Oocysts of Isospora ernsti n. sp. and Isospora blagburni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the black-capped bulbul,Pycnonotus xanthopygos

Oocysts of Isospora ernsti n. sp. and Isospora blagburni n. sp. are described from the black-capped bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos from Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. The bird came from southwestern Africa seven years earlier. I. ernsti oocysts are ellipsoidal to bluntly ovoid, 28–38 × 23–31m (mean 34 × 28 m) and have a single-layered oocyst wall. Micropyle, oocyst residuum and polar granules are absent. Sporocysts are elongate ovoid, 24–30 × 11–16 m (mean 27×13 m). Stieda and substiedal bodies and sporocyst residuum are present. I. blagburni oocysts are spherical to subspherical. 21–28 × 19–26 m (mean 25 × 23 m) and have a single oocyst wall. Sporocysts are ovoid and 17–23 × 10–13 m (mean 20 × 12 m). Stieda and substiedal bodies and sporocyst residuum are present.     

Micropropagation and ecorestoration of Vanda spathulata,an exquisite orchid

Node explants collected from flowering plants of Vanda spathulata, an endemic and exquisite orchid of Peninsular India and Sri Lanka, were cultured in Mitra medium with combinations of 4.4–88.8 m 6-benzyl adenine (BA) and 0.0–114.2 m indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Combinations of 44.4 m BA with 17.1 or 28.5 m IAA and 66.6 mM BA with 28.5 or 40.0 m IAA induced maximum formation of 12.6 and 12.1 shoots / node, respectively, in a 6-month period. Subcultured nodal explants produced maximum of 6.1 shoots at combinations of 22.2–44.4 m 21 BA and 5.7–28.5 m IAA. Rooting of shoots occurred in medium containing 75 g l^–1 banana pulp and 5.7 m IAA within 3–9 weeks. Plantlets of 2–5 cm length possessing two to five roots established easily in community pots at 80–90% rates without hardening. Community potted plants introduced into forest segments at Ponmudi and Palode in Southern Western Ghats of India established at a rate of 50–70%.     

The endogenous development of three new intranuclear species of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from agamid lizards

Three new species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 are described from agamid lizards, Isospora cannoni n. sp. in Diporiphora australis from northern Queensland, Australia, I. choochotei n. sp. in Calotes mystaceus from northern Thailand, and I. deserti n. sp. in Agama pallida from Israel. I. cannoni oöcysts are subspherical, 20–25 × 22.5–27.5 m with two ovoid sporocysts, 14–15.5 × 10–11.5 m. I. choochotei oöcysts are spherical to subspherical, 24–32 × 28–32.5 m with two ovoid sporocysts, 11 × 15.5–18 m. I. deserti oöcysts are spherical, 25–28 m in diameter with two ovoid sporocysts, 10–11 × 14–17.5 m. All species had sporocysts with Stieda bodies and underwent endogenous development in the nucleus of the host gut epithelial cells. At completion of merogony and gamogony, the host nucleus was reduced to a thin envelope. The significance of endogenous stage characteristics in Isospora taxonomy is discussed.     

The contribution of size-fractionated plankton to biomass and primary production of phytoplankton in saline–alkaline ponds

