芦芽山华北落叶松林不同龄级立木的点格局分析

华北落叶松林是芦芽山自然保护区的重要林型。对其建群种华北落叶松不同龄级个体的分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。植物种群在群落中的分布格局与空间尺度有着密切关系,这里采用能够分析各种尺度下格局的分析方法——点格局分析法,其是以种群个体空间分布的坐标点图为基础。结果表明,芦芽山华北落叶松不同龄级密度差异较大,高龄级密度较大;目前华北落叶松是稳定型种群,但从长远看．,仍需人工协助更新;华北落叶松5个龄级集群分布特征比较明显,且随着龄级的增加,集群特征有更明显的趋势;各个龄级个体之间在各种尺度下都有比较显著的正关联,3～5龄级个体关联更为显著;点格局分析法能够分析各种尺度下的种群格局和种间关系,所描述的结果更符合实际,尤其是对群落结构的描述。     

湖北钉螺种群内螺壳形态形状变异分析

在中国大陆血吸虫病流行的7个省中,采集不同环境类型的21个湖北钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis)种群,每个种群各测量60只湖北钉螺的11个形态性状。采用形态性状的变异系数、种群内个体间的欧氏距离与多样性指数及主成分分析3种方法,分析不同湖北钉螺种群内形态性状的变异程度。结果表明,在种群内个体间的欧氏距离和形态性状多样性方面,都以江西都昌的变异最大,平均欧氏距离为2.88,方差为2.33,极差为9.05,多样性指数为1.56,个体间平均距离以四川西昌湖北钉螺种群的最小,仅为1.37,而多样性指数以四川丹棱湖北钉螺种群的最小,为0.91。在不同光壳湖北钉螺种群中,以云南大理湖北钉螺个体间的平均距离最大,为1.90,但方差和极差以江苏宜兴的最大,分别为0.55和4.46。不同湖北钉螺种群内形态性状变异程度存在较大的差异,肋壳湖北钉螺种群内的形态性状变异程度普遍高于光壳湖北钉螺种群内的变异程度。     

后河自然保护区珍稀植物群落主要种群结构及分布格局研究

利用方差均值比和修正的Clark-Evans最近邻体两种分布格局判定方法,对湖北省五峰县后河国家自然保护区1hmz固定样地中DBH≥5cm、重要值>2．5的26个树种的种群结构和分布格局类型进行了研究．结果表明,26个种群中有金钱槭、天师栗、白辛树、珙桐、领春木、水青树、连香树7种珍稀濒危植物种群和尖连蕊茶、君迁子、建始槭、曼青冈、鸡爪槭、桃叶黄杨、鹅耳枥等19种非珍稀濒危植物种群,7种珍稀植物种群中,除了2种个体较少的种群之外,1个种群为衰老型,其余4个种群均为增长型;3个种群呈随机分布类型,其余4个种群呈聚集分布类型,19个非珍稀植物种群中,1个种群为衰老型,6个种群为稳定型,其余12个种群为增长型;2个种群为随机分布类型,其余的17个种群为聚集分布类型．可见在26个种群中,以增长型种群居多(占66．7％),稳定型种群次之(占25．0％),衰老型种群最少(占8．3％);两种分布格局判定方法所得的结果较为一致,表现为种群的分布格局类型以聚集分布居多(占80．77％),随机分布和均匀分布较少。     

茶园黑刺粉虱(Aleurocanthus spiniferus)种群的RAPD多样性

用RAPD技术对华东地区7个茶园的黑刺粉虱种群进行遗传结构分析。从40个随机引物中筛选出9条具特异性的引物,扩增出248条长度约为200～2000bp的DNA条带,其中199条多态性条带,多态性为80．24％。经Popgene软件分析,黑刺粉虱种群平均水平的多态位点百分比（P砚）为48．33％,Nei＇s基因多样性（HE）为0．2910,Shannon＇s多态性信息指数（日）为0．4442,表明黑刺粉虱种群遗传多样性丰富;各种群问遗传分化程度（Gst）较高,达0．3749,其中PPL以福建武夷山区的九龙山种群（JLS）最高,达77．42％,其次为安徽九华山种群（JHS）的65．73％;而且两种群的HE,H等遗传指标均较高。以NTSYSpc软件包,基于Nei＇s遗传距离对昆虫个体进行UPGMA和NJ法聚类分析,构建分子系统树,并进行多维标度分析（MDS）。系统树显示：同一种群的个体优先聚类,遗传相似度高的种群依次聚类。多维标度分析也显示：浙江杭州、富阳和绍兴3种群集中分布,安徽宣城种群靠近该3种群;而九华山种群则与武夷山区的九龙山种群聚拢;福建金山种群独立成簇。多维标度分析与聚类分析结果一致。认为粉虱种群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间存在相关性;两个山地种群的多样性有别于其它种群,是因为山地环境和气候引起粉虱适应性的生态地理分化。     

