不同冠温特征冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程中内源激素含量的变化

"豫麦50"在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低,表现为冷尾型;而"豫麦34"和"豫麦70"则在灌浆后期冠层温度有上升趋势,表现为暖尾型,在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2.5℃.冷尾型"豫麦50"强势粒中ZR、IAA、GA3含量峰值均高于其它两个品种,其ZR/ABA、GA3/ABA、IAA/ABA峰值亦高于暖尾型"豫麦70"和"豫麦34",ABA含量在灌浆中期上升快,高峰值大于"豫麦70"和"豫麦34",达到高峰后下降较快;"豫麦50"弱势粒中的各种激素含量仍较高.     

不同肥料处理对豫麦49小麦冠层结构与产量性状的影响

为探讨不同肥料处理对小麦冠层结构和产量性状的影响,采用随机区组试验设计和大田切片法,研究了豫麦49小麦品种在单施尿素、鸡粪和鸡粪与尿素配施等条件下小麦冠层结构特征、产量构成因素的变化,结果表明:施用鸡粪有利于增加旗叶的叶绿素含量(SPAD),提高群体光合有效辐射(PAR),增大小麦群体的平均叶倾角(MLA),降低群体的冠层开度(DIFN),提高小麦群体的叶面积指数(LAI)和籽粒产量.综合考虑小麦产量、经济系数等因素,3种肥料处理以鸡粪与尿素配施为最佳,配施处理的小麦冠层结构适宜、株型最佳、群体光分布合理.     

辽东山区次生林乔木优势树种幼苗更新动态

以辽东山区次生林4 hm²动态监测样地为平台,2014—2016年连续3年对样地进行乔木优势树种幼苗调查和半球面影像拍摄,分析森林更新过程中林下乔木幼苗和冠层结构的动态,研究幼苗的天然更新规律及其对冠层结构变化(以叶面积指数LAI的变化来表示)的响应.结果表明: 调查期间冠层LAI先减少后增加,且存在显著的年际差异.12种乔木优势树种幼苗对冠层结构变化存在明显的响应,且不同树种幼苗的响应明显不同;中性树种幼苗的相对多度或频度一般会随着冠层LAI的减小而增大;阳性树种幼苗的相对多度或频度一般会随着冠层LAI的增大而减小.2014—2016年乔木优势树种幼苗的多响应置换过程分析表明,优势树种幼苗的数量组成和分布存在显著差异,且年际间的差异逐渐减少.调查期间优势树种幼苗指示种发生明显变化,也反映出其对冠层结构变化的响应.     

水稻冠层光合有效辐射的时空分布特征

以2个不同株型水稻品种为材料,设置高、中、低3个施氮水平,利用SunScan冠层分析仪于灌浆期系统测定了不同施氮水平下不同株型水稻品种植株形态和冠层内光合有效辐射(PAR)的时空分布状况.结果表明:施氮量对水稻株高、穗弯曲度和茎叶夹角有明显影响;群体叶面积的垂直分布呈中部上部下部的分布特征,最大分层叶面积指数(LAI)出现在0.60相对高度处.冠层内平均PAR透光率从顶部向下递减,且在冠层上中部递减迅速,下部递减缓慢;平均PAR透光率随施氮量的增加而递减;平均PAR透光率日变化表现为早晚较低,中午较高;平均PAR透光率随向下累积LAI的增加呈指数递减,群体消光系数K的日变化表现为早晚较高,中午较低,灌浆期的K值介于0.35～0.50.水稻冠层内PAR的三维空间分布表现为冠层上中部水平面上PAR透光率高,光斑面积大;下部水平面上PAR透光率低,光斑少;同一冠层高度水平面上的PAR光强呈不均匀分布.株型紧凑的水稻品种,冠层透光率高,透光率日变化大,群体消光系数小.     

两种冠温型冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态

 于2001～2003年对河南省主要推广的3个冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum)品种冠温特征、籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态进行了研究。结果表明：‘豫麦50’在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低,表现为冷尾型,而‘豫麦34’、‘豫麦70’冠层温度有上升的趋势,表现为暖尾型 ,在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2.5 ℃。不同冠温小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态表现出差异：暖尾型小麦清蛋白、球蛋白积累量在灌浆后期显著高于冷尾型品种,最终醇溶蛋白积累量品种间差异不显著,麦谷蛋白积累量在花后15 d以前差异不显著,但开花 20 d后暖尾型小麦麦谷蛋白积累量增大,与冷尾型小麦差异达到1%显著水平,最终麦谷蛋白与总蛋白质含量比例亦表现出同样的趋势,麦谷蛋白含量与灌浆中、后期冠层温度和整个灌浆期平均冠层温度均达到显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.7781、0.865、0.968 7;不同冠温型 小麦淀粉组分积累量与直/支差异不大,但淀粉糊化特性表现出明显的差异,除稀懈值外, 暖尾型小麦与冷尾型小麦峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、糊化时间、糊化温度和反弹值差异分别达到1%显著水平。     