Primary productivity, biomass and chlorophyll-a of size fractionated phytoplankton (<0.22 m, <3 m, <8 m, <10 m, <40 m, <64 m, <112 m and <200 m) were estimated in 6 ponds and 5 experimental enclosures. The results showed that the planktonic algae less than 10 m are important in the biomass and production of phytoplankton in saline–alkaline ponds. The production of size fractionated phytoplankton corresponding to <112 m, <10 m and <3 m in saline–alkaline ponds were 10.5 ± 6.6 , 8.6 ± 5.4 and 0.33 ± 0.1 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. Mean community respiration rate was 1.80 ± 0.73, 1.69 ± 0.90 and 1.38 ± 1.12 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. The average production of phytoplankton corresponding to micro- (10–112 m), nano- (3–10 m) and pico- (<3 m) were 1.61, 8.30 and 0.33 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. The ratio of those to the total phytoplankton production was 15%, 79% and 3%, respectively. The mean respiration rate of the different size groups was 0.11, 0.31 and 1.38 mgC l^–1 d^–1; the ratio of those to total respiration of phytoplankton was 6%, 17% and 77%, respectively. The production of size-fractionated phytoplankton corresponding to <200 m, <10 m and <3 m in enclosures was 2.19 ± 1.63, 2.08 ± 1.75 and 0.22 ± 0.08 mgC l^–1 d^-1, respectively. Mean community respiration rates were 1.25 ± 1.55, 1.17 ± 1.42 and 0.47 ± 0.32 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. The average production of phytoplankton corresponding to micro- (10–200 m), nano- (3–10 m) and pico- (<3 m) plankton was 0.11, 1.86 and 0.22 mgC l^–1 d^–1, respectively. The ratio of those to the total production of phytoplankton was 5%, 85% and 10%, respectively. The mean respiration rate of different size groups were 0.08, 0.72 and 0.46 mgC l^–1 d^–1, the ratio of those to total respiration of phytoplankton was 6%, 57% and 37%, respectively. The concentrations of chlorophyll-a of the phytoplankton in the corresponding size of micro- (10–112 m), nano- (3–10 m) and pico- (<3 m) plankton in the experimental ponds were 19.3, 98.2 and 11. 9 g l^–1, respectively. The ratio of those to the total chlorophyll-a was 15%, 76% and 9%, respectively. The concentrations of chlorophyll-a of phytoplankton micro- (10–200 m), nano- (3–10 m) and pico- (<3 m) plankton in enclosures were 1.7, 34.3 and 3.0 g l^–1, respectively. The ratio of those to the total chlorophyll-a was 4%, 88% and 8%, respectively.     

The quantitative analysis of chromosome pairing and chiasma formation based on the relative frequencies of M I configurations

Whilst reliable estimates of chiasma frequencies can usually not be obtained, the probability (b) of a chromosome arm to be bound by at least one chiasma can often be determined. In the absence of interference this probability equals (1–e ^–2), where 2 is the average chiasma frequency of the chromosome arm and the average crossover frequency or map length. In the presence of interference is shown to retain its genetic meaning as an additive metric that may describe the chromosome arm or other distinctive chromosome segment in terms of genetic recombination. It is a form of potential map length, comparable to, but numerically different from the regular map length. It is termed provisionally crossing-over potential.A chromosome with armsm andn with crossing-over potentials and will form ring bivalents with a frequency (1–e ^–2).(1–e ^–2); open bivalents with a frequency (1–e ^–2).e ^–2+(1–e ^–2).e ^–2; univalent pairs with a frequencye ^–2.e ^–2. Estimates of these frequencies yield equations from which and may be solved. In rye (Secale cereale) their ratio (q) is approximately two and differs from the mitotic arm length ratio of 1.4, indicating localization of chiasmata in the long arms.Graphs are given to show how, with constantq, the relation between the probabilitiesb _m andb _n of the two arms being bound changes with changing averageb.Data are presented on chiasma frequencies in M I, and compared with the frequencies expected in the absence of interference to give an impression of the degree of interference. Apparent fusion of chiasmata simulates interference.     

Isospora lutrae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a new coccidium from the European otter Lutra lutra (L.) (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from Spain

Parasitological examination of European otter originating from Extremadura, Spain revealed the presence of a new isosporan species. Oöcysts of Isospora lutrae n. sp. are spherical to subspherical, 31.2 (27.5–32) × 29.6 (28–31) m and have a smooth wall c. 1 m thick. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, 18.2 (17–19) × 14.4 (14–16) m and lack Stieda and substieda bodies. A spherical sporocyst residuum is present, consisting of granules scattered among the sporozoites. Sporozoites are spindle-shaped, 12.4 × 2.5 m and have anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Based on its unique morphologic structure and host, I. lutrae is considered to be new.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-mum DNA. An analysis of the monomer and its multimers by electron microscopy.