濒危种裂叶沙参种群生命表和存活曲线的研究及其与广布种泡沙参的对照

以近缘广布种泡沙参为对照,本文编制了濒危种裂叶沙参种群的标准生命表、存活曲线以及海拔２３００～２４００ｍ、２７００～２９００ｍ、２９００～３１００ｍ和３１００～３４００ｍ区域４个种群的生命表,存活曲线。根据其生活史,讨论了裂叶沙参各种群特定年龄的存活量、死亡量和死亡率等重要参数。裂叶沙参种群存活曲线属ＤｅｖｅｙＣ型,１～５年生死亡率最高,个体最长寿命２５年。而泡沙参种群的死亡高峰期是１～３年,个体最长寿命２１年。导致裂叶沙参种群幼龄个体死亡的内在原因是其较弱的抗逆性和适应能力;外在原因是严重的干旱、外界干扰和群落内的光照不足。裂叶沙参种群适应不良环境的能力较泡沙参弱：在海拔２７００ｍ以下地区,由于外界干扰和环境干旱,除水份条件较好的特殊生境,大多种群呈严重衰退趋势,不能满足编表条件,只有海拔２７００ｍ以上区域的种群呈稳定或扩展趋势;而泡沙参各种群在不同海拔区域均呈稳定或扩展趋势,满足编表条件。从海拔２３００ｍ到３４００ｍ,不同裂叶沙参种群个体寿命呈：短长短的格式,与外界严酷较好严酷的环境相对应。这表明裂叶沙参种群在严酷环境条件下改变了其生存对策,缩短了个体寿命。     

五鹿山白皮松林不同龄级立木的点格局分析

白皮松是五鹿山自然保护区的重要保护植物。本文采用能够分析各种尺度下空间格局的分析方法—点格局分析法,以山西五鹿山自然保护区白皮松种群个体在空间分布的点图坐标为基础,对其进行了研究,结果表明：五鹿山白皮松不同龄级密度差异较大,中间龄级密度较大;6个龄级集群分布不明显,且随着龄级的增加集群分布特征逐渐减弱更加趋向于随机分布;龄级1和龄级2之间呈显著正关联,有利于种群的发展,其余各龄级之间在小尺度上关联性强,随着尺度的增大关联性减弱,说明龄级间的关联性与尺度密切相关。     

普通野生稻种群恢复的生态学研究 II.种群动态

以3年的野外调查为基础,通过斑块数量、斑块面积、斑块优势度、斑块的大小分布以及斑块转化等各项指标,研究了茶陵普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)种群恢复初期的种群动态。作为人工管理下的自然种群,普通野生稻种群在1997～1999年间持续增加,个体数由447丛增加到803丛,4 m2以上的斑块数由19个增加到31个,斑块总面积由268 m2增加到780 m2,斑块在群落中的优势度值由0.0627增加到0.1148。目前,种群以小斑块（面积小于20 m2）为主,种群的斑块大小分布为增长型分布。在斑块转     

桂林岩溶石山檵木种群空间格局及其关联性

种群的空间分布格局及其关联性反映了种群演替方式和对环境因子的适应策略,对植被的恢复与重建、生物多样性保护等具有重要的意义和价值.为了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群的空间分布格局及其关联性,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,采用点格局方法,以Ripley K函数为基础,运用其衍生的成对相关函数和Ripley L函数对檵木种群的空间分布格局以及不同径级之间关联性进行分析.结果表明:檵木种群的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布,小径级个体占较大比例,种群自然更新状况良好,属增长型种群;檵木种群3个径级的个体在小尺度上呈聚集分布,但随着空间尺度的增大,聚集强度逐渐减弱,趋向随机分布;檵木种群3个不同径级的个体间在小尺度下均呈现无关联,随着尺度增大,不同径级个体的空间关联性呈现正关联或负关联;檵木种群个体间径级差异越大,它们的空间关联性越弱,甚至可能逐渐转变为负关联.本研究结果有助于了解桂林岩溶石山檵木种群在生长发育过程中的生态策略和物种共存的尺度依赖性特征及其形成机制,从而为岩溶石山森林植被的恢复与重建、保护和经营管理提供参考.     