杂交粳稻超高产群体的冠层结构特点研究

研究了杂交粳稻超高产群体的苗穗粒结构及干物重在冠层不同层次、不同器官的分布,叶面积配置及光强分布等冠层结构特点．结果表明,杂交粳稻超高产群体冠层总干物重及40cm以下、40～60cm、60～80cm和80cm以上4个层次的干物重分别比常规粳稻高32．29％及29．12％、13．95％、16．45％和100．17％．杂交粳稻叶片(同化器官)与穗(库器官)干重分别占总干物重的248％与12．8％．高于常规稻;而叶鞘与茎(贮藏器官)的干重分别占总干物重的33．6％和28．9％,低于常规粳稻．杂交粳稻超高产群体冠层叶面积配置比较合理,齐穗期40cm以上冠层LAI达5．44．冠层光强上下分布比较均匀,60cm以下冠层光强比常规稻高13．1％～37．0％,而60cm以上冠层光强比常规稻低5．9％～12．2％;20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm和60～80cm各层消光系数分别比常规粳稻低35．1％、13．5％、29．1％和17．2％．     

不同穗型小麦品种旗叶光合作用日变化的研究

在大田条件下,对多穗型小麦品种豫麦49和大穗型小麦品种周麦13的旗叶净光合速率（Pn)及基影响因素,包括叶温（T1）、光合有效辐射（PAR）、蒸腾速率（Tr)、气孔导度（C）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci)等日变化的测定结果表明,开花期2品种都存在光合“午休”现象,豫麦49Pn日变化呈双峰曲线,峰值出现在10：00和14：00,周麦13Pn日变化为单峰曲线,峰值在10：00。相关分析表明,开花期的温度和光照对豫麦49旗叶光合已造成一定程度的影响,此期的光温条件较有利于周麦13旗叶的光合作用。灌浆中期2品种均表现出一降不起型的严重“午休”现象,在强光、高温下,豫麦49旗叶Pn比周麦13降低明显。     

种植方式对华北春玉米密植群体冠层结构的调控效应

在大田同等密度条件下,设计了单、双株与对、错位组合的4种种植方式,研究其对华北春播"郑单958"密植群体的冠层结构、功能及产量的影响。结果表明:相比常规单株对位种植方式,双株错位、双株对位和单株错位种植方式下玉米群体的冠层垂直分布呈现叶和茎的干重权重比例下移、群体叶片垂直分布趋于"纺锤形";植株个体穗下层茎叶夹角显著增加2.4°~3.4°,尤其双株错位和双株对位有效扩展了个体生态位,显示了耐密调控能力;灌浆期前,各处理群体LAI及叶片功能活性略显劣势,但在此之后LAI、穗位叶及穗下叶片中SPAD值衰减速度延缓,功能期延长;3个处理比常规种植方式增产11.2%~12.7%,但差异未达显著水平;抗倒性强、空杆率低、千粒重显著增多是产量较高的主要因素;密植条件下改变传统的单株对位种植,能够改善密植群体冠层结构,优化个体形态,提高生育后期冠层中下部叶片功能活性,从而实现耐密、增产、稳产。     

不同肥力水平下糜子生长状况及农田小气候特征比较

以强抗旱品种陇糜8号和旱敏感品种晋糜4号为材料,采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了旱地不同施肥水平下不同糜子品种开花期至成熟期生长状况、农田小气候特征和光合能力的差异.结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,增施肥料能够降低糜子群体内冠层温度、株间气温、土壤温度,减少漏光损失,增加株间相对湿度;整个籽粒灌浆期,随着肥力水平的提高,糜子株高、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、叶面积指数(LAI)、旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度基本呈增加趋势,其中,以高肥处理下的各生长状况指标、光合特性指标最高,分别比不施肥处理高9.2%、15.1%、56.6%、17.8%、24.6%、14.2%、29.7%.与晋糜4号相比,陇糜8号群体内具有较高的植株高度、LAI和SPAD,较低的冠层温度、株间气温、土壤温度、株间光照度,较高的株间相对湿度,表现出冷湿的特点;各光合特性指标下降较慢,从而延长了叶片光合功能期,有利于制造出较多的光合产物.     

群体分布和灌溉对冬小麦农田光能利用的影响

于2006—2008年进行冬小麦田间试验,设置行距×株距分别为：7 cm×7 cm（A）、14 cm×3.5 cm（B）、24.5cm×2 cm（C）、49 cm×1 cm（D）4种群体分布方式,每种分布方式设4种灌溉处理：整个生育期内不灌溉,灌拔节水,灌拔节和抽穗水,灌拔节、抽穗和灌浆水（每次灌水量相同,均为0.60 m³）,研究在同一群体密度(2.04×10⁶ 株·hm^-2)下不同群体分布和灌溉对冬小麦光能利用状况的影响及其在生产中的利用价值.结果表明：A、B处理的群体分蘖数和叶面积指数（LAI）显著高于C、D处理;随着行距的加大,光合有效辐射（PAR）透射率逐渐增多,而PAR截获率呈下降趋势;增加灌溉可提高冬小麦群体单茎数和LAI,降低PAR透射率,从而明显提高了PAR总截获率.冠层内PAR截获率表现为上强下弱的趋势,相对均匀的群体分布和所有灌溉处理均显著增加了冠层40 cm以上的PAR截获率.冬小麦光能利用率（RUE）随行距增大而逐渐降低,其中,A、B、C、D处理总RUE两年的均值分别为1.24%、1.27%、1.21%和1.06%,B处理较C、D处理分别提高了5.21%和19.56%,差异显著.群体分布相对均匀的A、B处理可显著改善冬小麦群体结构和PAR截获状况,有利于充分利用光能;所有灌溉处理也可影响群体结构,进而明显提高作物的RUE.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.