Summary The non-tandem inverted duplication in the 2-m DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a length of 0.19 m and is located asymmetrically along the molecule. The majority of the dumb-bell structures that are formed upon denaturation and selfannealing of the 2-m monomer consists of the renatured inverted duplication sequences as double stranded stem and two single stranded loops of 0.67 m±0.06 m (S-loop) and 0.86 m±0.05 m (L-loop) length. Two additional size classes which comprised 5–10% of the measured molecules had contour lengths of around 1.7 m and 2.1 m. The smaller dumb-bells contained two S-loops and the larger dumb-bells contained two L-loops as was shown by heteroduplex mapping with an HindIII fragment from the L-loop. Two models which assume illegitimate or site specific recombination, are presented to explain the generation of double S-loop and double L-loop molecules. At least part of the 4-m and 6- circular molecules present in the yeast supercoiled DNA fraction are shown to be dimers and trimers of 2-m monomers, but often with inverted loop segments most probably due to intramolecular recombination between sequences of the inverted duplication.2-m DNA is used to indicate the supercoiled DNA fraction although in our measurements the average monomeric length is 1.9 mPart of this work has been presented at the Conference: The Genetics and Biogenesis of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria, Munich, August, 1976     

Pterospora floridiensis,a new species of acephaline gregarine (Apicomplexa) from the maldanid polychaete Axiothella mucosa in St. Andrew Bay,Florida

Pterospora floridiensis, a new species of acephaline gregarine from the body cavity of the bamboo worm Axiothella mucosa (Polychaeta: Maldanidae), is described. The gamont stage is distinctive and possesses a central cytoplasmic mass and two elongate trunks that bifurcate repeatedly and comprise approximately 60% of the total cell length. The gamont averages 198 (50–545) × 71 (25–180) m (N= 45, 43) from the tip of the trunks to the anterior (the junctional site with the other gamont in syzygy). Gametocysts average 402 (297–545) × 304 (149–495) m (N= 37). The oöcysts measure 22.5 (20.5–23.5) × 8.3 (7.0–10.0) m (N= 30) and possess an internal capsule (average length = 13.9 m, N= 30) containing the sporozoites and aliform wings on the epispore.     

Wardium canarisi n. sp. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) parasite de Arenaria melanocephala (Aves: Charadrii) d'Alaska

The authors describe and illustrate Wardium canarisi n. sp. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), an intestinal parasite of Arenaria melanocephala (Aves: Charadrii) from Alaska, characterised by a strobila 20–40 mm long, 10 aploparaksoid hooks 19–21 m long, a short cylindrical cirrus (40 m) covered with very minute spines (0.2 m), and a short (8–18 m) and extremely narrow (1 m) copulatory vagina. These characters have no equivalent, even approximate, among the 27 species of Wardium parasitic in the Charadrii which are reviewed. The genus Debrosia Spassky, 1987 appears to be justified.     

Osmotic measurements on stomatal cells ofCommelina communis L.

Summary Observations of aperture changes as sucrose is added to the solution bathing epidermal strips ofCommelina communis L. allow calculation of the osmotic changes required to open or close the stomatal pore, for comparison with changes in potassium content. With isolated guard cells, in strips in which all cells other than guard cells have been killed, the internal osmotic changes required are 83 mosmol kg^–1 m^–1 below 10m aperture, 129 mosmol kg^–1 m^–1 in the range 10–15 m, and 180 mosmol kg^–1 m^–1 above 15 m. For opening against subsidiary cell turgor in addition to guard cell turgor, in intact strips with live subsidiary and epidermal cells, these figures should each be increased by about 33 mosmol kg^–1 m^–1. A change in subsidiary cell turgor is magnified in its effects on the water relations of the guard cell by a factor greater than 3.7 for equal changes in the water potential of the two cells, or greater than 4.7 at constant volume of the guard cell.     