濒危植物翅果油树种群的叶绿素和硝酸还原酶活性的研究

濒危植物翅果油树是集中分布于山西南部的一种珍稀油料木本植物。以生物化学手段测定了翅果油树三个种群的叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性,并用统计学方法,欧氏距离、Word’s聚类分析及主因子分析进行了分析。结果表明：翅果油树在三个种群间已有遗传分化,种群内个体间的遗传变异也有明显差异,自然种群与其生境有密切关系。从而为翅果油树的选种育苗和森林营造提供科学依据。     

浙江天台山甜槠种群遗传结构的空间自相关分析

采用空间自相关分析方法对浙江天台山亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种甜槠种群全部个体及不同年龄级个体的小尺度空间遗传结构进行了分析,以探讨甜槠种群内遗传变异的分布特征及其形成机制。根据11个ISSR引物所提供的多态位点,经GenAlEx 6软件计算地理坐标和遗传距离矩阵在10个距离等级下的空间自相关系数。在样地内,甜槠种群内个体在空间距离小于10 m时存在显著的正空间遗传结构,其X-轴截矩为9.945。甜槠种群的空间遗传结构与其种子短距离传播和广泛的花粉传播有关。Ⅰ年龄级、Ⅱ年龄级和III年龄级个体在空间距离小于10 m时存在显著的正空间遗传结构,其X-轴截矩分别为11.820、9.746和9.792。当距离等级为5 m时,其空间自相关系数r分别为0.068、0.054和0.070。Ⅳ年龄级个体在所有空间距离等级中均不存在显著的空间遗传结构。甜槠是多年生、长寿命植物,自疏作用是导致IV年龄级个体空间遗传结构消失的主要原因。     

Strong neutral spatial effects shape tree species distributions across life stages at multiple scales

Traditionally, ecologists use lattice (regional summary) count data to simulate tree species distributions to explore species coexistence. However, no previous study has explicitly compared the difference between using lattice count and basal area data and analyzed species distributions at both individual species and community levels while simultaneously considering the combined scenarios of life stage and scale. In this study, we hypothesized that basal area data are more closely related to environmental variables than are count data because of strong environmental filtering effects. We also address the contribution of niche and the neutral (i.e., solely dependent on distance) factors to species distributions. Specifically, we separately modeled count data and basal area data while considering life stage and scale effects at the two levels with simultaneous autoregressive models and variation partitioning. A principal coordinates of neighbor matrix (PCNM) was used to model neutral spatial effects at the community level. The explained variations of species distribution data did not differ significantly between the two types of data at either the individual species level or the community level, indicating that the two types of data can be used nearly identically to model species distributions. Neutral spatial effects represented by spatial autoregressive parameters and the PCNM eigenfunctions drove species distributions on multiple scales, different life stages and individual species and community levels in this plot. We concluded that strong neutral spatial effects are the principal mechanisms underlying the species distributions and thus shape biodiversity spatial patterns.     

Genetic diversity of Capsicum chinensis (Solanaceae) accessions based on molecular markers and morphological and agronomic traits

We estimated the genetic diversity of 49 accessions of the hot pepper species Capsicum chinensis through analyses of 12 physicochemical traits of the fruit, eight multi-categorical variables, and with 32 RAPD primers. Data from the physicochemical traits were submitted to analysis of variance to estimate the genetic parameters, and their means were clustered by the Scott-Knott test. The matrices from the individual and combined distance were estimated by multivariate analyses before applying Tocher's optimization method. All physicochemical traits were examined for genetic variability by analysis of variance. The responses of these traits showed more contribution from genetic than from environmental factors, except the percentage of dry biomass, content of soluble solids and vitamin C level. Total capsaicin had the greatest genetic divergence. Nine clusters were formed from the quantitative data based on the generalized distance of Mahalanobis, using Tocher's method; four were formed from the multi-categorical data using the Cole-Rodgers coefficient, and eight were formed from the molecular data using the Nei and Li coefficient. The accessions were distributed into 14 groups using Tocher's method, and no significant correlation between pungency and origin was detected. Uni- and multivariate analyses permitted the identification of marked genetic diversity and fruit attributes capable of being improved through breeding programs.     

