geometry into two dimensions. We also show that by combining single‐chain linkages into parallel linkages, more links can be simulated while decreasing or maintaining the same number of input parameters. This generalized framework for linkage simulation and analysis can accommodate linkages of differing geometries and configurations, enabling novel interpretations of the mechanics of force transmission across a diversity of vertebrate feeding mechanisms and enhancing our understanding of musculoskeletal function and evolution. J. Morphol. 277:1570–1583, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

16.
Postnatal growth in birds is traditionally modelled by fitting three‐parameter models, namely the logistic, the Gompertz, or the von Bertalanffy models. The purpose of this paper is to address the utility of the Unified‐Richards (U‐Richards) model. We draw attention to two forms of the U‐Richards and lay down a set of recommendations for the analysis of bird growth, in order to make this model and the methods more accessible. We examine the behaviour of the four parameters in each model form and the four derived measurements, and we show that all are easy to interpret, and that each parameter controls a single curve characteristic. The two parameters that control the inflection point, enable us to compare its placement in two dimensions, 1) inflection value (mass or length at inflection) and 2) inflection time (time since hatching), between data sets (e.g. between biometrics or between species). We also show how the parameter controlling growth rate directly presents us with the relative growth rate at inflection, and we demonstrate how one can compare growth rates across data sets. The three traditional models, where the inflection value is fixed (to a specific percentage of the upper asymptote), provide incompatible growth‐rate coefficients. One of the two forms of the U‐Richards model makes it possible to fix not only the upper asymptote (adult value), but also the intersection with the y‐axis (hatching value). Fitting the new model forms to data validates the usefulness of interpreting the inflection placement in addition to the growth rate. It also illustrated the advantages and limitations of constraining the upper asymptote (adult value) and the y‐axis intersection (hatching value) to fixed values. We show that the U‐Richards model can successfully replace some of the commonly used growth models, and we advocate replacing these with the U‐Richards when modelling bird growth.  相似文献   

17.
Although various foot models were proposed for kinematics assessment using skin makers, no objective justification exists for the foot segmentations. This study proposed objective kinematic criteria to define which foot joints are relevant (dominant) in skin markers assessments. Among the studied joints, shank–hindfoot, hindfoot–midfoot and medial–lateral forefoot joints were found to have larger mobility than flexibility of their neighbour bonesets. The amplitude and pattern consistency of these joint angles confirmed their dominancy. Nevertheless, the consistency of the medial–lateral forefoot joint amplitude was lower. These three joints also showed acceptable sensibility to experimental errors which supported their dominancy. This study concluded that to be reliable for assessments using skin markers, the foot and ankle complex could be divided into shank, hindfoot, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot and toes. Kinematics of foot models with more segments must be more cautiously used.  相似文献   

18.
Although various foot models were proposed for kinematics assessment using skin makers, no objective justification exists for the foot segmentations. This study proposed objective kinematic criteria to define which foot joints are relevant (dominant) in skin markers assessments. Among the studied joints, shank-hindfoot, hindfoot-midfoot and medial-lateral forefoot joints were found to have larger mobility than flexibility of their neighbour bonesets. The amplitude and pattern consistency of these joint angles confirmed their dominancy. Nevertheless, the consistency of the medial-lateral forefoot joint amplitude was lower. These three joints also showed acceptable sensibility to experimental errors which supported their dominancy. This study concluded that to be reliable for assessments using skin markers, the foot and ankle complex could be divided into shank, hindfoot, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot and toes. Kinematics of foot models with more segments must be more cautiously used.  相似文献   

19.
Growth of the young is an important part of the life history in birds. However, modelling methods have paid little attention to the choice of regression model used to describe its pattern. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a single sigmoid model with an upper asymptote could describe avian growth adequately. We compared unified versions of five growth models of the Richards family (the four‐parameter U‐Richards and the three‐parameter U‐logistic, U‐Gompertz, U‐Bertalanffy and U4‐models) for three traits (body mass, tarsus‐length and wing‐length) for 50 passerine species, including species with varied morphologies and life histories. The U‐family models exhibit a unified set of parameters for all models. The four‐parameter U‐Richards model proved a good choice for fitting growth curves to various traits – its extra d‐parameter allows for a flexible placement of the inflection point. Which of the three‐parameter U‐models was the best performing varied greatly between species and between traits, as each three‐parameter model had a different fixed relative inflection value (fraction of the upper asymptote), implying a different growth pattern. Fixing the asymptotes to averages for adult trait value generally shifted the model preference towards one with lower relative inflection values. Our results illustrate an overlooked difficulty in the analysis of organismal growth, namely, that a single traditional three‐parameter model does not suit all growth data. This is mostly due to differences in inflection placement. Moreover, some biometric traits require more attention when estimating growth rates and other growth‐curve characteristics. We recommend fitting either several three‐parameter models from the U‐family, where the parameters are comparable between models, or only the U‐Richards model.  相似文献   

20.
Bacterial growth curve, which is asymptotic after a certain period, is described using three different mathematical models, namely, Logistic model, Gompertz model and Richards model. The equations for these three models are fitted by evaluating the mathematical parameters involved in these models. This is done by applying the method of partial sums to the data in Table 1 containing the optical density values for different cell mass at different time intervals. The sum of square of residuals between the expected optical density values and the experimental values is calculated for each of these models. In the cases tested, the Logistic model was found to be the best fit for the growth curve of Pseudomonas putida (NICM 2174) and was found to be easy to use. These results fit the data very well at 5% level for more than 70% of the readings.  相似文献   

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