带鱼初加工过程中风味物质的检测分析

用75μmCAR/PDMS涂层的固相微萃取头萃取带鱼肉中挥发性风味成分,利用气质联用仪分析鉴定各阶段鱼肉中的挥发性成分、种类、相对质量分数等。原料鱼中检出57种化合物,风干6d的鱼肉中检测出61种化合物,以醇类、醛类、酮类、烷烃或烯烃类为主,总质量分数达75.16%。醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类等化合物对鱼肉的风味贡献较大,风味物质的形成与脂类、蛋白质等的降解有关。     

响应面分析法优化鸡骨泥酶解工艺条件的研究

以鸡骨为原料,经风味蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶酶解制备鸡骨泥酶解液。采用响应面分析法,通过考察酶解温度、pH和组合酶的配比对可溶性氮含量的影响来优化酶解工艺。结果表明,优化工艺条件为:酶解温度56℃,pH 6.2,风味酶、木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶配比为3.2:1:1。脂肪酸分析表明,酶解产物中不饱和脂肪酸质量分数约35%。     

茶梅品种‘冬玫瑰’不同花期及花器官的香气组成成分分析

采用固相微萃取和GC-MS技术,分析茶梅品种‘冬玫瑰’(Camellia sasanqua‘Dongmeigui’)不同花期和花器官的香气组成成分及其相对含量,并对其变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:花蕾期、初花期、盛花期和末花期香气组成成分分别有30、49、42和48种,共有成分13种;随花朵开放,各成分的相对含量呈现不同的变化趋势,其中,苯乙酮和顺式-芳樟醇氧化物的相对含量随花朵开放呈逐渐升高的趋势,在初花期、盛花期和末花期二者相对含量的总和均最高,分别为20.08%、44.92%和62.02%;随花朵开放,烷烃类和酚类成分的相对含量逐渐降低,醛酮类成分的相对含量逐渐升高,醇类和烯类成分的相对含量先升高后降低,芳香烃类成分的相对含量先降低后升高。在盛花期,外轮花瓣、内轮花瓣、雄蕊和雌蕊香气的组成成分分别有31、48、34和24种,共有成分12种;其中,苯乙酮和顺式-芳樟醇氧化物在内轮花瓣和雄蕊中的相对含量总和分别高达74.29%和76.32%。从成分类型看,外轮花瓣的香气以烯类和醛酮类成分为主,内轮花瓣和雄蕊的香气以醛酮类和醇类成分为主,雌蕊的香气以醇类、醛酮类、烷烃类和酚类成分为主。综合分析结果显示:茶梅品种‘冬玫瑰’花朵香气的组成成分在不同花期和花器官中均存在较大差异;总体上看,醛酮类和醇类成分是影响其香气浓郁程度的关键成分,其中主体成分是苯乙酮和顺式-芳樟醇氧化物,而内轮花瓣和雄蕊是其香气释放的主要部位。     

鱼肉蛋白酶解产物加工特性及抗氧化性评价

以鳕鱼为原料,分别用风味蛋白酶、动物蛋白复合酶、胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶进行酶解,研究其在不同酶解条件下,酶解产物的苦腥味、溶解性、热稳定性以及亚铁离子螯合力和DPPH自由基清除力的差别。结果表明：酶解产物均具有较好的溶解性和热稳定性体外试验有一定的亚铁离子螯合能力和DPPH自由基清除力,其中动物蛋白复合酶酶解产物抗氧化性显著高于其他酶的酶解产物,并具有较弱的苦腥味。     

奥尼罗非鱼胶原蛋白及其酸解液美拉德反应产物的研究

以奥尼罗非鱼鱼皮中胶原蛋白为研究对象,采用氨基酸自动分析仪和GC-MS分析了胶原蛋白的游离氨基酸组成、主要风味成分及其酸解液美拉德反应产物的风味成分.结果表明：鱼皮中胶原蛋白的提取率为6.61%,酸解后的游离氨基酸组成与一般胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成一致,其中风味氨基酸占52.57%;美拉德反应产物中含3,3-二甲基正辛烷、2,6,10-三甲基十二烷等20种风味成分.     