Lemdana latifi n. sp. (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) from the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus)

Lemdana latifi n. sp. was found in connective tissues around the trachea and crop and in the body-cavity of seven of 14 Malayan red jungle fowl Gallus gallus spadiceus. The new species is described and illustrated. Morphologically it is most closely related to Lemdana pavonica and Lemdana francolini. Lemdana latifi is distinguished from the eight valid species of Lemdana by the mean spicular ratio of 1.7:1; the right spicule with a right margin 18–29% (15–31 m; mean 24 m) longer than the left margin; the distal half of the left spicule twisted and S-shaped; and the absence of unpaired papillae at tip of male tail. The new species has smaller adults, a shorter left spicule and a shorter glandular oesophagus than those of L. pavonica and a wider male, shorter spicules and a longer muscular oesophagus than those of L. francolini. The male of L. latifi is 7–9 (8.1)mm long, the left spicule 164–215 (184)m long and the right spicule 98–117 (108)m long. The female is 17–23 (21)mm in length. Sheathed microfilariae from blood smears are 78–100 m long and those from the uterus are 89–103 m long. This is the sixth valid species of Lemdana in the Phasianidae.     

Fabrication of Stable Packed Capillary Reversed-Phase Columns for Protein Structural Analysis

Capillary column (320-m ID) liquid chromatography is an essential tool for the separation and concentration of low-picomole amounts of proteins and peptides for mass-spectrometric based structural analysis. We describe a detailed procedure for the fabrication of stable and efficient 50- to 180-m ID polyimide fused-silica columns. Columns were packed by conventional slurry packing with reversed-phase silica-based supports followed by column bed consolidation with acetonitrile and sonication. PVDF membrane or internal fused-silica particles were employed for column end-frit construction. The ability of these columns to withstand high back pressures (300–400 bar) enabled their use for rapid chromatography (>3400 cm/hr; i.e., 40 l/min for 200-m ID columns) and the loading of large sample volumes (up to 500 l). The accurate low flow rates (0.4–4.0 l/min) and precise gradient formation necessary to operate these columns were achieved by a simple modification of conventional HPLC systems [Moritz et al. (1992), J. Chromatogr. 599, 119–130]. Column performance was evaluated for ability to resolve low-fmol amounts of all components of a mixture of PTH-amino acids and to separate peptides for on-line LC/MS analysis of peptide mixtures derived from in situ digestion of 2-DE resolved protein spots.     

Copper but not iron limitation increases astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma in a chemically defined medium

The influence of copper (0–32 M) and iron (0–108 M) on growth and astaxanthin production by Phaffia rhodozyma was studied. Copper below 3.2 M increased the astaxanthin content of the cells (from 220 to 287 g g^–1) but at the expense of a slightly decreased growth (from 11.3 to 10.2 mg ml^–1). In contrast, iron below 1 M decreased both the growth and astaxanthin content of the cells. Using copper limitation instead of toxic respiratory inhibitors to improve astaxanthin production has obvious advantages from the product quality, environmental and process operation points of view.     

Clonal propagation of Callistemon by tissue culture techniques

Callus development in Callistemon viminalis was readily achieved when axillary buds derived from nodal tissue were placed in a medium containing macro- and micro-nutrients, sucrose (0.06 M), inositol (300 M), nicotinic acid (20 M), pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 M), thiamine hydrochloride (2 M), riboflavin (10 M), cytokinins (5 M) and auxins (0.1 M). The presence of benzylaminopurine (5 M) and p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.1 M) promoted the most vigorous callus development and sprout formation. Rooting of nodal material was rare but occurred readily following the transference of sprouts developed on callus to a basal medium containing sucrose and salts. Root initiation was stimulated, however, by the presence of auxins. Chlorophenoxyacetic acid while stimulating root initiation repressed root growth. Indole butyric acid stimulated both root initiation and shoot growth at concentrations of 0.005 to 0.1 M. The treatment of choice for rooting and shoot growth was the addition of indole butyric acid at a concentration of 0.01 M.     

Grazing by a dominant rotifer Conochilus unicornis Rousselet in a mountain lake: in situ measurements with synthetic microspheres

Grazing rates of zooplankton were analysed in the summer of 1999 in Yellow Belly Lake, an oligotrophic system in the Sawtooth Mountains of Idaho (U.S.A.). The colonial rotifer Conochilus unicornis was a dominant species in the epilimnion, with densities reaching 20 colonies l^–1 (ca. 400 ind. l^–1). Clearance rates were measured with an in situ Haney Grazing chamber and synthetic microspheres 5, 9 and 23m in diameter. At epilimnetic temperatures of around 14 °C, mean clearance rates for 5m particles ranged from 30 to 65 l ind.^–1 h ^–1. Clearance rates were 2–9 times higher on the 5m spheres than on the 9 m spheres, and C. unicornis almost never fed on the 23 m spheres. Grazing rates did not change over the diel cycle. Clearance rates declined more than 10-fold as temperatures declined from 14 °C in the epilimnion to 7 °C in the metalimnion. In the epilimnion, grazing by C. unicornis was more important than grazing by crustaceans in the community, at least on particles 9m. The results show the importance of grazing by rotifers in lakes, and the significance of spatial variations that influence grazing rates.     