The Allometry of Bee Proboscis Length and Its Uses in Ecology

Allometric relationships among morphological traits underlie important patterns in ecology. These relationships are often phylogenetically shared; thus quantifying allometric relationships may allow for estimating difficult-to-measure traits across species. One such trait, proboscis length in bees, is assumed to be important in structuring bee communities and plant-pollinator networks. However, it is difficult to measure and thus rarely included in ecological analyses. We measured intertegular distance (as a measure of body size) and proboscis length (glossa and prementum, both individually and combined) of 786 individual bees of 100 species across 5 of the 7 extant bee families (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Using linear models and model selection, we determined which parameters provided the best estimate of proboscis length. We then used coefficients to estimate the relationship between intertegular distance and proboscis length, while also considering family. Using allometric equations with an estimation for a scaling coefficient between intertegular distance and proboscis length and coefficients for each family, we explain 91% of the variance in species-level means for bee proboscis length among bee species. However, within species, individual-level intertegular distance was a poor predictor of individual proboscis length. To make our findings easy to use, we created an R package that allows estimation of proboscis length for individual bee species by inputting only family and intertegular distance. The R package also calculates foraging distance and body mass based on previously published equations. Thus by considering both taxonomy and intertegular distance we enable accurate estimation of an ecologically and evolutionarily important trait.     

Fluorescence intensity multiple distributions analysis: concurrent determination of diffusion times and molecular brightness

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has proven to be a powerful technique with single-molecule sensitivity. Recently, it has found a complement in the form of fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA). Here we introduce a fluorescence fluctuation method that combines the features of both techniques. It is based on the global analysis of a set of photon count number histograms, recorded with multiple widths of counting time intervals simultaneously. This fluorescence intensity multiple distributions analysis (FIMDA) distinguishes fluorescent species on the basis of both the specific molecular brightness and the translational diffusion time. The combined information, extracted from a single measurement, increases the readout effectively by one dimension and thus breaks the individual limits of FCS and FIDA. In this paper a theory is introduced that describes the dependence of photon count number distributions on diffusion coefficients. The theory is applied to a series of photon count number histograms corresponding to different widths of counting time intervals. Although the ability of the method to determine specific brightness values, diffusion times, and concentrations from mixtures is demonstrated on simulated data, its experimental utilization is shown by the determination of the binding constant of a protein-ligand interaction exemplifying its broad applicability in the life sciences.     

Determinants of cyanobacterial species composition in the splash zone of two Croatian islands

Cyanobacterial communities of the splash zone of two Croatian islands, Veruda and Ugljan, were surveyed. At each island, we studied eight localities with different aspects. From all 336 samples, a total of 42 cyanobacterial species, one green alga, and one red alga were found. In both islands Hyella spp. and Gloeocapsopsis crepidinum dominated and Entophysalis deusta, Solentia spp., Kyrtuthrix dalmatica and Mastigocoleus testarum were found frequently. Multivariate statistical analysis of species composition shows that the vertical gradient is the strongest determinant of species composition and that there are statistically significant but not very pronounced differences in species composition between the two islands. Species composition among individual sites within islands differed slightly, and between localities decreased rather slowly with the distance of individual samples (i.e. the similarity distance decay was very slow), showing that even close samples can have quite different species composition. The species accumulation curves do not reach their asymptote, indicating that many samples are needed to reasonably cover the species richness of a site. This study highlights the importance of in-depth species counts and high density sampling along vertical gradients for satisfactory cyanobacterial community assessments in marine coastal splash zones.     

Estimating regional landbird populations from enhanced North American Breeding Bird Surveys

Estimating the size of bird populations is central to effective conservation planning and prudent management. I updated estimated regional bird populations for the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi using data from 275 North American Breeding Bird Surveys from 2009 to 2013. However, regional bird populations estimated from count surveys of breeding birds may be biased due to lack of empirical knowledge of the distance at which a species is effectively detected and the probability of detecting a species if it is present. I used data recorded within two distance classes (0–50 m and >50–400 m) and three 1‐min time intervals on 130 Breeding Bird Surveys to estimate detection probability and effective detection distance for 77 species. Incorporating these empirical estimates of detection probability and detection distance resulted in estimated regional populations for these species that were markedly greater than regional populations estimated without species‐specific estimates of detection parameters. Using the same Breeding Bird Survey data, I also estimated probability of site occupancy for 66 species and extrapolated this to the proportion of area occupied in the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi. I combined the area occupied with the reported range of breeding territory size for 54 species to obtain independent estimates of regional bird populations. Although the true population of these species is unknown, estimated populations that incorporated empirical estimates of detection probability and detection distance were more likely to be within the range of independently estimated, occupancy‐based, regional population estimates than were population estimates that lacked empirical detection and distance information.     