响应面法优化蚕豆蛋白酶解工艺条件的研究

考察了碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶对蚕豆蛋白的酶解效果,探讨了水解度（DH）与酶解产物抗氧化活性间的关系。通过单因素试验和响应面分析法,得到碱性蛋白酶酶解工艺的最佳条件。结果表明,温度50℃、pH8.0、酶底比8%、底物浓度3%条件下酶解3h,水解度0~22%内,碱性蛋白酶较胰蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶水解蚕豆蛋白效果好;DH与还原能力（R2=0.68~0.81）及ABTS清除能力（R2=0.98~0.99）具有较好的相关性,碱性蛋白酶酶解液较其他2个酶解液有较好的还原能力和ABTS清除能力;优化后的最佳酶解工艺参数为：酶底比8%,温度50℃、pH 7.6,对蚕豆蛋白还原能力的影响顺序为酶底比＞pH＞温度;在此条件下,蚕豆蛋白酶解液的还原能力理论值为0.174,验证试验测得还原能力为0.173,与理论值接近。     

胰蛋白酶酶解文蛤的工艺条件

用正交试验法确定胰蛋白酶酶解文蛤的最佳工艺条件 ,用薄层层析和氨基酸自动测定仪鉴定酶解液中氨基酸的种类和含量 ,进一步判定酶解效果。结果表明 :在 5 0℃ ,加酶量 2 %,pH8.0 ,酶解 8h的酶解效果最好。层析发现 ,酶解温度为5 0℃的提取液含氨基酸较全面 ,氨基酸自动测定仪测定显示 ,胰蛋白酶酶解法的文蛤提取液中氨基酸的含量大于热水提取法的含量。     

猪血红蛋白的酶解及氨基酸含量的研究

猪血是一种营养价值高而价格低廉的蛋白质资源.猪血中含有丰富的蛋白质,其中血红蛋白占主要部分.因此,对血红蛋白及其水解产物的研究受到了国内外众多学者的关注.为选出适合于水解猪血红蛋白的蛋白酶,笔者采用碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶对猪血进行单酶和复合酶水解试验,确定碱性蛋白酶为水解猪血的适用酶.通过质谱仪测定,碱性蛋白酶酶解产物分子量集中在800～2400道尔顿,而800～1260道尔顿区间占主要部分;经全自动氨基酸分析仪测出其产物含有17种氨基酸,其中含8种必需氨基酸,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸量的50.93%,说明碱性蛋白酶酶解产物是制作食品和饲料添加剂的理想资源.     

琼胶酶酶解2种紫菜及酶解成分分析

研究琼胶酶对坛紫菜和条斑紫菜的降解作用,以降解获得的还原糖为指标,通过正交试验获得酶解的最佳工艺:料液比为1∶30(V/V),酶与底物比4.0∶2(m L/g),温度38℃,反应时间3 h。在此条件下制备坛紫菜和条斑紫菜酶解液,以两种紫菜酶解前原液作为对照,对其成分进行测定比较。结果表明:坛紫菜和条斑紫菜均可被琼胶酶有效降解,降解后总糖、还原糖、氨基酸态氮、游离氨基酸及可溶性固形物含量均明显增加,尤以总糖和还原糖的增加量最为突出,分别为43.68 mg/g和14.87 mg/g;蛋白质、灰分在酶解前后含量变化不大;根据各物质含量测定结果,坛紫菜的酶解效果优于条斑紫菜,条斑紫菜的呈味氨基酸含量优于坛紫菜,具有较好的风味。     

‘伦晚脐橙’成熟果实及其留树保鲜果实的香气成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术测定了‘伦晚脐橙’成熟果实和留树保鲜果实的香气成分,结果表明,成熟采收（3月30日）后的果实中香气物质有28种,占挥发性物质总量的97.69%,主要成分为烃类、醛类、醇类、酯类和酮类化合物;而留在树上保鲜（5月7日）的果实中香气成分仅检测到15种,占挥发性物质总量的87.11%,特征香气成分D-柠檬烯和β-月桂烯明显减少,且未检测到醇类和酮类化合物,但巴伦西亚桔烯的相对含量剧增,相对含量高达20.27%,成为主要香气物质之一。     

Formation of flavor of dry champignons (Agaricus bisporus L.)

The composition of aroma compounds of dry champignons (Agaricus bisporus L.) were identified using capillary gas chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 56 compounds were identified. It was found that the flavor of dry mushrooms was formed by the volatile compounds produced as a result of enzymatic and oxidative conversion of unsaturated fatty acids as well as in the Maillard reaction. Unsaturated alcohols and ketones containing eight carbon atoms determined the mushroom note of the product. The specific aroma of dry mushrooms was determined by a complex composition of substituted sul- fur-, oxygen-, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds as well as by aliphatic carbonyl compounds and methional. It was found that the concentrations of volatile carbonylic and heterocyclic compounds increased after the addition of a mixture of amino acids to mushrooms before drying. As a result, the intensity of the aroma of dry mushrooms increased.     