Studies on the morphology and taxonomy of three new myxosporeans of the genus Sinuolinea Davis, 1917 (Myxosporea: Sinuolineidae) infecting the urinary bladder of some marine fishes from the Shandong coast,China

The morphology and taxonomy of three new species of myxosporeans (Myxosporea: Sinuolineidae), Sinuolinea shandongensis n. sp., S. argyrosomi n. sp. and S. platycephali n. sp., parasitising marine fishes collected from the Yellow Sea off the coast of southeast Shandong, China, were investigated. These species, including spores and plasmodia, were found in the urinary bladder of their hosts. The diagnostic features of the new species are as follows. S. shandongensis n. sp. from Nibea albiflora: monosporous and disporous plasmodia, 29–37 × 29–27 m; spore inversely pyramidal or spherical, with smooth surface and fine, highly sinuous sutural line, 16.4±2.4 (15–20) × 16.1±1.1 (15–18) m; two spherical polar capsules located anteriorly and conspicuously separated from each other, 4.8±0.3 (4.5–5.5) m in diameter; length of polar filament 59–61 m; coelozoic. S. argyrosomi n. sp. from Argyrosomus argentatus: monosporous plasmodium, (33–42) × (24–25) m; spore subspherical to spherical, with smooth surface and highly sinuous sutural line, 18.1±1.0 (17–20) × 19.8±1.3 (18–22) m; two spherical polar capsules located anteriorly and conspicuously separated from each other, 4.4±0.2 (4–5) m in diameter; length of polar filament 47–50 m; coelozoic. S. platycephali n. sp. from Platycephalus indicus: monosporous, disporous and polyporous plasmodia, 25–42 × 17–31 m; spore spherical with smooth surface and highly sinuous sutural line, 14.5±0.5 (14–15) m in diameter; two spherical polar capsules located anteriorly and conspicuously separated from each other, 4.3±0.2 (4–4.5) m in diameter; coelozoic.     

Der Entwicklungscyclus mit Sexualphase bei der marinen Diatomee Coscinodiscus asteromphalus

Zusammenfassung Die Kultur der großen marinen Diatomee Coscinodiscus asteromphalus wird beschrieben. Die Synchronisation der vegetativen Stadien aus dem Entwicklungscyclus mit Sexualphase wird durch Messung der Valvendurchmesser charakterisiert. Die Art entwickelt sich von Stadien mit 200 m Valvendurchmesser (V.-D.), die nicht sexuell induzierbar sind, zu Stadien mit 80–90 m V.-D. mit einem Optimum der Induzierbarkeit und weiter zu Stadien mit 55–60 m V.-D. Bei dieser Größe ist keine weitere mitotische Zellteilung mehr möglich. Entwicklungsstadien mit 200–190 m, 140–130 m und 100–90 m. V.-D. zeigen bei 24°C und bei 18°C die gleiche Generationszeit im mitotischen Entwicklungscyclus von 1 bzw. 0,6 Zellteilungen pro Tag. Der Valvendurchmesser verringert sich bei dieser Art um 1,5 m bei 24°C und 1,4 m bei 18°C während einer Zellteilung.