Individual assignment test reveals differential restriction to dispersal between two salmonids despite no increase of genetic differences with distance

In many species genes move over limited distances, such that genetic differences among populations or individuals are expected to increase as a function of geographical distance. In other species, however, genes may move any distance over a single generation time, such that no increase of genetic differences is expected to occur with distance. Patterns of gene dispersal have been assessed typically using this theoretical property. In this study, this classical approach based on a Mantel test was compared to a new method using individual assignment to reveal contrasts in dispersal patterns between 15 populations of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis and 10 populations of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar sampled in eastern Canada, where both species co-occur naturally. Based on the Mantel test, we found evidence for neither an increase of genetic differences with distance in either species nor a significant contrast between them. The individual-based method, in contrast, revealed that individual assignment in both species was non random, being significantly biased toward geographically proximate locations. Furthermore, brook charr were on average assigned to a closer river than were salmon, according to a priori expectations based on the dispersal behaviour of the two species. We thus propose that individual assignment methods might be a promising and more powerful alternative to Mantel tests when isolation by distance cannot be postulated a priori.     

Comparison of methods for estimating density of forest songbirds from point counts

New analytical methods have been promoted for estimating the probability of detection and density of birds from count data but few studies have compared these methods using real data. We compared estimates of detection probability and density from distance and time-removal models and survey protocols based on 5- or 10-min counts and outer radii of 50 or 100 m. We surveyed singing male Acadian flycatchers (Empidonax virescens), cerulean warblers (Dendroica cerulea), Kentucky warblers (Oporornis formosus), Louisiana waterthrushes (Parkesia motacilla), wood thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina), and worm-eating warblers (Helmitheros vermivorum) in bottomland and upland forest across 5 states in the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region during the breeding season in 2007 and 2008. Detection probabilities differed between distance and time-removal models and species detectabilities were affected differently by year, forest type, and state. Density estimates from distance models were generally higher than from time-removal models, resulting from lower detection probabilities estimated by distance models. We found support for individual heterogeneity (modeled as a finite mixture model) in the time-removal models and that 50-m radius counts generated density estimates approximately twice as high as 100-m radius counts. Users should be aware that in addition to estimating different components of detectability, density estimates derived from distance and time-removal models can be affected by survey protocol because some count durations and plot radii may better meet model assumptions than others. The choice of a method may not affect the use of estimates for relative comparisons (e.g., when comparing habitats) but could affect conclusions when used to estimate population size. We recommend careful consideration of assumptions when deciding on point-count protocol and selection of analysis methods. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Strong temporal consistency in the individual foraging behaviour of Imperial Shags Phalacrocorax atriceps

Individual consistency in foraging behaviour can generate behavioural variability within populations and may, ultimately, lead to species diversification. However, individual‐based long‐term behavioural studies are particularly scarce in seabird species. Between 2008 and 2011, breeding Imperial Shags Phalacrocorax atriceps at the Punta León colony, Argentina, were tracked with GPS devices to evaluate behavioural consistency during their foraging trips. Within a breeding season, individuals were highly consistent in the maximum distances they reached from the shore and the colony, as well as in the time invested in flight and diving across consecutive days during early chick rearing. In addition, each individual had its specific foraging area distinct from the foraging area of other individuals. Comparing between early and late chick rearing in the same season, individuals were consistent, to a lesser degree, in the maximum distance they reached from the colony and the shore, increasing in consistency later on in the season. Within the season, females were more consistent than males in the maximum distance they moved from the colony and the shore, the sexes segregated in their foraging areas and individual females were segregated from one another. Twenty‐eight individuals tracked in different breeding seasons were marginally consistent in their trip durations and maximum distance reached from shore across seasons. Among seasons, foraging locations differed between sexes and among individual females. Individuals from this colony exhibited consistency over time in several aspects of foraging behaviour, which may be due to a combination of individual characteristics such as learning abilities, breeding experience or health, as well as targeted prey type and stability of the environment at this location.