净化时间对微流水系统中鳙品质影响的研究

以商品规格的鳙为研究对象, 利用湖泊建立为流水系统, 研究净化时间对系统中鳙肌肉的营养成分、质构和持水特性及肌肉中滋味成分与挥发性气味物质的影响。结果表明, 在整个净化过程, 鳙肌肉中蛋白、脂肪含量呈显著下降, 灰分含量处理前后无显著差异; 鳙肌肉中挥发性盐基氮含量、羰基含量随净化时间延长而显著下降; 肌肉质构的硬度随净化时间延长而显著上升, 黏着性和咀嚼性优于净化初期, 弹性和回复性与初期显示差异不显著; 水溶性蛋白含量和游离氨基酸含量呈先上升后下降的趋势。综上所述, 微流水净化处理能够显著提升鳙肌肉品质, 改善鳙肌肉口感和风味。     

池塘循环水养殖对混养草鱼食用品质的影响

为探究养殖模式对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)鱼肉品质的影响,实验对两种养殖模式下(传统池塘养殖和池塘循环水养殖)草鱼的食用品质进行了差异比较。结果表明,循环水养殖草鱼肌肉白度和弹性高于传统池塘养殖的草鱼,且其不饱和脂肪酸和必需氨基酸含量均显著高于传统池塘养殖;其中, n-3和n-6系列不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于传统池塘养殖草鱼,是其1.2倍,使得草鱼的肌肉品质和营养品质更佳。此外,循环水养殖可降低草鱼中带有土腥味和青草味的己醛、庚醛和1-辛烯-3-醇等物质的含量,且鲜味核苷酸(IMP)含量高于传统池塘养殖草鱼,使得草鱼的风味更鲜美、浓厚。研究表明,循环水养殖草鱼的肌肉品质和营养特性均优于传统池塘养殖。     

热风干燥温度对荷叶离褶伞干燥特性及挥发性风味物质的影响

为探究不同热风干燥温度对荷叶离褶伞干燥特性及挥发性风味物质的影响。本研究比较了8种常见干燥动力学模型对荷叶离褶伞干燥过程拟合的适用性,采用GC-IMS技术,对不同干燥温度处理下荷叶离褶伞的挥发性风味物质进行测定。结果表明：荷叶离褶伞热风干燥为典型的降速干燥,Midilli-Kucuk模型可以较好地描述其热风干燥过程（R²>0.99791,RMSE<0.0152,χ²<2.31×10^-4）;温度对荷叶离褶伞风味物质影响显著,在5个干燥温度处理下的荷叶离褶伞中共鉴定到47种挥发性风味物质,包括醛类13种、酮类8种、醇类13种、酯类5种和其他类8种。随着干燥温度升高（55-75℃）,醛类物质相对含量呈下降趋势,而醇类、酮类以及其他物质（乙酸等）略有上升趋势。     

Conversion of L-leucine to isovaleric acid by Propionibacterium freudenreichii TL 34 and ITGP23

Several branched-chain volatile compounds are involved in the flavor of Swiss cheese. These compounds are probably produced by enzymatic conversion of branched-chain amino acids, but the flora and the pathways involved remain hypothetical. Our aim was to determine the ability of Propionibacterium freudenreichii, which is one of the main components of the secondary flora of Swiss cheese, to produce flavor compounds during leucine catabolism. Cell extracts and resting cells of two strains were incubated in the presence of L-leucine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and cofactors, and the metabolites produced were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. The first step of leucine catabolism was a transamination that produced alpha-ketoisocaproic acid, which was enzymatically converted to isovaleric acid. Both reactions were faster at pH 8.0 than at acidic pHs. Cell extracts catalyzed only the transamination step under our experimental conditions. Small amounts of 3-methylbutanol were also produced by resting cells, but neither 3-methylbutanal noralpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid was detected. L-Isoleucine and L-valine were also converted to the corresponding acids and alcohols. Isovaleric acid was produced by both strains during growth in a complex medium, even under conditions simulating Swiss cheese conditions (2.1% NaCl, pH 5.4, 24 degrees C). Our results show that P. frendenreichii could play a significant role in the formation of isovaleric acid during ripening.     