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The life cycle with sexual phase in the marine diatom Coscinodiscus asteromphalus I. Culture and synchronisation of developmental stages

Summary Culture-conditions for the large marine centric diatom Coscinodiscus asteromphalus are described. The cells grow in a defined medium in a light-dark regime of 14: 10 h. Synchronization of different stages of the sexual life cycle is characterized by measuring the valve diameter (v.d.) of the cells. The cells develop from stages with 200 m v. d. (not sexually inducible) to stages with 80–90 m v. d. (optimum for sexual induction), and further to stages with 55–60 m v. d., where no following mitotic cell division is possible. The length of the pervalvar axis does not change during this development. Different stages (200–190m, 140–130 m and 100–90 m v. d.) grow with the same doubling time during their mitotic life cycle: 1 cell division per day at 24° C and 0.6 cell divisions per day at 18°C. During one cell division the valve diameter of this species decreases by about 1.5m at 24°C and by 1.4 m at 18°C. Therefore, the development from stages with 200 m v.d. to stages with 60 m v. d. takes between 90 days at 24°C and 165 days at 18°C.

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Teile einer Habilitationsschrift der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Marburg (Lahn).     

Arsenic concentrations in water and fish from Chautauqua Lake,New York

Synopsis Arsenic persists in Chautauqua Lake, New York waters 13 years after cessation of herbicide (sodium arsenite) application and continues to cycle within the lake. Arsenic concentrations in lake water ranged from 22.4–114.81 g l^–1, = 49.0 ag l^–1. Well water samples generally contained less than 10 g l^–1 arsenic. Arsenic concentrations in lake water exceeded U.S. Public Health Service recommended maximum concentrations (10 g l^–1) and many samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit (50 g l^–1). Fish accumulated arsenic from water but did not magnify it. Fish to water arsenic ratios ranged from 0.4–41.6. Black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) contained the highest arsenic concentrations (0.14–2.04 g g^–1 ), X = 0.7 g g^–1) while perch (Perca flavescens), muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) contained the lowest concentrations (0.02–0.13 g g^–1). Arsenic concentrations in fish do not appear to pose a health hazard for human consumers.     

Cellular organization of the embryonic lobster heart

Summary The cellular organization of the embryonic heart of the lobster Homarus americanus was examined in 6-week and 6-month-old animals. The heart wall consists of an outer adventitial layer of fibroblast cells and an inner layer of transversely striated myocardial cells. Present in close association with the myocardium are cardiac neurons, hemocytes and so-called storage cells.Adjacent fibroblasts form fasciae adhaerentes and gap junctions. Adherent junctions also occur between fibroblasts and myocardial cells. Intercalated discs and differentiated membrane regions of close apposition (4 nm) occur between adjacent myocardial cells.The cardiac neurons form a ganglion that contains four small and five large somata. Regions of neuropil are present. Motor axons arising from the cardiac ganglion form neuromuscular synapses with the myocardial cells.The storage cells contain large inclusions and form gap junctions with the myocardial cells. They may supply nutritive material to the developing myocardium.The heart at 6 weeks is about 200 m long and 160 m wide. At 6 months, it is about 300 m long and 250 m wide. The myocardium at 6 weeks is one cell layer thick, and the cells are from 2–6 m in maximum width. At 6 months the myocardium is 2–4 cells thick, and the cells are from 6–12 m in width. Therefore, the myocardium grows by an increase in the number and size of the myocardial cells.     

The endogenous development of four new species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Australian geckos

Four new species of Isospora are described from Australian geckoes. Isospora gehyrae n. sp. from Gehyra cf. variegata in South Australia have 18.5-22.5×17.5–20.0 m oöcysts with 10.0-12.5×7.5-9.0 m sporocysts; endogenous stages develop in the host cell cytoplasm. Of the two species found in Heteronotia binoei from northern Queensland, Isospora cytoheteronotis n. sp., with oöcysts of 20.0-26.0×17.5-25.0 m and sporocysts of 10.0-13.5×7.5-11.5 m, undergoes endogenous development in its host cell cytoplasm, whereas I. nucleoheteronotis n. sp., with oöcysts of 17.5-22.5×17.5-21.5 m and sporocysts of 9.0-12.5×6.5-10.0 m, develops in the host cell nucleus. I. oedurae n. sp. from Oedura rhombifer in northern Queensland has oöcysts of 22.5-25.0×22.5-24.0 m and sporocysts of 12.5-14.0×7.5-11.5 m, and undergoes endogenous development in its host cell nuclei.