Continuous production of high degree casein hydrolysates by immobilized proteases in column reactor

The enzymatic complete hydrolysis of casein was investigated by using immobilized endopeptidase and exopepti dase packed in the jacketed column reactors. The mass transfer efficiency of proteins was improved by using sliced shrimp chitin hull as enzyme support, which formed a network structure inside the column reactor that prevented the formation of protein precipitate and increased the line flow rate of protein solution. The specificity of the protease was of crucial importance for both the hydrolysis degree and the free amino acid content of the hydrolysates. Of the enzymes tested, the immobilized A. oryzae protease was the most effective enzyme in breaking down the casein molecules and releasing the free amino acid from casein hydrolysates. The immobilized pancreatic and kidney exopeptidase could lead to a 20% increase of free amino acids. The free amino acid content of casein hydrolysates was 34.81% after processing and could reach to 64% if the column length was doubled, but 100% hydrolysis was impossible as the reverse reaction was also taking place. The casein hydrolysates was characterized by its high degree of hydrolysis and high content of free amino acids. It can be applied in infant formula, element diet, and as a protein ingredient for food industry.     

Debittering effect of Monascus carboxypeptidase during the hydrolysis of soybean protein

The actions of pepsin and the admixture of pepsin and Monascus pilosus carboxypeptidase 1 (MpiCP-1) on the hydrolysis of soybean protein were studied. The results showed that the pepsin hydrolyzate of soybean protein was much more bitter and contained relatively smaller amounts of total free amino acids than the hydrolyzate obtained with the admixture of pepsin and MpiCP-1. In addition, hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids were present in almost equal proportions in the pepsin hydrolyzate, while mainly hydrophobic amino acids made up the hydrolyzate obtained with the admixture of pepsin and MpiCP-1. These results suggest that MpiCP-1 suppresses and reverses the development of the bitterness taste that results from the pepsin hydrolysis of soybean protein by releasing mainly hydrophobic amino acids from the C-termini of the bitter components.     

Study of the volatile compounds produced by Debaryomyces hansenii NRRL Y-7426 during the fermentation of detoxified concentrated distilled grape marc hemicellulosic hydrolysates

The volatile compounds produced by Debaryomyces hansenii NRRL Y-7426 during the fermentation of detoxified concentrated distilled grape marc hemicellulosic hydrolysates was analysed by GC?CMS. Thirty-five compounds corresponding to ten groups of volatile compounds: terpenes, higher alcohols, C₆ alcohols, aldehydes, volatile acids, acetates, ethyl esters, volatile phenols, sulphur compounds and hydrocarbons were identified. The supplementation with commercial nutrients increased the concentration of 2-phenylethanol, a commercial flavour and fragrance compound, with a rose-like odour, employed in cosmetics and food industries; and other positive compounds to the aroma such as terpenes and ethyl esters. Non-supplemented media produced the highest content in higher alcohols, volatile acids, sulphur compounds and in the majority of hydrocarbons detected, meanwhile supplementation with vinasses hardly produced volatile compounds. Only four volatile compounds contributed directly to the aroma according to the OAVs values higher than 1. Finally, a PCA analysis allowed accounting for 100?% of the variance.     

冬虫夏草化学成分分析

本研究建立了冬虫夏草中7类主要化学成分的分析方法,包括采用高效液相色谱法分析冬虫夏草中的多糖、糖醇、氨基酸和核苷,采用气相色谱法分析冬虫夏草中的甾醇、脂肪酸和挥发性成分,所建立的分析方法均成功运用于冬虫夏草样本分析。从冬虫夏草样本中鉴定了61个小分子化合物（2个糖醇、16个氨基酸、9个核苷、7个甾醇、18个脂肪酸、9个挥发性成分）;在对其多糖分析中发现其分子量主要分布于3.3-1 300kDa范围内,由3个主要色谱峰组成。同时,还比较分析了培植冬虫夏草和野生冬虫夏草的化学成分,结果显示两者小分子化合物种类一致,多糖分子量分布一致。     

顶空气相色谱-质谱联用法分析灵芝发酵物中的挥发性物质

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用法对灵芝发酵物的风味物质进行了定性和定量测定。结果表明,灵芝发酵物中至少含有31种风味物质。对其中21种主要成分进行了鉴定,这些物质大多是酮类、醇类和内酯类化合物。所有物质中4,5-二氢-3,5-二甲基-2-呋喃酮的含量最高,达64.12%。此外,3-戊烯-2-酮和戊基乙烯基原醇是已知的食品香料成分。结果有助于初步理解灵芝发酵物产生清淡香味的原因。